Employment is the biggest livelihood. China has a population of1400 million and a labor force of 900 million. Solving the employment problem has always been a major task of economic and social development. This year's government work report puts forward the employment target of 202 1: more than 10,000 urban jobs will be created 1 1 10,000, and the urban unemployment rate will be around 5.5%, which is higher than 9 million in 2020. 202 1 is the first year of the 14th Five-Year Plan. How can China maintain the overall stability of employment in the uncertainty of the world economy and further realize more full and higher quality employment?
The employment situation faces three major challenges.
number theory
Faced with an unusually complicated situation, with the efforts of all parties, China finally achieved overall stability in the employment situation last year, which was better than expected-the number of new jobs in cities and towns was 1 1.86 million, exceeding the target of 9 million; The annual survey unemployment rate averaged 5.6%, which was lower than the control target of 6%. By the end of last year, the overall employment rate of college graduates reached more than 90%, and the number of poor laborers reached 32.43 million, a year-on-year increase of more than 10%. Looking through this year's government work report, there are 36 references to the word "employment". The report pointed out that "employment is the biggest livelihood, and the market players are also stabilizing employment and protecting people's livelihood" and "the employment priority policy should continue to be strengthened and work together to increase efficiency".
"The COVID-19 epidemic has had a tremendous impact on economic and social development and employment. Faced with severe challenges, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued a series of "stable employment" policies to deal with the epidemic, adopted a proactive fiscal policy, a prudent monetary policy and a policy of giving priority to employment, and implemented more active measures to stabilize employment. The introduction of these combined policies exceeded expectations, ensuring the overall stability of the employment situation and achieving remarkable results in stabilizing employment and ensuring employment. " Mo Rong, vice president of China Institute of Labor and Social Security, told the reporter.
While affirming our achievements, we are also soberly aware of the difficulties and challenges we face. This year's government work report pointed out that the COVID-19 epidemic is still spreading around the world, the unstable and uncertain factors in the international situation are increasing, and the world economic situation is complicated and grim. There are still weak links in domestic epidemic prevention and control, the foundation of economic recovery is still not solid, residents' consumption is still restricted, the investment growth potential is insufficient, small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households have more difficulties, and the pressure to stabilize employment is greater.
When answering questions from Chinese and foreign journalists a few days ago, Premier Li Keqiang said that the employment pressure is still very high this year. There are about140,000 new urban laborers, including 9.09 million college graduates, a record high. It is necessary to ensure the employment of retired soldiers and provide employment opportunities for 278 million migrant workers. "So this year, when formulating macro policies, we still adhere to the policy of giving priority to employment. We continue to promote the "six guarantees" and implement the "six guarantees", or put employment first. The policies and measures on employment introduced last year have not only failed to retreat, but have increased. Other policies should be conducive to employment. "
Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security Minister Zhang Jinan believes that, on the whole, with the economic stabilization and improvement, employment will continue to maintain overall stability, but there are still many uncertain and unstable factors, and the employment situation remains complicated. First of all, the total employment pressure is not reduced. This year, the new urban labor force is about140,000. At the same time, structural contradictions are still outstanding, and it is difficult to find employment and recruit workers. The recruitment rate of technical personnel exceeds 2, that is to say, a technical personnel has at least two jobs waiting for him; In addition, the impact of the epidemic is complex and changeable, and the pressure of "external defense investment and internal defense rebound" is also relatively large, which adds uncertainty and risk challenges to employment this year.
Continue to implement the employment priority policy in depth.
policy
The government work report puts forward "implementing employment priority strategy and expanding employment capacity" during the "14 th Five-Year Plan" period. This year, we will "focus on stabilizing existing jobs, and continue to give necessary fiscal, taxation, financial and other policy support to enterprises that do not lay off employees."
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has implemented the employment priority strategy. After the Central Economic Work Conference put forward the employment priority policy for the first time at the end of 20 18, the government work report of 20 19 further defined the employment priority policy as one of the three macro policies, and proposed to strengthen the coordination and cooperation of macro policies. The employment priority policy has been brought into full play, which fully embodies the people-centered development thought. This year, China will set the target of increasing urban employment at 1 1 10,000. Premier Li Keqiang said that employment should still let the market play a leading role, that is to say, we should continue to protect employment by protecting market players. On the one hand, it will promote job stability and increase jobs, on the other hand, it will expand employment channels.
Mo Rong said that employment is the "source" and "stabilizer" of economic and social development. Over the years, in the face of the complicated and changeable international and domestic situation, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have persisted in implementing a proactive employment policy, taking steady growth and ensuring employment as the lower limit of the reasonable range of economic operation. This year's government work report proposes to continue to strengthen the employment priority policy and strive to improve efficiency. Efforts will be made to stabilize existing posts and continue to give necessary fiscal, taxation, financial and other policy support to enterprises that do not lay off employees or lay off fewer employees. Continue to reduce unemployment and work-related injury insurance rates, expand the scope of benefits of phased job stabilization policies such as unemployment insurance return, and extend the implementation period of the policy of replacing training with work. Broaden market-oriented employment channels and promote entrepreneurship to drive employment.
From the central government to the local government, stabilizing and promoting employment has become the top priority of people's livelihood. By granting employment and entrepreneurship subsidies, Guangdong reduces the cost for enterprises by nearly 2 billion yuan every year, involving more than one million people. With the help of "outlets" such as live broadcast with goods, Zhejiang has promoted the cultivation of various new formats such as "network celebrities". According to incomplete statistics, more than 500 training sessions have been organized and 26,500 people have been trained. Shanxi plays the role of "employment and entrepreneurship service station" and "public welfare service station" in ex situ poverty alleviation relocation and resettlement area, providing information management, skills training and employment and entrepreneurship services for the relocated labor force, and providing at least 1 job training and 3 job introduction services for the relocated labor force in need. ...
The employment of college graduates is the top priority.
background
202 1 The number of college graduates reached 9.09 million, a record high. In addition, there are many unemployed graduates looking for jobs. With the increase of environmental uncertainty at home and abroad, the task of promoting employment is more arduous.
Regarding how to promote the employment of college graduates, Jong Li, Vice Minister of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, pointed out that the next step will be to insist on the employment of college graduates as the top priority of employment work and implement the employment and entrepreneurship promotion plan for college graduates. Through tuition compensation, high salary grade, employment subsidies and other measures, we will guide graduates to serve in urban and rural communities and find jobs in areas where talents are urgently needed, such as education and medical care. At the same time, stabilize the recruitment scale of grassroots projects such as "three supports and one support".
Shi Daning, vice president of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, suggested that guiding and encouraging college graduates to work at the grassroots level can not only transport talents to the grassroots level, but also broaden the employment channels for college graduates. Establish a systematic employment guidance and training mechanism for college students at the grassroots level, and improve the career path of young grassroots workers. Grassroots units should improve and implement preferential employment policies and career development paths at the grassroots level, include college graduates in the scope of local talent policy support, and provide qualified housing, medical care and settlement support. Liu Yonghao, the chairman of New Hope Group, suggested that the implementation of the "Agricultural Talents Going to the Countryside" plan, the state should allocate some funds to support new graduates to work in rural areas, and adopt the way of subsidizing 6,543,800 yuan per person per year for three consecutive years to narrow the income gap with urban employees.
Zhang Jinan said that in the next step, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security will further implement the employment priority policy and provide targeted employment services for key groups such as the unemployed, college graduates and migrant workers. "We should focus on stabilizing employment, stabilize basic employment by protecting market players, and continue to implement policies such as absorbing employment subsidies, returning unemployment insurance to stable jobs, and replacing training with work." Zhang Jinan said, efforts should be made to broaden employment channels, support the development of labor-intensive industries, support small and medium-sized enterprises, support workers to start businesses, improve the flexible employment labor security system, and further expand employment space.
Solve structural contradictions by improving skills
phenomenon
At the National Vocational Skills Competition held in Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security last year, not only the competition on the field was in full swing, but also the competition off the field was particularly fierce. Among them, a vocational and technical college student of 18 won the championship of the Internet of Things Skills Competition. After the competition, several companies competed for it, and finally signed a letter of intent with a company with an annual salary of one million.
"The outstanding performance of China's current employment structural contradiction is the coexistence of employment difficulties and recruitment difficulties. Some workers can't find suitable jobs, and some enterprises can't recruit suitable employees. " Jong Li said that one of the important reasons is the mismatch between job demand and labor supply, and workers' vocational skills can't meet the needs of work.
Take the traditional construction industry as an example. At present, this industry has many difficulties in attracting employment. The "three-stage" dilemma of migrant workers after 1950s and 1960s is about to "curtain call". The supply of migrant workers after 1970s and 1980s is insufficient, and the shortage of migrant workers after 1990s and 00s has become a phenomenon that cannot be ignored.
"The problem of' intergenerational fault' of migrant workers is becoming more and more serious, the labor force is decreasing year by year, and high-quality construction workers are still in short supply." In Zou Bin's view, the urgent task is to accelerate the transformation of "migrant workers" into new construction workers. It is necessary to build a new generation of construction technology industry through promotion, undertake talent transfer with a new platform, and form a two-way virtuous circle of "optimal training of talent team-transformation and upgrading of enterprise development".
One more skill, one more job opportunity if you master one skill. Li Yanhong, chairman and CEO of Baidu, suggested further strengthening the construction of professional disciplines in the field of artificial intelligence in colleges and universities, accelerating the construction of an artificial intelligence vocational and technical education system, and helping young students master new skills and achieve high-quality employment. Yang Zhen, deputy director of the Equipment Manufacturing Department of Guangdong Foshan Technician College, suggested that by speeding up the implementation of the craftsman-type skilled personnel training project and building a public intelligent manufacturing training center, the training needs of skilled personnel in the national equipment manufacturing industry can be better met.
Rely on economic development to promote new employment
trend
The data shows that with the rapid development of digital economy, new forms of employment are developing rapidly. New forms of employment create new opportunities. At present, flexible and diverse forms of employment and new forms of employment, such as self-employment, freedom or self-employment, are increasing, and are becoming an important channel to absorb employment. Since last year, China's sharing economy, live stream economy and digital economy have spawned a large number of jobs. At present, 200 million people in China have achieved flexible employment, many of which are new forms of employment relying on the Internet.
"A new form of employment with platform and flexibility is an important carrier to achieve stable employment. The new form of employment has the characteristics of large employment capacity, low entry and exit threshold, strong flexibility and part-time, forming a' reservoir' and' buffer' of the labor market, which complements the standardized employment. " Ma, Chairman and CEO of Tencent, pointed out.
"The fundamental solution to the employment problem depends on economic development." Mo Rong believes that at present, China is speeding up the construction of a new development pattern with the domestic big cycle as the main body and the domestic and international double cycles promoting each other. Domestic demand will continue to expand, China's economy has strong growth resilience, and China's market has broad growth space. In the future, China will base itself on the domestic big cycle and promote the double cycle, which will bring great changes to the job market. He pointed out that China regards employment promotion as an important part of economic and social development during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, and has put forward a series of new requirements and defined a series of major tasks. We should fully understand its significance and accurately grasp its basic connotation.
Experts generally said that during the "14 th Five-Year Plan" period, the total employment pressure in China will continue to exist, structural contradictions will become more prominent, and the employment pressure of key groups will continue to increase. At the same time, the contradiction between the new employment pattern and the traditional employment system will begin to stand out, which challenges the employment work in China. Therefore, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, we should continue to strengthen the proactive employment policy, adhere to the strategy and policy of giving priority to employment, and promote the synergy of the three macro policies of giving priority to employment, proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy. The employment policy is more perfect, the fiscal policy is more active, and the monetary policy is more stable to jointly support the development of the real economy.
Source: Guangming Daily (originally titled "Employment Priority, How to Achieve Cohesion and Efficiency")