The first section of the earth's cosmic environment
cognitive process
Man's understanding of the universe can be seen in the universe: the radius is light years, about kilometers.
The formation of celestial systems:
Multi-level celestial system solar system
The central celestial body of the Milky Way (): the mass accounts for the Earth-Moon system;
Eight planets:,,,, composition and
、 、 、
All-galactic interstellar world
anagalactic nebula
Versatility:
Ordinary and special planet-earth particularity (the basic condition of life on earth);
Self condition
external conditions
The influence of the sun on the earth in the second quarter
Concept:
Solar radiation wavelength range:
Solar radiation and the earth's solar constant;
Solar radiation → energy
Impact on the earth
Solar radiation → atmospheric movement and water cycle
Concept:
Solar active sunspots → appear in the layer
Type flare and prominence → appear in the layer.
Solar activity and the earth's solar wind → appear in the layer.
There is a certain correlation between sunspots and climate change (cycle year)
Influence on ground lightning → magnetic storm → influence on short-wave communication
Solar wind → aurora
In the third quarter, the movement of the earth (rotation)
The general direction is self-directed, clockwise from above the North Pole and clockwise from above the South Pole.
The cycle day is 4 seconds long, and 1 solar day is the time required for the earth to rotate.
When the velocity and angular velocity are/. The surface of the earth is equal except for points.
The linear speed decreases from one direction to the other, and the linear speed of 60 degrees north and south latitude is similar to that of the equator.
(1) leads to alternation phenomenon, and as a result, the ambient temperature changes day and night, and the living things form a circadian rhythm.
Geographical significance ② Objects moving horizontally are biased, the northern hemisphere is biased, and the southern hemisphere is biased.
(3) Local time: noon is the time when the sun rises to the highest in a place, and the local time in the same place is the same place. The greater the east longitude, the greater the local time. Western classics are the opposite. Longitude difference per 1, local time difference is minutes.
Time zone and time zone: for convenience. It is internationally stipulated that the world is divided into 24 time zones, each time zone occupies a longitude, and the local time of the central meridian of the time zone is the unified time of the whole time zone.
Time zone calculation: the time zone of the sought place = the time zone difference of the known place × 1 hour.
Solution to time zone difference: Add time zone 0 on both sides and subtract it on the same side.
Determination of addition and subtraction signs: take a plus sign where it is known, and a minus sign if it is not.
International international date line: The line along the meridian. It is set to eliminate the different results of date conversion caused by the globe, and at the same time keep the same date at the same administrative location on the 180 longitude line.
In the third quarter, the movement of the earth (revolution)
Overview orbit: it's one, and the sun is on one of them. Every year, the beginning of the month is at the perihelion and the beginning of the month is at the apohelion.
Direction: self direction
The angular velocity is about every day, the perihelion is shorter and the apohelion is shorter.
The period is, about hours and minutes every day.
The ecliptic angle and its influence: the orbital plane of the earth's rotation is called a plane, and the orbital plane of the earth's revolution is called a plane. The angle between the equatorial plane of the earth and the ecliptic plane is called, about. It can also be said that the angle between the earth axis and the ecliptic plane is about.
Because of the intersection of yellow and red, the direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the tropic of cancer. It causes a series of geographical phenomena such as the change of noon, the change of length, the replacement and division of new places.
Name belt, belt, belt, belt, belt.
Five-zone dividing line:,
Regression motion of direct solar point
Cause: existence, the movement of the earth (rotation or revolution).
Solar time (front and back) directly points to the corresponding point in the direction of position movement.
Equinox, Moon and Sun
Summer solstice, the direction of the moon and the sun
Autumnal Equinox, Moon and Sun Direction
Solstice in winter, the direction of the moon and the sun.
The change of solar height at noon: the concept of solar altitude angle: the sun relative to.
Geographically, the height of the sun is the highest at local time, which is called the noon sun height. At noon, the height of the sun is the largest at this latitude, and gradually decreases to the left and right sides.
Variation of the length of day and night: In which hemisphere the sun shines directly, it will be in which hemisphere the day will be. The higher the latitude, the longer the day will be, and this phenomenon may occur in areas within the extreme day. In the other hemisphere, on the other hand, the length of day and night remained basically unchanged.
Seasonal change: the latitude area is obvious. Seasonal changes are characterized by the seasonality of a year. Summer is a longer and bigger season in a year, but winter is the opposite. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons.
The fourth quarter, the structure of the earth
First of all, the outer space of the earth
Division basis: p-wave seismic (P-wave): it can propagate in the middle, and the speed is relatively low.
Shear wave (S wave): It can only propagate in the middle, and the speed is relatively slow.
Dividing the Moho surface of the interface: it is about kilometers away from the surface, and the propagation speed of longitudinal wave and shear wave is obvious.
Gutenberg surface: about 0/000 meters away from the surface/kloc-,the propagation speed of longitudinal wave is obvious, but the shear wave is sudden.
Location: above Moho surface
Thickness: about kilometers on average, and the change law: about kilometers on the mainland and about kilometers on the ocean. The higher the altitude, the greater the thickness.
Composition: The three most abundant elements are: minerals are most widely distributed in the earth's crust.
Structure: The upper layer is a layer with relatively high density and discontinuous distribution.
The lower layer is a layer with relatively high density and continuous distribution.
Location: between Moho surface and Gutenberg surface
Structure: the upper mantle has characteristics, mainly composed of.
Mantle lower mantle
Lithosphere: It is composed of (above the asthenosphere).
Asthenosphere: Located in the upper mantle, it is generally considered as one of the main cradles.
Location: below the surface of Gutenberg
Core component: It may be the sum of extremely high temperature and extremely high pressure.
Structure: The outer nucleus is in or state.
Nuclear morphism
Second, the outer space of the earth.
The atmospheric density of the atmosphere increases with the height. Generally, the height of kilometers is used as the upper boundary of the atmosphere.
The hydrosphere consists of water, water and water. According to the existing position can be divided into water,
Water, water and water, among which water has the closest relationship with human society.
Biosphere is the main body and the most active factor of the earth's ecosystem.
Chapter II Material Movement and Energy Exchange in the Natural Environment
Section 1 Material Composition and Material Cycle of the Crust
I. Material composition of the earth's crust
(1) minerals
Concept: minerals have definite chemical composition, physical properties or
Minerals: Minerals refer to substances that are abundant in nature and have mining value.
Gaseous, for example
There are three basic forms of minerals, such as liquids.
Solids, for example, are the most abundant minerals in nature.
Mineral classification: Gold minerals are common.
Non-metallic minerals are common
Among them, minerals and minerals are most important.
(2) Rock
Concept: Rock is a large aggregate of things in the lithosphere (crust), which is composed of one or more kinds.
Magmatic rocks: magma condenses and can be divided into intrusive rocks, such as;
Spray rocks, such as.
Classification: sedimentary rocks: rocks exposed on the surface are formed.
Such as,,,.
Sedimentary rocks have two outstanding characteristics:,.
Metamorphic rock: it is formed by the change of the existing conditions of rocks, such as, etc., which leads to the change of the original rocks.
Such as granite →, limestone →, sandstone →, shale →
The second is the circulation of crustal materials.
geologic cycle
General idea: refers to the large-scale material circulation between the upper and lower parts.
Energy source: The energy to promote the geological cycle mainly comes from the generated heat energy.
Impact: In the process of geological cycle, the lithosphere is constantly in some places, and the lithosphere is constantly in some places. It is accompanied by constant transformation.
(2) the transformation of rocks
Magma → magmatic rock: formed with magma during magmatic activity; Diagenesis → sedimentary rocks: formed under the action of external force on the surface; Diagenesis → metamorphic rock: action formation;
Diagenesis → Magma: It transforms into new magma in the deep crust or below the crust (deep mantle).
Fill in the name of the rock in the blank, and fill in the name of the corresponding action form in brackets.
Section 2 Surface Morphology of the Earth
First, the changing surface morphology
Influence of action form, energy source and expression form on surface morphology
Internal force,,,,
External force,,,,
Second, the internal force and surface morphology
(a) plate movement and macro topography
(1) The lithosphere is composed of large plates, which are in motion or at rest.
(2) When plates move towards each other, they will form (collision or cracking).
When the plates move relatively, they will form (collision or tensile crack).
(3) Why has China become a country with many volcanic earthquakes in the world?
(2) Geological structure and surface morphology
(1): A series of wave-like bends of rock stratum. Cause of formation: movement and function.
The convex on the rock stratum is called, and the concave on the rock stratum is called.
Principle of anticline forming mountains and syncline forming valleys: function.
Principle of anticline valley formation and syncline mountain formation: function.
Cause anticlinal valley:
Syncline into a mountain:
(2): obvious displacement occurs after rock fracture, which is caused by movement and action.
The rising party is often formed, such as China's,,.
Often form a downward side, such as China's.
Gullies and rivers often form at faults.
(3) Practical guiding significance: oil storage and water storage; Building a tunnel below, the reason
.
(3) Volcano, seismic activity and surface morphology
Third, external force and surface morphology.
Flowing water erosion landform: Loess Plateau landform.
Flowing water accumulation landform: near the estuary, plains and mountain passes are formed on both sides of the middle and lower reaches of the river.
Wind erosion landform:,
Accumulation landform of wind power generation.
Four. Human activities and surface morphology
Section 3 Atmospheric Environment (1)-Heating Process of Tropospheric Atmosphere
The basis of vertical stratification of atmosphere;
The atmospheric temperature in the troposphere increases with height because. Clouds, rain, snow and other weather phenomena all occur in this layer, which is most closely related to human beings.
Stratospheric atmospheric temperature increases with height because.
Suitable for high-altitude aircraft flight.
The temperature of the upper atmosphere first decreases with the increase of height, and then rises rapidly after reaching a certain height.
I. Heating process of troposphere atmosphere
Weakening effect of atmospheric absorption of solar radiation. The stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet rays; troposphere
Absorb infrared rays;
Reflectivity.
Scattering, short-wave blue light is the easiest to scatter.
Thermal insulation function of ground atmosphere
Sun →→→→ ground → atmosphere →→→ space.
The main factors affecting ground radiation are:,,.
Section 3 Atmospheric Environment (II)-Distribution and Movement of Global Pressure Belt and Wind Belt
Secondly, the distribution and movement of global pressure belts and wind belts.
(A) the formation principle of thermal cycle
Principle: The differential distribution of solar radiation on the earth's surface causes differences in different regions, resulting in horizontal differences.
Different, causing atmospheric movement.
heat up
Formation: vertical movement of uneven ground heat and cold → difference of the same horizontal plane → horizontal movement.
Cooling sinking
Form a thermal cycle
(2) the horizontal motion of the atmosphere
Horizontal pressure gradient force: power (perpendicular to the straight line, pressure points to pressure), wind direction, etc.
Geostrophic deviator: (vertical wind direction, northern hemisphere direction, southern hemisphere direction) pressure line, wind direction and isobar.
Friction: (near the ground, direction and wind direction)
(c) Global distribution of pressure and wind zones
Forming factors: factors, such as low pressure area and high pressure area.
Factors such as low pressure area and high pressure area.
Low latitude circulation and trade winds (0 ~ 30)
Zonal circulation and westerlies (30 ~ 60).
High latitude circulation and polar easterly winds (60 ~ 90)
The ground shows seven pressure zones and six wind zones.
With the equatorial low pressure as the axis, the north and south are symmetrical, and the high and low pressures are alternately distributed, and there are wind zones between the pressure zones.
(d) Global movement of pressure belts and wind belts
Sports reason: the north-south movement changes with the seasons.
Exercise law: as far as the northern hemisphere is concerned, it is roughly summer exercise and winter exercise. The southern hemisphere is the opposite.
Section III Atmospheric Environment (III)-Influence of Pressure Zone and Wind Zone on Climate
Thirdly, the influence of pressure zone and wind zone on climate.
(1) Seasonal Movement and Atmospheric Activity Center of Pressure Zone and Wind Zone
The difference between land and sea affects the pressure distribution between land and sea.
The pressure zone in the northern hemisphere is divided into a series of centers, because the northern hemisphere is large and the land and sea are alternately distributed.
Time Asian continent North Pacific North Atlantic
July Low Pressure (Low Pressure) Hawaiian High azores high
1 month high pressure (high pressure) Aleutian low pressure Iceland low pressure
The pressure zone in the southern hemisphere is basically A-shaped, because the area of the southern hemisphere is dominant.
(2) the seasonal movement of pressure belt and wind belt and monsoon circulation.
Formation factors of monsoon circulation: land-sea distribution and seasonal movement in summer
Concept: the phenomenon that the prevailing wind changes significantly in a large range. Asia is an important part of atmospheric circulation.
The monsoon circulation in the east and west is the most typical.
Winter Asian High Flows to Aleutian Low: East Asia-Monsoon
Asia-Asia high air flow to equatorial low air flow: the difference of thermal characteristics between South Asia and monsoon land and sea
monsoon
Hawaii High Blows to India Low in Summer: East Asia-Monsoon
The southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere crosses the equator to the right: South Asia-monsoon-→ seasonal movement of pressure zone and wind zone.
Section III Atmospheric Environment (IV)-Common Weather System
Four, the common weather system
Frontal system and weather
1, air quality:
Concept: refers to a large mass of air located in the lower troposphere and within a certain range in the horizontal direction, with relatively uniform properties.
Classification: Warm air mass: air mass with a temperature higher than that of the underlying surface.
Cold air mass: air mass with a temperature lower than that of the underlying surface.
2. Front system
Concept: the interface between cold and warm air masses
Classification concept, weather during transportation, weather examples after transportation.
Moving direction of cold front air mass
Air mass movement
In terms of weather, the rainy area is mainly the temperature, humidity and air pressure in front, and the weather turns fine in winter.
Warm front air mass is active
Air mass moves clouds, rain (mostly sexual precipitation) and other weather phenomena, and the rain area is mostly in front of front temperature, air pressure, spring after rain and precipitation in the south in summer.
(2) Low pressure and high pressure systems and weather
1, low-pressure and high-pressure systems and weather
Examples of air conditioning, air pressure, horizontal movement, vertical movement and weather conditions.
Cyclone pressure around the center.
Typhoon (north to south)
The pressure center of the anticyclone is outward.
Summer drought (northern shun and southern inverse)
2. Frontal cyclone system and weather
Fourth water-saving cycle and ocean current
I. Water cycle
Concept: the spatial position of water in the geographical environment, and its accompanying state and state changes.
Under the action of energy, water is absorbed or released suddenly, and through the transformation of three States, a general balanced circular motion is formed. The water cycle makes the surface move on a large scale and shapes many kinds.
Process: Look at the picture and fill in the water circulation process indicated by the arrow in the picture.
The process of water cycle is accompanied by large-scale transformation and exchange of energy in geographical environment.
Water is a clean and renewable resource, and human beings can only increase or decrease it at present, but
Affect all aspects of the water cycle in other ways.
Second, ocean currents.
Concept: Ocean current, also known as ocean current, refers to the steady flow of surface seawater in a certain direction on a large scale all the year round.
Impact: It is the main regulator of the thermal environment on the earth's surface, and the huge ocean current system promotes the energy exchange between high and low latitudes of the earth. The environmental characteristics between ocean currents and the areas they flow through are also changed through energy exchange.
Distribution law:
In the tropical and subtropical waters of the northern and southern hemispheres, an ocean circulation centered on the northern and southern latitudes is formed, clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. To the east of the ocean is
Flow, the west is flow.
In the middle and high latitudes of the northern hemisphere, the ocean circulation flows clockwise at the center, flowing east and west of the ocean.
In nature, those that form a global shape in the periphery of the Antarctic continent belong to.
(2) Besides ocean currents, there are other forms of seawater movement.
The causes of ocean currents are.
A, b, c and d are formed because,
A and D are blown by the wind, and B and C are blown by the wind.
E and F bend to low latitude, which belongs to equatorial flow and nature.
In the Pacific Ocean, e and f are flow and flow respectively.
In the Atlantic Ocean, e and f are flow and flow respectively.