The way to read this book is to find the origin in the western educational philosophy of the 20th century by comparing the concepts and methods in school education. I believe that any thought is not passive water, and it has its own historical roots. The concept of education is no exception. The following contents will be summarized one by one:
1, the "father of progressive education" Parker proposed that schools should take children as the center when making plans, and school courses should come from practical activities as much as possible. This view is actually the formulation of student-centered teaching concept and activity curriculum after the new curriculum reform.
2. Dewey's education is life, education is growth, and education is experience, which still has advanced guiding significance, which has been discussed above.
3. The idea of progressive education is that students have the freedom of natural development, interest is the driving force of all activities, teachers are mentors, scientific research is carried out on students' development, and cooperation between home and school is strengthened. These views are still the mainstream views in today's education circles. Although at that time, these statements were questioned.
4. The "problem teaching method" and "design teaching method" of progressive education have guiding significance so far. The former advocates "learning by doing" and requires students to receive knowledge and education in practice and activities. The latter is activity design, which determines the activity goal, guides the activity process, and provides activity motivation and internal motivation.
Progressivism is actually a kind of education of democracy and freedom. Education should be conducive to the development of democracy and freedom, and education should encourage the spirit of cooperation. These concepts are still popular in today's education, such as "democratic education" proposed by Li Zhenxi.
6. Essentialism points out that the task of the school is to teach the common and unchanging cultural elements in human culture to the younger generation, such as collective values, social mainstream cultural values, national political values and ideological values. Schools should restore the position of each subject in the educational process and compile teaching materials in strict accordance with the logical system. Teachers should become experts and authorities in students' minds. Students should obey teachers and pay attention to psychological training. These concepts are obviously conservative, and essentialism is also called "new traditional education", but the collective value standard and traditional spiritual heritage advocated by essentialism also have their value.
7. Eternism emphasizes humanistic education and understanding of theoretical issues. Eternists emphasize that the center of education should be the great western tradition and wisdom embodied in "masterpieces". No matter how people realize their own value, get a better life or build a unified and harmonious society, they must resort to the pursuit of eternal principles. Although this is not the mainstream of today's education, the emphasis on classic works undoubtedly has the function of rectifying deviation.
8. Eternist Ajdero believes that happiness cannot be the goal of education, because happiness is not the only goal of education, and it cannot be distinguished from political activities, artistic activities and other activities. The purpose of education is to "mold yourself into an adult". Hutchins believes that rational education of developed people is the best education, the best means to obtain happiness and the best way to cultivate citizens. Although these ideas have not been emphasized in educational practice, their theoretical significance still exists.
9. Eternism education also advocates that social civilization needs free education, and free education should cultivate society. Free education is to prepare for a person's extraordinary life in the future, not for a specific career, but for training qualified citizens. Similarly, Mr. Ogawa's education should cultivate people who think freely for a democratic society, which is also one of the educational viewpoints I support.
10, regarding the teaching methods, the Eternal worships Socrates' question-and-answer method and reading. In their view, reading not only has the function of exchanging ideas, but also has the value of rational training. This can also be a useful supplement to today's education.
1 1. The basic idea of reformism is social unity, and the main purpose of education is to promote social change and design and realize an ideal society. The process of school education should be a process of democratic practice, and the purpose of democracy can only be achieved through the democratic process of "social unity".
12 actually, I think skinner's new behaviorism education should have the greatest impact on current education. The task of school education is to change learners' behavior by carefully and scientifically designing and controlling the educational environment. Skinner's reaction behavior and operation behavior, as well as the reinforcement of behavior, are actually the main principles of our current school classroom teaching. Our emphasis on students' memory rules and the correction of underachievers' behavior habits are actually the principles of active reinforcement.
13, behaviorists believe that the purpose of education should first be transformed into the specific goals of literacy, numeracy, responsible citizenship and other disciplines and learners' life fields. These goals are systematically expounded through specific outlines, courses and learning activities, and need to be clarified through specific behavior changes. Then, each ability should be decomposed into smaller and simpler behaviors, so that learners can finally achieve the target behavior through learning. This is the most fundamental thing in our current curriculum theory and teaching theory. Procedural teaching advocated by neo-behaviorists is also the most important teaching method at present.
14. Existentialism education advocates dialogue and communication between teachers and students, which is also one of the theoretical sources of dialogue teaching today.
15. Analyze the philosophy of education, and advocate to analyze and clarify the concepts, propositions and problems of education by analytical methods, so as to make educational activities more meaningful and fruitful. In fact, analytic educational philosophy is not an educational concept, but an educational research method. This analysis method is suitable for the re-identification of concepts in the field of education, such as "moral education". Dr. Huang Xiangyang's analysis of this in Principles of Moral Education belongs to the thinking of analytical education philosophy.
16, the educational concept should have three levels, namely, personal education concept, public education concept and professional education concept.