Marx's theory of man's all-round development correctly reveals the law of man's development and provides certain methodological guidance for formulating educational purposes. The basic viewpoints and contents of this theory are as follows:
(1) Human development is consistent with social production development. Marxism holds that material production activities are the most basic social practice activities of human beings and the foundation of human development. How and to what extent individuals develop is not determined by personal wishes, but by various social conditions in the production process. The development of mankind is consistent with the development of social production. Therefore, people's development should be based on the social productive forces and relations of production on which people depend.
(2) Division of labor and private ownership make people develop unilaterally.
Marx and segars investigated the process of man's one-sided development, and thought that social division of labor promoted the development of production, but it also gradually formed private ownership, divided classes, and separated mental labor from manual labor, thus beginning the history of man's one-sided development. Especially when the capitalist workshop handicraft industry appeared, the separation of mental labor and manual labor gradually went deep into the production process from the field of social activities. As a result of this division of labor, the intelligence in the process of material production is only owned by a few people and becomes the power to rule workers. Compared with workers engaged in labor, manual workers engage in simple operations in local areas all their lives, which is not only underdeveloped in intelligence, but also deformed in physical strength and labor skills.
Because labor has become a mechanical movement with no content, workers have been fixed on an operation for a long time, which not only wastes the workers' intelligence, but also causes the workers' physical deformity. Workers are trying to maintain their lives by destroying their lives. The more perfect the products created by labor, the more deformed the workers become; The more civilized the object of labor creation, the more savage the laborer; Labor creates wisdom, but it brings dullness and dementia to workers.
"The machinery of large industry makes workers change from the status of machines to the role of machine accessories", which deepens the one-sided development of people. This feature of big machine production, Marx
(3) Modern industrial production requires people's all-round development. On the premise of affirming that social division of labor is the symbol of social progress and the inevitability of social development, Marxists believe that to solve people's one-sided development, we must eliminate the old division of labor and replace it with a scientific and reasonable division of labor. With the further development of social productive forces, large-scale industrial production of machinery based on science and technology has broken the backward production mode in the past, making the production technology constantly updated and the production department changing with each passing day. Modern industry makes the combination of workers' functions and labor processes constantly change with the change of production technology base, resulting in a large amount of capital and a large number of workers investing from one production department to another. Modern large-scale industrial production regards the all-round development of human beings as the universal law of modern production. The characteristics of large-scale industrial production not only put forward objective requirements for the all-round development of workers, but also provided the possibility for all-round development. This is because the wide application of natural science and technology in industrial production makes it possible for producers to master the production process, thus making it possible to realize the transformation of labor ability in many aspects and the all-round development of people. Large-scale industrial production will inevitably create conditions for improving labor productivity, shortening necessary labor time and providing free leisure for workers, so that everyone has enough time to engage in their favorite activities and fully develop their talents.
(4) The communist society will realize the all-round development of people. Marx and Engels believed that although the development of large-scale industrial production under the capitalist system put forward objective requirements for people's all-round development, due to the basic contradiction between the socialization of production and the private possession of means of production in capitalist society and the existence of the system that a few people exploit the majority, the all-round development of workers could not be truly realized. To realize people's real free and all-round development, we must completely eliminate the capitalist relations of production that restrict people's development, so that workers can become possessors of social material wealth and enjoy their free time. Only when labor becomes the first need of people's life can people's all-round development be truly realized. Starting from the primitive natural state, human development has experienced a one-sided and deformed stage, and finally achieved free and full development in communist society. This is the historical process of man's all-round development.
(5) Education is an important way to realize people's all-round development. Marx attached great importance to the role of education in human development, and thought that education could make young people familiar with the whole production system quickly, and enable them to transfer from one production department to another in turn according to the needs of society or their own hobbies. Therefore, education will free them from the one-sidedness caused by modern division of labor. In order to cultivate people with all-round development, we must give them all-round education. Marx pointed out that under the condition of capitalism, children should receive good intellectual education, physical education and technical education, and emphasized that the only way to realize people's all-round development is to combine education with productive labor.
In a word, Marxist theory of all-round development of human beings provides a theoretical and methodological basis for the formulation of the purpose of socialist education in China.
2. The social nature of China's educational purpose-to train builders and successors of the socialist cause.
The regulation of training builders and successors of the socialist cause embodies the socialist education direction of China's education, is the fundamental purpose of China's socialist education, and is the fundamental difference between the purpose of socialist education and the purpose of previous social education. According to Marxist theory, in socialist society, working people become the masters of the country and society. The purpose of socialist education is to train laborers and successors of socialist construction, not to train rulers who are free from labor and oppress the people. In order to make the younger generation become socialist laborers and successors of the construction cause, we must make them have socialist consciousness, establish the ideological concept of serving the people, and have the cultural and scientific knowledge and real skills to contribute to the socialist construction cause. This shows the socialist nature of education serving the masses, and the people we want to cultivate are not exploiters or rulers, but workers in socialist construction and masters of socialist cause.
3. The requirements for the quality of talents for the purpose of education in China-all-round development of morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics.
"All-round development of morality, intelligence, physique and beauty" puts forward the quality requirements of cultivating talents, which can be said to be the universal law of educating and cultivating talents at all times and in all countries. The model of establishing grammar schools, string (music) schools and gymnastics schools in Athens, ancient Greece, and the corresponding continuous and systematic education clearly show the value orientation of attaching importance to the cultivation of moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic qualities. Socrates and Aristotle clearly advocated "harmonious education", that is, the harmonious development of body, morality, intelligence and beauty. China's education content in ancient slave society is "Six Arts", namely "Rite, Music, Shooting, Imperial, Writing and Numbering", which is undoubtedly the value orientation of cultivating the quality of the educated. The pursuit of early education in human society and the all-round development of the individual quality of the educated have always been the universal pursuit of human social education and the basic purpose of education at home and abroad. The educational purposes of Japan, the United States and other countries are no exception. For example, on April 23rd, Japan Provisional Education Review Council published the Second Review Report on Education Reform, 1986. The report analyzes the main characteristics of contemporary social development (internationalization, informationization and social maturity), and puts forward the educational purpose of Japan in the 2 1 century in view of the present situation that education is neglected in Japan. The specific content is: students should have a broad mind, a healthy body and rich creativity. The central issue of education is to educate students to develop in a balanced way. Freedom, discipline and public spirit; World Japanese. We should stand in the vision of all mankind and the whole world and cultivate Japanese who can make contributions to the international community in various fields such as art, knowledge, culture, sports, science and technology, economy and society.
The educational goals (200 1) formulated by the United States at the beginning of George W. Bush's administration include: first, eliminating the achievement gap of disadvantaged students; Second, improve the literacy rate by "reading first"; Third, expand flexibility and reduce bureaucracy; Fourth, reward success and punish failure; Fifth, promote the choice of parents who get information; Sixth, improve the quality of teachers. Seventh, strengthen mathematics and science education and improve teaching and curriculum; Eighth, to create a safer school for the 2 1 century, teachers will have the right to ask those students who are violent or constantly causing harm to leave the classroom; Ninth, support character education, increase the funds for character education in States and school districts, and train teachers to learn to introduce various character development courses and activities into the classroom.
The reason why education is like this all over the world is that cultivating students' all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty is not only the requirement of social development for the younger generation, but also the need of the younger generation's individual development. There are no personnel and institutions involved in education, no social countries and social organizations, and they hope or need to be educated to become disabled talents with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and beauty. The purpose of socialist education in China not only reflects the needs of socialist society, but also reflects the universal law of human social education and education. We must adhere to the orientation of all-round development in cultivating the quality structure of social individuals. This involves the issue of quality education that has been advocated in recent years.