Teach people to seek truth and learn to be true.
Tao Xingzhi put forward that the fundamental task of moral education is to "teach people to seek truth" and "learn to be a man". He pointed out that "the teacher's duty is" to teach thousands of religions and teach people to seek truth; The duty of students is to "learn thousands of things and learn to be a man".
Tao Xingzhi believes that training talents depends not on form, but on practical skills. He said that a teacher who "teaches people to seek truth" is a first-class educator, which requires two elements: "First, he has insight; Second, I am willing to tell the truth, dare to refute lies and not tell lies. " (2) Teachers should teach people to seek truth, first of all, they should teach people to pursue the truth with all their strength and not be "hypocrites". A hypocrite, moved by fame and fortune, will lose the most precious personality in life, and will "perform thousands of fakes", while a real person will seek truth, tell the truth and seek truth from facts, so that the poor can't move, the rich can't be immoral, the warriors can't bend, and the beauty can't move. Students study to pursue the truth and be a real person, not to be moved1At the end of 940, Tao Xiaoguang, the son of Tao Xingzhi, went to work in a wireless power plant in Chengdu, and the factory asked for a qualification certificate. Because Tao had no formal education, he asked an acquaintance for a diploma from Xiaozhuang School. After hearing the news, Tao Xingzhi thought it was inappropriate, so he telegraphed back the certificate and wrote to, saying that "we must adhere to the idea of' Ning is true, don't pretend to be a scholar'. If this real proof doesn't work, I'd rather pay for it myself than help the country with my salary ... In short, we can't compromise. ..... You remember these seven words, which will benefit you for life. I hope you must work hard in this respect. This is the real learning. " (3) Tao Xingzhi thinks that "talent" and "non-talent" lie in whether his knowledge and insight are true or not. The standard of real learning lies in whether it is really obtained through hard study and practice, rather than being determined by any "certificate".
Tao Xingzhi believes that if you are loyal to the truth in learning, you will be loyal to the revolution in politics. He said: "Learning and revolution are one thing, not two things." "Learning, whether old or new, is in line with the revolutionary spirit as long as it pursues the truth. If learning is traded, whether old or new, it may become a traitor ... If a person can pursue truth in learning, he can be killed in the revolution. " (4) Tao Xingzhi requires that the real person is a "person", not a "person". He said that some people mistakenly think that we are here to train some people to be promoted and make a fortune, which is wrong. Our children are all from the common people, so we should all go back to the common people and use what we have learned to contribute to the common people and create benefits for them. They are all educated by ethnic groups, so they should contribute what they have learned to the whole nation and seek happiness for the whole nation; They breathe in the world, and they should use what they have learned to help transform the world and benefit all mankind. "
He believes that only those who are determined to benefit the people and all mankind can become rich and strong, which is the most fundamental truth of "being a man". In the1940s, Tao Xingzhi's view of talent education further developed into the idea of "being close to the people". When running a social university, he pointed out: "The way of a university is to be well-known, close to the people and stop at the people. The so-called' close to the people' means' close to the people'. " We have to enter the ranks of the people to get close to them and become their relatives. The people have to admit that we are indeed their relatives. The talent that Tao Xingzhi wants to cultivate is consistent with the talent view under the guidance of communist thought. It is different from the feudal era and the bourgeois people who pursue personal development and struggle.
Tao Xingzhi also believes that to guide the new generation to "apply what they have learned", it is necessary to conduct comprehensive training, which includes three elements.
1) Have a healthy body. Only when you are healthy can you gain a foothold in the material environment. Gentlemen, if you want to be an 80-year-old young man, you can shoulder a very important responsibility. Don't be a man of 18 years old.
(2) Independent, open-minded, thorough and capable of judging right and wrong.
(3) to have an independent occupation, for the purpose of making profits. People who have profits can naturally get social rewards. ⑦ These three elements actually involve moral education, intellectual education and physical education. In knowledge education, we should not only have book knowledge, but also have flexible thinking methods and practical skills. He emphasized that the way to learn is not to read dead books, but to "study everything." No matter what occupation we want to engage in, we should use both hands and be flexible. "People who study agriculture should have scientific brains and farmers' hands; Engineering students should also have scientific brains and workers' hands. Only in this way can he learn well. " Only by having an independent career can you be called a person with all-round development.
(2)
On the road of shaping "realistic man", he believes that it can only be realized in all human life practices.
He put forward the concept of talent training combining teaching with doing, wisdom with benevolence and courage, knowledge with emotion, and teaching with discipline. Tao Xingzhi said: "it is also a kind of knowledge education to let children understand its meaning and method in the adjustment and stimulation of feelings;" Let them develop the feelings of pursuing truth, be able to work hard and pursue truth, which is also a kind of education of will. Will education is not to carry forward the blind will of individuals, but to cultivate the will that conforms to the social and historical development. The cultivation of reasonable will and correct knowledge education are inseparable. " (3) Tao Xingzhi advocates the education of unity of intelligence, benevolence and courage. He believes that wisdom, benevolence and courage are important spiritual heritages of China, and they are still important symbols of individual perfect development in contemporary society. In the whole process of education, we should practice both wisdom and courage. He said: "Ignorance and benevolence are cowards; Courage without wisdom is the courage of ordinary people, and wisdom without pity is cunning wisdom; Heartless courage is the courage of a petty device; Wisdom without courage is faint wisdom; It is a verbal benevolence to be brave. " Concerned about the meaning of wisdom and benevolence, he also made a new explanation, that is, "every student is required to moisten the heart of wisdom, understand the enthusiasm of society and the public, and serve the spirit of self-sacrifice of society and the public."
Tao Xingzhi pays attention to the integrity of education in cultivating talents, which is also manifested in many aspects. For example, he criticized the tendency of separation between training and education in school education at that time: "In modern China schools, the separation between teaching and training is a common phenomenon. Education seems to teach people to read, and discipline seems to train people to be human or do things; Education seems to cultivate knowledge, and discipline seems to cultivate character; Education seems to refer to the so-called extracurricular activities, and training seems to refer to the so-called extracurricular activities. " This is a kind of "horizontal division" education, that is, dividing "overall education" into several pieces, which is a traditional thought that conflicts with life education. "The requirement of life education is: the whole life should have a complete education." All aspects of student education are interrelated and inseparable. "Wisdom and conduct are inseparable, thoughts and actions are inseparable, and in-class and extracurricular activities are inseparable. Doing things is inseparable from reading, that is, education and discipline are inseparable. "
(3)
In terms of moral education methods, Tao Xingzhi advocates starting from small things and implementing strict education methods.
Tao Xingzhi himself is a man with lofty ideals and ambitions, and he also puts the education of young people to establish lofty ideals and beliefs in the first place. However, he believes that any good ideal and belief should be "starting from a close distance". To shape a real person, we should start with small things, adhere to strict requirements, and educate young people to learn to meet and overcome difficulties from an early age. He once wrote a letter to a child named Wu Libang. The topic is "prepare a steel head to touch an iron nail", telling children that "we should be prepared to hit a nail when doing things in society" and "if the nail is made of iron, our scalp will be as hard as steel, so that the iron nail will bend when it touches the steel scalp".
Tao Xingzhi's cultivation of students includes all aspects. He once drew up a "cross formula" for Yucai School, namely "a brain". Two strong hands. Three circles on the chain. Four keys. Five parties discuss. Six groups study. Seven (set) style creation. Eight consultants. 99 difficulties. Ten (willing) will be gram. " Among them, students are required to use their brains; Want Xiu De; Knowledge accumulation; Learning methods, good at thinking; Only with the spirit of Tang Priest can we overcome the difficulties of August 11th. In order to enable students to further their studies in Germany, he put forward "four questions a day": the first question: Has my body improved? The second question is, has my knowledge improved? The third question: Has my work improved? Question 4: Has my morality improved? In order to facilitate students' practice, he formulated many specific codes of conduct, such as Etiquette and Convention of Yucai School, Twenty-nine Matters of Yucai Students' Education, How to Cultivate Sixteen Constant Abilities, Twelve Essentials of Yucai Health Education, Twenty-three Constant Abilities and Twelve Essentials of Yucai. The training of these codes of conduct links lofty goals with students' daily life.