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Brand culture of underglaze colorful Liling porcelain
A kind of underglaze tricolor (red, blue and cyan) created in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty is also called underglaze tricolor, in which red and blue are colored with copper red and cobalt respectively, and cyan is colored with bean green with iron oxide. The three colors are matched with each other, which makes the underglaze color richer.

Underglaze color is also developed on the basis of blue and white and underglaze red. From 1907 to 1908, Hunan porcelain school developed a variety of underglaze pigments, such as turquoise, aquamarine, bright black, ochre and agate red. Famous painters of Hunan Porcelain Company and graduates of ceramic classes of porcelain school have repeatedly developed and produced refreshing colorful underglaze porcelain by using self-made underglaze pigments, double hooks filled with water and "three-firing" method of Chinese painting. Under-glaze multicolored porcelain is exquisite in porcelain quality, exquisite in painting, fresh and elegant, unique in style, colorful under glaze, showing vivid pictures, which has high artistic value and use value. From 1909 to 19 1 1, Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain participated in Wuhan Persuasion Association, Nanyang Persuasion Association and Dulang International Competition respectively, and won gold medals in succession. Liling porcelain began to make a name for itself in China and went to the world. "White as jade, bright as a mirror, thin as paper and loud as a chime" was a good evaluation of Liling porcelain at that time. It focuses on the comprehensive application of various painting methods. However, because the underglaze is colorful and diverse at high temperature, it is not easy to be fired, so there are few masterpieces in the past.

Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain is famous for being as white as jade, as bright as a mirror, as thin as paper and as loud as a chime. This supreme quality is unique in the field of ceramics. It uses Chinese painting double hook to divide water and fill color and "three burning" method, and the overall effect is refreshing. In terms of color application, it breaks through the traditional technique of single color in glaze, and uses five primary colors (red, green, blue, yellow and black) to prepare colorful ceramic painting pigments, paying attention to the expression of elegant colors, and adopting the unique technique of dividing water with double hooks, which is close to the photo effect, moist and transparent, fresh and elegant, giving people a sense of physical and mental pleasure. The successfully produced underglaze multicolored porcelain lines overflow the porcelain surface through the glaze, which is crystal clear and moist with high whiteness, transparency and glaze hardness. Under-glaze colored porcelain makes the patterns on porcelain visible, intangible and never fade. Moreover, it has the characteristics of high strength of porcelain, strong vitrification degree of glaze, lead-free and cadmium-free, acid and alkali resistance, wear resistance, colorfastness and durability, which can meet people's dual requirements for aesthetics, environmental protection and health at the same time, and has high collection and use value. Because of this, Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain was chosen as the imperial porcelain of the Qing Dynasty as soon as it was born, which was specially made for Mao Zedong after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Formed the best porcelain "Mao porcelain", known as the "red official kiln", and has repeatedly become a national exhibition porcelain, state banquet porcelain, state guest gift porcelain and national life porcelain. It has become a precious work of art integrating appreciation, artistry, culture, collection, investment and practicality. Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain firing technology is listed in the national intangible cultural heritage list; Appraised by the national authoritative department 20 1 1 and 1 twice, "Liling Porcelain" ranks second among the 300 most valuable geographical indication products in China. In recent years, Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain has attracted wide attention from the media for its high quality and has been enthusiastically sought after by collectors. The brand effect of Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain has reached an unprecedented height.

20 1 1 Mr. Hu Huaiyin and Mr. Zhou Jianying, the ceramic teachers of the Eight Masters, and others innovated the under-glaze color overlapping process to make flowers, birds and cordyceps more three-dimensional; Created the technique of water accumulation, which enriched the color system of the works and made the artistic conception more profound. His painting style is exquisite, beautiful and lively, and his works are concise in composition, pursuing poetic and pleasing to the eye, and leading the underglaze multicolor technology to a new height of literati painting porcelain. The production of Liling ceramics began in the Eastern Han Dynasty, with a history of 1700 years. The discovery of pottery-making sites in the Eastern Han Dynasty in the suburbs of the county shows that pottery-making had reached a considerable scale at that time. According to the Records of Liling County, in the seventh year of Yongzheng (A.D. 1729), Liao Zhongwei, a Guangdong native, borrowed wisdom from monks in Weishan Temple to make porcelain, and invited more than 20 fellow craftsmen to set up factories to make porcelain, which became the arrow of Liling porcelain industry. The early Liling porcelain was an underglaze blue-and-white ware with bowls as the bulk, and its quality was far from that of Jingdezhen. It's all made by one person, that is, rough porcelain, sketch and painting. At that time, porcelain merchants called Liling porcelain "earth porcelain" and Jingdezhen porcelain "town porcelain", and the prices were very different.

In the 30th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1904), Xiong Xiling (A.D. 1870- 1937, a native of Phoenix, Hunan Province, was a scholar of Guangxu, and served as the Prime Minister of Beiyang Government after the Revolution of 1911) went to Japan to inspect education and industry. During their stay in Japan, they found that Japanese porcelain industry has advanced technology and excellent products. After returning to China, Wen Junduo (1853- 19 16, in the seventeenth year of Guangxu, participated in Writing on the Car) personally went deep into Liling to inspect the porcelain industry. In the 31st year of Guangxu (A.D. 1905), Duan Fang, the governor of Hunan Province, put forward the strategy of "building schools, setting up companies, choosing land and benefiting all", and advocated setting up ceramic schools in ceramic industrial zones to develop Hunan industry, which was strongly supported by Duan Fang. Soon after, it was approved and funded by the Qing government. In, Xiong Xiling and Wen Junduo founded the "Hunan Official Porcelain School" in Jiangwan, north of Liling City, with Xiong Xiling as the principal and Wen Jun as the inspector. The school has three subjects: ceramic painting, pulley and model, which are divided into accelerated classes and permanent classes. The permanent class lasts for four years. In addition to teachers in this province, we also hired Japanese technicians such as An Tian Yiji and Daifan Li Ji. The study content is mainly professional and cultural. The improvement of Liling porcelain industry also began. In the thirty-second year of Guangxu (A.D. 1906), Xiong Xiling invited investors to gather shares and set up "Hunan Porcelain Company". Xiong personally served as the first prime minister, installing machines and building Jingdezhen-style and Japanese-style kilns. The company has a circular factory, a tool factory, a mechanical room, an electric light room and a chemical room. Determined to improve, committed to the production of fine porcelain, since then Liling began to produce fine porcelain.

During the thirty-three and thirty-four years of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1907 and A.D. 1908), Hunan Porcelain Institute developed five kinds of high-fire underglaze pigments, namely black, blue, red, brown and green, and Liling fired world-famous underglaze porcelain.

In the early ten years of its establishment, Hunan Porcelain Co., Ltd. spared no expense in manufacturing superior porcelain, thus producing excellent and exquisite paintings, especially underglaze colored porcelain with unique decorative effect, which reached a very high level at that time and was hailed as "the peak of oriental ceramic art". Xuantongyuannian (A.D. 1909) won the first gold medal at the Wuhan Industrial Encouragement Conference. In the second year of Xuantong (A.D. 19 10), he won the first prize in the Nanyang Persuasion Conference held in Nanjing Zizhulin. Xuantong was awarded the best prize in Du Lang Expo for three years (A.D. 19 1 1). In the year of 19 15, he won the gold medal at the Panama World Expo held in San Francisco, USA. According to A.D. 19 1 1, Liling porcelain enjoyed a very high reputation at that time, and "the tide spread and the whole country was crazy, and traders from various ports came to this trafficker in an endless stream". This indicates that Liling porcelain industry has entered a glorious period.

In the seventh year of the Republic of China (A.D. 19 18), Hunan Porcelain Company was ravaged by the Northern Warlords, and the porcelain-making machines and tools were destroyed, and the production came to a standstill. Later, although it gradually resumed business, due to improper employment, poor management and the gradual decline of Liling porcelain industry, by AD 1930, with the closure of Hunan Porcelain Company, Hunan Model Kiln Factory and some commercial porcelain factories, Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain basically stopped production, thousands of porcelain-making workers lost their jobs and their skills were on the verge of extinction.

After the founding of New China, Liling's underglaze multicolored porcelain was reborn like a dead tree in spring. Liling Porcelain Company and Liling County Federation of Literary and Art Circles invited Wu Shouqi, a former graduate of Hunan Porcelain School, an old underglaze artist, to teach underglaze multicolor skills, train apprentices and repair underglaze multicolored porcelain that had been interrupted for more than 20 years. 1955 and 1958, Liling Ceramic Research Institute and Liling Porcelain Company Art Porcelain Factory (now Liqun Porcelain Factory) were established one after another, specializing in the research and production of underglaze colored porcelain. After years of recovery and development, Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain has undergone great changes in production technology, production scale, decoration techniques, pigment varieties and artistic level. The original wooden kiln was changed into a coal kiln and later developed into an oil kiln. After 2000, the gas kiln was started to burn, which greatly improved the product quality and production efficiency. Since 1960s, not only Liling Liqun Porcelain Factory specializes in producing underglaze colored porcelain, but also some porcelain factories in Guoguang, Huo Xing, Yongsheng and other places in this province have produced exquisite underglaze colored porcelain. Since the 20th century, a number of private enterprises and workshops have emerged, which have become the main force in Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain production. In order to spread Liling ceramic culture, they inherited and developed underglaze colored porcelain. In terms of decoration techniques, both pattern design, color processing and operation technology have made great progress and improvement compared with the past. The underglaze pigments have also developed from five in the late Qing Dynasty to dozens of varieties such as red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, purple, black, white and gray in the 2 1 century, covering almost all color systems, plus various polychromatic colors. By the 2nd1century, more than 100 colors with different tones had been used in underglaze colors.

Liling Ceramic Research Institute and Liling Liqun Porcelain Factory have produced underglaze porcelain for Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and other countries for many times. Provide underglaze multicolored porcelain for military museums, national cultural palaces, workers' gymnasiums, rostrum, banquet halls, Hunan Hall, Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, United Nations Building and Chairman Mao Memorial Hall in the top ten buildings in the capital. Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain, as national porcelain and national gift porcelain, is known as "Hongguan kiln" porcelain.

Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain has something in common with other underglaze decoration techniques, such as blue and white, underglaze red and so on. Because it is different from other underglaze paints, its decorative techniques are also different, which has distinct characteristics different from other colored porcelain. First, lead-free poison, acid and alkali resistance, wear resistance, and never fade. The basic pigment of underglaze color is made of metal oxides or their salts as colorants and a certain amount of silicate raw materials. Liling underglaze multicolored pigment itself does not contain lead poisoning. This pigment does not need to use a flux with high lead content to assist in color development and reduce the firing temperature, but the melt in the pigment adheres to the blue glaze in a molten state during high-temperature sintering at 1350- 1400℃. Some people mistakenly think that Liling underglaze porcelain is lead-free and toxic because the surface of the pigment is covered with a layer of high-temperature glaze, which closes the discharge of toxic substances. This is because they are not familiar with the craft and technology of Liling underglaze porcelain. At the same time, the covering glaze layer can resist the erosion of natural acid and alkali, wear resistance, and always keep the color clear, bright and bright. Therefore, Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain is an ideal "green" ceramic.

Second, colorful, strong but not vulgar, light and fascinating. This is the unique color effect of underglaze porcelain. Liling underglaze color is a breakthrough development of traditional underglaze color technology, with extremely rich colors, covering almost all color systems. Moreover, each color is different because of the different manufacturing technology and raw materials, and the color changes after kiln change are more abundant. Therefore, this kind of underglaze decorative composition is eclectic in color setting, diverse in decorative techniques and rich in decorative effects. It can not only show various monochromatic effects, but also draw mottled patterns, which are magnificent or elegant. As the saying goes, "light makeup is always appropriate."

Third, the picture is bright and smooth, elegant and bright, crystal clear and moist, and full of moisture. Because Liling underglaze color adopts some special decorative techniques, such as double hook water separation method, the color is smooth and seamless, and the color tone is natural. Coupled with the high-temperature sintered glaze layer, the picture is flat and smooth, with jade-like luster. It gives people the impression that things are moist and silent, tangible and intangible, and the beauty is hidden in China and hidden in Tibet, and the light and shadow are shining, which amazes the world.

Fourth, the decorative patterns are simple in shape and rigorous in structure. Liling underglaze multicolored porcelain from history to modern times, its decorative composition is characterized by simple pattern and simple and rigorous structure. The formation of this feature is closely related to its unique double hook watercolor decoration technique. One of the most commonly used techniques in Liling underglaze multi-color painting, like meticulous Chinese painting, is to outline the figure with lines first, and then fill in the color with water diversion method (also called irrigation method). The water diversion method requires not only flat color, but also multi-level selection, using various techniques such as shading and color matching to make the pattern rich in color, which requires the operator to have considerable line skills and superb color filling skills, and at the same time, the composition should be concise and clear.