First of all, let's analyze the similarities and differences between Shang Yang's reform and Wuqi's reform.
similar
The background is the same: they were all carried out on the basis of the victory of the landlord class in the late Spring and Autumn Period. By the Warring States period, the state-owned land ownership of slavery had been largely replaced by the private ownership of feudal land, which made the emerging landlord class more powerful politically and economically, and the contradiction with the stubborn forces of the original slave owners and nobles became deeper and deeper.
The purpose is the same: the emerging landlord class demands political reform, abolishes the privileges of the slave owners and nobles, develops the feudal economy and establishes the rule of the landlord class.
(3) Similar measures: abolish the political and economic privileges of slave owners and nobles by law, and put forward measures to develop feudal economy, increase government revenue, enrich Qiang Bing and establish landlord class rule.
The nature is the same: this is a feudal movement.
⑤ The result and influence are similar: the reforms in various countries have dealt a blow to the old slave owners and nobles to some extent, and consolidated the rule of the new landlord class. All countries have reformed the old superstructure and economic base in political reform, and finally established the feudal system of each country. At the same time, political and economic measures adopted by countries in the process of political reform have promoted social development. Therefore, after the political reforms in various countries, there appeared a vigorous period of economic development and cultural prosperity in the history of China.
discrepancy
① The depth of content is different: Shang Yang's political reform abolished the political and economic privileges of the slave owners and nobles in a more profound legal form, developed the feudal economy, increased the government's fiscal revenue, enriched Qiang Bing and established the rule of the landlord class. Therefore, some more specific, profound and effective measures are put forward, such as "joining the ranks of officials", "attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business", "burning poetry and making laws clear", "unified measurement system", "abolishing the system of enfeoffment" and "opening up and closing the border".
(2) The far-reaching influence is different: Shang Yang's reform emphasized agriculture and restrained commerce, burned poetry legislation, unified measurement system, abolished the enfeoffment system, promoted the county system, and even waited with other officials, which had a far-reaching and significant impact not only on the entire Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, but also on the entire history of China.
Wuqi's political reform was mainly aimed at the disadvantages of the times, while Shang Yang's political reform was a comprehensive reform and established a relatively complete system.
Shang Yang's political reform lasted 19 years, and was implemented gradually in two stages, paying attention to winning the trust of the people and ensuring the system. Wuqi's political reform suppressed the nobility with clear goals, but isolated itself; The reform is eager for success, and time is pressing, so many measures are difficult to implement.
Shang Yang's political reform involves many aspects such as politics, economy and military affairs. Wuqi only pays attention to politics, and the reform content is relatively simple. The process and steps of political reform: the former is gradual, while the latter is too hasty; Support received: the time to get the support of the king is also obviously different, the former has more than ten years, and the latter only has more than one year; Results: The difference of scores is shallower and more obvious, and the loss of 1 1% is their difference. Although there is no reference answer, we will give each correct answer 2 points, because we can't deny that this is also their main difference.
(2) What factors make the reform successful and what factors lead to the failure of the reform?
1, popular support. Popular support is the foundation of a country or political reform. People will love you as long as you have the support of the masses. How can anyone live? First of all, you should let your people benefit from your reform. If there is no popular support, people will think your political reform is not good. You won't accept your reform. Therefore, the same is true of the reform of "winning the hearts of the people and winning the world". There have been many reforms in history. It is not good for some reformers to be too eager for success. Therefore, the success of political reform is also a matter of time.
2. The success of the king's political reform depends on the king's willingness, just like the political reform of Rainbow's Anshi Rebellion. When the old emperor was in power, he agreed to the political reform very much, so the method lasted for a long time. However, when the old monk died, the new emperor succeeded to the throne. Because the new emperor is too young, he is the queen mother and listens to politics. The high queen mother is from the old party. Therefore, the first thing the Empress Dowager Gao did was to abolish the new law. Without the support and cooperation of the king, how can we carry out reform? Therefore, the reform without a king is doomed to failure. However, with the support of the king, the reform may not succeed.
Why did Wuqi fail and Shang Yang succeed?
1, (1), they come from different backgrounds.
Shang Yang is a descendant of Wang Wei, and her surname is Gongsun. So, I was educated from an early age. Fascinated by magical science. Later, he went to the state of Wei to develop, and took refuge in the location of Gongsun, where he became a middle-aged son. Gong Sunzuo also attached great importance to Shang Yang's knowledge, especially his study of magic. During Shang Yang's serious illness, he also recommended Shang Yang to Wei Huiwang. But Wei Huiwang didn't take Shang Yang seriously at all. Later, Qin Xiaogong, the state of Qin, was eager for success and recruited talents. Hearing this, Shang Yang hurried to the State of Qin and found a sage to meet Qin Xiaogong. Three times, after understanding the current political needs of Qin, Shang Yang finally won the heart of Qin with "hegemony". A person's talent is displayed. Qin also completely changed his original view of Shang Yang. Gradually, Shang Yang was appreciated by Qin and had a certain position in his heart. Shang Yang asked Wang Xiao of Qin State to carry out political reform in Qin State. Qin also agreed to the reform, in line with Shang Yang's point of view. Three years after the reform was implemented. After two successful political reforms, Qin really developed rapidly. The power of Qin will grow rapidly. Although Wuqi was born in a wealthy family. But compared with Shang Yang's background, it's just a piece of cake. In order to be able to embark on the road of promotion, all directions are looking for help everywhere. To be an official. He spent all the money in his family. However, the ideal of being an official (that is, unwilling to be mediocre) has not been realized. After returning home, he was laughed at by his hometown people and killed these mockers in a rage. After that, I told my mother my ideal, insisted on completing my ideal mental state and went out to continue my studies. I did well in Confucianism. Mother died on the way. But Wuqi didn't go back to his hometown to be filial to his mother. Master thought Wu Qi was very unfilial. He disinherited him. Later, Wu Qi gave up Confucianism and began to study the art of war. Later, Wuqi went to Lu and Wei successively. Later, with the efforts of Wuqi, the State of Chu successfully started the political reform. The political reform really made Chu very powerful. However, Wuqi was also in trouble because of the political reform, which failed. Wu Qi and Shang Yang, both of whom were born in wealthy families. But they all reformed for the country. They all worked hard for the country and lost their reputation for the country. The different growth environment also made Wuqi need to work very hard to climb to the position of "one person below and ten thousand people above" at that time. That's why. Wu qi in historical evaluation. It is often evaluated that both being a man and being an official are failures. Shang Yang, on the other hand, was really successful as an official, but failed as a man. It can be seen how important it is to live in a small environment and receive education. ?
(2) Differences between countries with political reforms.
In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Shang Yang began to reform. What was Qin like at that time? First of all, from the cultural analysis: during the Spring and Autumn Period, the economy of Qin was developed. The relations of production have started a new round. In the early Warring States period, the reform of "Jane Gong" and "Dedicating Gong" promoted economic development. This played a great role in Shang Yang's political reform and laid the foundation of Das Kapital. Later patriarchal clan system (3) and their differences in political reform.
? This is also the reason why Shang Yang is more popular and Wuqi is unpopular. First of all, because Wuqi can't debate, the Chamber of Commerce will debate. This can convince others, turn other people's ideas into their own, and make people more convinced. It can make people believe in Shang Yang, but Wu Qi has no such ability, so he can't communicate with the people and establish friendly friendship with them. Secondly, the Wuqi political reform was mainly aimed at the upper class of the nobility and was not comprehensive. Unlike Shang Yang, he completely changed the state of Qin. Wuqi's reform was only partial: he mainly worked out detailed rules for the old aristocracy, mostly to attack the old aristocracy, and only a small part of his reform was about the people. But Shang Yang's reform was comprehensive and substantial: the content of the reform also hit the old aristocracy, but he also produced new noble in the new rules. And there are many reform measures aimed at people's lives to make people's lives better. Make the political reform of Qin more effective and faster. Shang Yang's political reform was thorough and perfected all departments and aspects. But Wuqi is different. His political reform was incomplete, that is, incomplete. Shang Yang's political reform will be changed whenever it is convenient, but Wu Qi is more focused on the military. Wu Qi is too anxious, unlike Shang Yang's division of political reform into two times, which has become a gradual process. Wuqi's political reform lasted only one year, while Shang Yang's political reform lasted more than one year, but eighteen years. Such a long historical time is enough for people to slowly accept political reform. The gist of Shang Yang's political reform has continued until now, while the gist of Wuqi's political reform disappeared with Wuqi's death. It may also be because the reform is not comprehensive.
(Rooted in Qin society, Qin is full of vitality, and Qin Xiaogong accepts talents, which provides new political conditions. Qin Xiaogong's strong support has also become a necessary condition for the success of Shang Yang's political reform. Otherwise, the reform will not be completely changed or it will be so successful. From the environmental analysis: in the early Warring States period, most of the power of Qin was not in the hands of Qin Wang. Moreover, it lags behind other countries politically, economically and militarily. Often bullied by other countries. Qin accepted the throne. He recruited talented people and wanted to change the grim situation of Qin State through a wise man. Shang Yang was also taken a fancy to and hired by Qin Xiaogong from this time. Let's look at the country of Wuqi's political reform-Chu. Chu occupies an important position among the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period. There are many people and places, and the strength is still great. This is a proof of how powerful a country is. However, the economy of Chu itself is not very developed, and its politics is depressed, which is often suppressed by neighboring countries. I can only rely on others to be others' pugs. The king of Chu mourned for this, just as Wuqi came to Chu. Talking to himself about all kinds of problems in Chu, how to modify, how to do, how to do the best … a series of problems that the king of Chu wants to solve. I solved all the troubles. Who doesn't like this kind of person? So is the king of Chu. I took a fancy to Wuqi. Just one year after taking office, Wuqi was promoted to "modern Yin" by King Mourning of Chu, which shows that King Mourning of Chu attached great importance to Wuqi. The difficulties faced by the two countries at first were similar. They all met two helpers, Shang Yang and Weapons, to help them tide over this difficulty. However, the different environment of Chu and Qin led to the success or failure of the final reform, right or wrong, right or wrong.