Of course, it is the essence of China traditional culture.

With regard to human virtue, Confucius emphasized benevolence, and benevolence was its characteristic. Righteousness is the "appropriate" of things, that is, "should". This is absolute.

Orders. Everyone in society has something to do and must do it in order to do it, because doing these things is moral.

That's right. If you do these things only for immoral reasons, even if you do what you should do, this behavior is not just.

Because. A word that is often despised by Confucius and later Confucianism is "Li". In Confucianism, righteousness

And profit are the opposite. Confucius himself said, "A gentleman is figurative, while a villain is figurative." ("The Analects of Confucius")

What later Confucianists called "the distinction between righteousness and benefit" appeared, which they thought was extremely important in moral theory.

Want it.

The concept of righteousness is a concept of form, while the concept of benevolence is much more specific. The essence of people's obligations in society is

They "should" because these obligations are what he should do. But the concrete essence of these obligations is "love"

People "is" benevolence ". Father loves son, and son loves father. A student asked what benevolence was, and Confucius said:

Love (on Yan Yuan). A true lover is a person who can fulfill social obligations. So in the Analects of Confucius,

It can be seen that sometimes Confucius uses the word "benevolence", which not only refers to a special virtue, but also refers to the sum of all virtues. place

The word "kind man" is synonymous with all virtuous people. In this case. "Benevolence" can be translated as perfectvirtue.

2. The pre-Qin philosophers' quotations of Mencius were translated.

The first quotation is 1. Confucius said, "It is all right to learn from time to time. Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Ignorance and dissatisfaction are not gentlemen? " Content words: time (according to a certain time), study: (internship, review), joy (happiness), trouble (worry), gentleman (referring to a person with morality and cultivation) and knowledge (understanding). Function words: Zhi (pronoun it refers to learned knowledge), and (inheritance relationship, turning relationship "but" such as Confucius, Mozi and Laozi. The word "Zi" in "Zi Yue" in The Analects of Confucius refers to Confucius and can also be translated as "Sir". Learning: refers to learning etiquette (including all kinds of etiquette), music (music), shooting (archery), driving (driving) and so on. (3) Sentence translation: Confucius said, "Isn't it a pleasure to have friends from afar?" ? People don't understand you, but they are not angry. Isn't this a gentleman? "The second quotation: 1, Confucius said:" Review the past and learn the new, you can be a teacher. " 2. (1) notional words: therefore (adjectives as nouns refer to old knowledge) new (adjectives as nouns refer to new knowledge) is (verb, becoming, behavior); Function words: (preposition, ba, then omit the pronoun "zhi" "Knowledge" means learning something new in order to review the past. (2) Translating sentences: Pay attention to omitting sentences. Confucius said: "Reviewing old knowledge and constantly absorbing new knowledge can make you a teacher. Or "review old knowledge, you can have new experiences and discoveries, and you can do it." "Function words: then (conjunction, just) generic words: Wang (confusion, indicating that the problem cannot be solved here) (1) Translation sentence: Confucius said:" Learning without thinking is useless. Thinking without learning cannot solve the problem. " In the fourth quotation, 1, Xia Zi said, "You can know the date. 2( 1) Key words: notional words: generic words: death (through "nothing". This refers to something I don't know. ) predicate (called). ? (2) Translated sentence: Xia Zi said: "I know what I don't know every day and review what I can do every month, so I can say that I am eager to learn." The fifth quotation is 1. The official thinking of the heart, thinking can be obtained. 2( 1) Keywords: heart (referring to ancient heart); Function words: then (just); What (table pause, unintentional)? (2) Translation sentence: The organs of the heart are thinking, and thinking will gain something. If you don't think, you will get nothing. The sixth quotation is 1. Perseverance, rotten wood cannot be carved; Perseverance, the stone can be carved. 2.( 1) Keywords: function words: and (turn "but" and "shun Lian") (2) Translation sentence: carving (utensils) by halves, even rotten wood can't be carved; Carving never gives up, even stones can be carved into patterns. The seventh quotation is 1, solid objects are long and short, and so are people. Therefore, we should learn the length of the dummy to make up for its short. 2.( 1) Keywords: notional words: false (with the help of) function words: real (original). So do people. Therefore, people who are good at learning can learn from others' strengths to make up for their own shortcomings. The eighth quotation, 1, is self-cultivation, followed by Yao Shun. 2.( 1) Keywords: notional words: match function words: to (can). (.

3. Quotations of Pre-Qin philosophers

Therefore, when the sky falls, people must first suffer their minds, their bones and muscles, starve their bodies, empty their bodies, and mess around. Therefore, patience has benefited them a lot. People are unchangeable, and then they can change. Trapped in the heart, weigh the considerations, and then make. Color label, sound hair, and then metaphor. A country, if there are no ministers and wise men who can assist the king, will often be in danger of the collapse of its neighboring countries and the misfortunes from abroad. In this way, you will know that sorrow is enough to make people live and pleasure is enough to make people die. "("Mencius Gaozi Xia ")

"Living in the world, standing in the correct position of the world, and doing the way of the world. Success depends on people, not ambition. Wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent. This is called a gentleman. " ("Mencius Teng Wengong")

"I am good at cultivating my noble spirit ... that is, spirit, and it is the greatest. It is harmless to maintain integrity, so it is stuffed in the leisure of heaven and earth. It is also qi, which is consistent with righteousness and Tao; Nothing, nothing. " ("Mencius Gongsun Chou")

4. What is the thought of Confucius and Mencius in Quotations of Pre-Qin philosophers?

Confucius said to be benevolent and Mencius said to take justice.

The main contents of Confucius' moral education are "courtesy" and "benevolence". Among them, "courtesy" is the moral standard, and "benevolence" is the highest moral standard.

"Rite" is the form of "benevolence" and "benevolence" is the content of "ceremony". With the spirit of "benevolence", "ceremony" can be truly enriched. In terms of moral cultivation, he put forward methods such as determination, self-denial, practice, introspection and courage to reform.

"Learning and knowing" is the dominant idea of Confucius' teaching thought. At the same time, it emphasizes the combination of learning and thinking ("learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous"), and it is also necessary to apply what you have learned to social practice.

Mencius summarized moral norms into four categories, namely, benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom. He believes that "benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom" are inherent things of human beings and are not obtained from the external world that exists objectively.

At the same time, the human relations are summarized into five kinds, namely, "father and son are close, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, old and young are orderly, and friends are trustworthy". Mencius believed that benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom were the most important.

Benevolence is based on filial piety and filial piety, and it is the basic moral standard to deal with the blood relationship between father and son. He believes that if every member of society uses benevolence and righteousness to deal with all kinds of interpersonal relationships, the stability of feudal order and the unity of the world will be reliably guaranteed.

"Benevolence and righteousness" is the core idea of Mencius' moral theory. Mencius' "benevolence and righteousness" has a class nature and is based on the feudal hierarchical society.

However, he opposed the exploitation of the people by the rulers and the war between the state and the family.

5. Urgently ask for college Chinese (1) quotations from pre-Qin philosophers. Which warrior has college Chinese?

Confucius said: learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous. Confucius said: It is ok to teach women what to know! Knowing what you know is knowing what you don't know, and knowing what you don't know is knowing. (The Analects of Confucius) Confucius said: In a threesome, there must be a teacher. Follow the good ones, and change the bad ones. Confucius said that learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous. Confucius said that this is the middle way. Choose the good ones and learn from them. If I have anything bad, I will change them. "These three quotations seem to be learning, but they are all about people's moral cultivation, which is the reason why people are human. Zi Zaichuan said: The deceased is like this! Don't give up day and night (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han) When Confucius came to the river, he sighed: Time flies like water! It flows around the clock. Confucius said: when the cold comes and the summer goes, you will know that the pine and cypress are withered and late. (The Analects of Confucius Zi Han) Confucius said: When it is cold, you will know that the pine and cypress are the last to fall leaves. Confucius said: being rich and expensive is what people want, not what people want, and it is everywhere. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to people. They don't get it by their way. A gentleman who lacks food and clothing will violate benevolence and expect less than others. Confucius said: Everyone wants to be rich and expensive (want to get rich and be an official), but a gentleman will never accept it unless he obtains it through proper means. Poverty and meanness are disgusting to everyone, but if he can't get rid of them by proper means, he would rather not get rid of them. How can a gentleman achieve his goal if he loses his benevolence? A gentleman can't leave Benevolence even after eating for such a short time, not only when he is in a hurry but also when he is displaced. The meaning of the first sentence of this passage is summed up as "a gentleman loves money and takes it wisely." Confucius said: A benevolent person does not harm benevolence but does not exist. (The Analects of Confucius) Confucius said: A benevolent person does not die for survival. The following is the eighth lesson of the Analects of Confucius in the second semester of preparatory course (1). How about learning Xi Zhi? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Isn't he a completely moral person? Although people may not pay attention to him, he won't feel uneasy. Isn't it a pleasure to consolidate what you have learned from time to time? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Don't people who don't know themselves and hate themselves are virtuous people? (2) Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing, and knowing is knowing. (3) Being a good person is better than knowing, and being a good person is better than being happy. (3) It's better to love him than to know him, and it's better to study just for happiness. (4) threesome. Among them, there must be people worth learning. Choose the good ones to learn from him, and use the bad ones as a reference to correct mistakes. (5) review the past and learn new things, and you can be a teacher. (6) If you are cold, you will know that the pine and cypress are dying. (5) You can be a teacher in the coldest time of the year. Greedy for small profits can't do great things. I try not to eat for a day and stay up all night. It's no use thinking about it. I used to eat all day and stay up all night. It's no use thinking about it. It is better to study.

6. According to the quotations of pre-Qin philosophers, choose one aspect and talk about your own experience.

It is also possible to understand the main idea of the original text first and then insert the vernacular explanation. Examples are as follows: 1. Confucius said: "A gentleman has Jiu Si: he thinks clearly, listens attentively, thinks enthusiastically, looks respectfully, speaks faithfully, thinks respectfully, doubts and doubts, and feels resentful." 2. Confucius said: Being rich and expensive is what people want. It does not depend on the way. 4 compassion, everyone has it; Everyone has a heart of shame and evil; Everyone has a respectful heart; Everyone has a right and wrong heart. Shame and nausea, righteousness also; Respect and courtesy; The heart of right and wrong is also wise. 5. A gentleman nurtures his heart and is not good at sincerity. If he is sincere, he will be fine. He will only abide by righteousness and do righteous things. -Confucius said, "A gentleman has Jiu Si: a discerning person, who listens attentively, thinks enthusiastically, is respectful, is loyal when most is least heeded, considers questions respectfully and ponders hard." Think about what you hear, listen or not, believe it or not; When talking and doing things, always think about your face, don't lie on the floor coldly, and be gentle at all times; Consider whether your attitude is respectful, regardless of rank, your attitude must be respectful; When you speak, think about whether you are lying. When doing things, think about whether you are dedicated and serious; When you have a problem or question, do you immediately ask someone for a positive solution? People are not sages, who can doubt it? Confused and not following the teacher. It is also confusing and will eventually be confused; When you want to lose your temper, think about the bad consequences. Think about yourself and hate the anger of others. If you can get something for nothing, you should think about whether you should get it properly and whether you deserve it. Confucius said: "Everyone wants to get wealth and dignitaries, but if they get it improperly, they will not enjoy it;" Poverty and meanness are disgusting to everyone, but they will not get rid of them unless they use proper methods. This passage reflects Confucius' view of reason and desire. It seems that Confucius advocates that people should only be benevolent and should not be greedy. Actually, it's not. No one wants to live a poor and displaced life, but he wants to be rich and comfortable. But this must be done by appropriate means.

7. The Analects of Confucius (1).

The thought of The Analects of Confucius is an important cultural heritage of our country. It is easy to understand and covers a wide range, forming the core of Confucianism and laying the foundation of Confucianism.

The ethical thought of The Analects is based on "benevolence", including filial piety, making friends and keeping benevolence. Let's discuss them one by one. 1. The ethical "benevolence" in The Analects of Confucius is the basis of Confucius' ideal personality. In the Analects of Confucius, the word "benevolence" appeared 109 times. Confucius regards "benevolence" as the highest moral principle and ideal of life, pointing out that the basic content of human nature is "benevolence", thus constructing a benevolence theory with love as the core, which mainly emphasizes the fundamental truth of people in daily life.

Judging from the composition of Chinese characters, the word "benevolence" means one person, two people, and three people. The so-called "benevolence" is the relationship between two people. Because the word "benevolence" is a word added to the word "benevolence", the way for two people to get along is "benevolence".

Shuo Wen Jie Zi said: "Kindness is also close to others, and the basic meaning of benevolence is to show that people love each other, that is, to understand and care for others as if they love themselves. Benevolence is the core category of Confucius' thought, which mainly includes two aspects: one is "self-denial" and the other is "the benevolent loves others".

"Self-denial is benevolence" means "see no evil, don't say anything if you are indecent, don't listen if you are indecent, and don't move if you are indecent" (Yan Yuan), which requires people to control themselves mentally from the perceptual experience of seeing, listening, speaking and moving, which conforms to the rules of etiquette. This combination of benevolence and propriety has ethical significance. If people's behavior can conform to the ceremony, it is to realize benevolence. "Benevolent people love others" is a moral behavior based on blood relationship, which develops people's love into moral emotion psychologically and further into "filial piety", "loyalty and forgiveness" and love.

From this unity of benevolence and courtesy, we can see that Confucius always runs through "courtesy" when he talks about "caring for others". The moral feelings of Confucius' lover are different. Be filial to your parents, be mainly loyal to you, be friendly to doctors and scholars with noble status, and be trustworthy when making friends with others.

(1) Filial piety. Filial piety refers to kindness to parents, that is, children love and respect their parents; It refers to a good brother, that is, a younger brother's love and respect for his brother.

First, filial piety is the foundation of benevolence. Confucius believes that the moral feelings of lovers begin with filial piety.

So he said, "filial piety is also the foundation of benevolence!" " "(The Analects of Confucius) A gentleman is committed to improving the foundation, being born naturally, being away from home, being filial to his parents and respecting his brothers. For example, "Disciples are filial when they enter.

Learning is learning "(The Analects of Confucius); In the country, the gentleman is benevolent, and the people also live by benevolence. For example, "A gentleman is loyal to his relatives, and then he is benevolent" (The Analects of Confucius Taber). Second, filial piety is not only an obligation to support, but also a heart of love and respect. Confucius said, "Today's filial piety means that it can be raised.

As for dogs and horses, you can keep them. It's disrespectful. Why not? "("The Analects of Confucius ")" Sex is difficult. I'll take care of you, eat and drink. Sir, do you think this is filial piety? "(The Analects of Confucius), Confucius emphasized children's heartfelt love and respect for their parents, not just providing food and clothing or helping to do some manual labor.

Besides, children should care about their parents. For example, "the year of parents is indispensable, one is happy, and the other is fearful" (The Analects of Confucius, Establishing People).

"If your parents are here, you will travel well if you don't travel far" (The Analects of Confucius, Liren). Parents' age must always be kept in mind. On the one hand, they are happy because of their long life, on the other hand, they are worried about their age.

Moreover, don't travel far, in order to fulfill the obligation of raising and caring for relatives; If you have to travel far, you should also have a certain place to go, so as not to worry your parents. In addition, he also believes that the "three-year mourning" from parents' consanguinity and nurturing grace to filial piety is not a form of etiquette, but a moral emotional memory of parents' nurturing grace, which is "benevolence" (Yang Huo).

Third, filial piety is to inherit and abide by the heritage. Confucius said, "The father is observing his will, but the father is not observing his actions.

Three years without changing with the father is filial piety. "(The Analects of Confucius).

Fourth, filial piety is done according to etiquette. Confucius believed that filial piety should not violate etiquette.

Said: "Life is about courtesy; Death, burial with ceremony; Sacrifice it with ceremony. " Confucius attached great importance to the etiquette of filial piety and also had political considerations. He said, "Be cautious in pursuing the future, and people's morality is thick" (Analects of Confucius).

Caution refers to dealing with funerals, and pursuing the distance refers to dealing with sacrifices. Handling these things well is of great significance for cleaning up people's hearts and maintaining society.

(2) You Ren. Confucius' principle of making friends is broad equality.

Because it is not a political relationship, nor is it a blood relationship. It is a close and universal interpersonal relationship.

Confucius said: "Living in a country is also a good thing. Being a doctor and being kind to others" (The Analects of Confucius, Wei Linggong), "You gain three friends, but you lose three friends. Friends are frank, friends forgive and friends listen more, which is beneficial.

Friends make friends. Friendly and soft.

Friends will be stupid, and if they lose, they will lose "(The Analects of Confucius Ji Shi). Zuo Qiuming is ashamed of it, and Qiu is ashamed of it. "(Yu Gong Night Show).

In other words, you should make friends with people with high morality. If you hang out with villains all day, but don't say anything serious and reasonable, you just like to be clever, which is exactly what Confucius opposed, that is, "live in groups all day long, don't say what you mean, and be kind to others" (Wei Linggong). If you want to make friends, it is more important to be strict and self-disciplined, modest and prudent, and be good at discovering the strengths of others.

This self-centered attitude, which is based on whether it is beneficial to oneself, is obviously not an ideological path to evaluate and demand others. However, don't make friends with people different from yourself, that is, "people without friends are not as good as themselves" (Xue Ji).

(3) keep your promise. Faith is one of the basic qualities of being a man, and its original meaning is honesty and not cheating.

Confucius said, "Zi teaches four things: writing, action, loyalty and faith" (uncle). Only by "loyalty to the Lord", "honesty" and "respect for things" can we stand firm in society and be feasible.

Therefore, "trusting friends" is one of my ambitions. Advocate "making friends and keeping promises" ("Learning Notes").

Faith is also the foundation of the country. Confucius said, "If you can do five things, the benevolent will rule the world.". These "five" (politeness, generosity, loyalty, sensitivity and wisdom.

8. What are the essays of pre-Qin philosophers?

Ten essays of pre-Qin philosophers: Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Dharma and miscellaneous agricultural works, and novels The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Han Feizi and Mozi. There are three stages in the development of pre-Qin philosophers' essays: the end of the Spring and Autumn Period: quotations from The Analects of Confucius and Mozi.

The language is close to spoken English (teacher-student dialogue) without much modification. Mozi: This book was also written by Mozi's disciples.

The article is simple, less literary, but logical, and good at reasoning with specific examples, which is a great progress in reasoning. The second stage: The quotations of Mencius and Zhuangzi developed into monographs. Mencius is still a quotation, but Mencius was recorded on the spot and written by Mencius.

It is a collective work, which uses a lot of dialogues and both sides refute it, which greatly promotes the development of prose to literary style. Zhuangzi: Some of them still have the shadow of refutation, but some chapters contain refutation, argument and answer, which clarify their views positively.

China's paper was really established when it began to evolve into a monograph. The third stage: Xunzi, the monograph of Xunzi and Han Feizi: the article is long, the argument is clear, the level is clear, the syntax is complete and the vocabulary is rich.

Han Feizi: Its prose is sharp-edged, thorough and reasonable, reaching the point of 1, getting rid of the citation system and becoming a monograph. 2, not a school's collective notes, but a scholar's personal collection.

3, not based on refutation, but on positive discussion.

9. What are the implications of studying the quotations of pre-Qin philosophers?

1, Confucius said: "Governing the country by virtue (1), such as Beichen (2), living in its place (3) and numerous stars (4)."

This passage represents Confucius' thought of "ruling the country by virtue", which means that when a ruler rules the country by virtue, ministers and people will automatically revolve around you. This is a principle that emphasizes the decisive role of morality in political life and advocates moral education as the principle of governing the country. This is a valuable part of Confucius' theory, which shows that the basic principle of Confucian governance is rule by virtue, not severe punishment and severe law.

3. Confucius said, "It's just and not ordered. His body is not right, although he does not obey. " (Lutz tablets)

Confucius repeatedly stressed a problem: the ruler must take the lead in correcting himself, stand up straight and do right, become an example to the people morally, and bring the nobility of social morality with the nobleness of the ruler's private morality. There is no doubt that Confucius founded an eternal principle, that is, the nobleness, honesty and justice of rulers are the premise of good politics.

4. Confucius said, "It is a benevolent person to be able to do five things for the world." "I'm sorry." Say: "public, tolerant, trustworthy, people, and benefit. Respect is not insulting, forgiveness is popular, faith is responsible, sensitivity is meritorious, and forgiveness can make people. "

It can be seen that Confucian culture is essentially a humanistic culture, emphasizing the coordination of interpersonal relationships and the realization of human values, emphasizing group harmony, self-improvement, the unity of self and body, and paying attention to individual responsibility, dedication and service to groups.

5, old and old, and old people; Young people, young people, young people are in the hands of the world. "

Be filial to the elderly in your family and treat other elderly people equally; Love your children and care for other children in the same way. It is the minimum moral character that each of us should have, and it is also the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation for more than 5,000 years.

I suggest you look at this webpage: /dxyw/Article_View? id=47