Introduction to Physicists-Hawking1942 65438+1October 8th, Hawking was born in Oxford, England. This day is the day when Galileo, a great physicist and astronomer, died suddenly 300 years ago. Galileo was the first person to put forward the principle of the law of inertia (all objects will keep their original state of motion when they are not acted by external forces). Later, Newton systematically summed up this law (so later generations also called it "Newton's first law"), making it the cornerstone of all mechanical laws. Einstein put forward special relativity and general relativity, which completely changed the concept of time and space of human beings. How does Hawking's achievements compare with those of his predecessors? Is he eligible for the Science Hall of Fame? Let's talk about his first appearance in academia: 1970. Hawking, 28, cooperated with R. Penrose to prove the "singularity theorem": under certain conditions, according to the general theory of relativity, BIGBANG must start from a "singularity". Therefore, they won the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1988 together. Hawking's contributions-the study of the nature of black holes and the theory of quantum gravity-are not as important as Newton's law of universal gravitation and Einstein's two theories of relativity, but they are enough to make him occupy a place in the Science Hall of Fame. In particular, his theory of quantum gravity integrates two major fields of modern physics and forms its own system. So he can be on an equal footing with the scientist who founded molecular biology (the successful combination of biology and quantum mechanics). Before Hawking, all theories of the universe were based on general relativity, but only Hawking discovered and proved that general relativity was only an incomplete theory, which could not tell us the details of the origin of the universe. Because according to the conclusion of general relativity, all physical theories (including itself) will fail at the beginning of the universe. Obviously, general relativity is only an incomplete "partial" theory, so the singularity theorem really shows that there was a moment in the very early universe when the universe was so small. So that people have to consider using another great "local" theory in the 20th century-quantum mechanics to describe the micro-world. Hawking and his partners were forced to turn from a very large-scale theoretical research to a very small-scale theoretical research. There is just such a possible tiny celestial body as the research object. As Hawking later recalled: "Studying the properties of black holes will help us to understand the singularity of the Big Bang at the same time. Because they are so alike. " So he began to study the problem of black holes. Noun explanation black hole: A massive star burned inside collapses towards the center due to its own gravity, which will eventually form a dense black hole. A black hole is a solid particle in the universe, and its volume tends to zero, while its density (density = mass ÷ volume) is almost infinite. Because of its strong gravity, as long as there is an object near this particle, it will be attracted by the strong gravity, and even the light traveling 300 thousand kilometers per second will not be spared. In other words, no signal can come out of the black hole's range of action, and the boundary of this range of action is called "horizon", and human beings can't see the situation inside-it is dark for observers-which is also the origin of the black hole's name. Hawking pointed out that +097 1 year. BIGBANG time may produce "primordial black hole" as small as protons (radius 10- 13cm) and weighing about one billion tons. Their life span is about the same as the age of the universe. Hawking, B. Carter and others strictly proved the "hairless theorem of black holes": "No matter what kind of black holes, their final properties are only determined by several physical quantities (mass, angular momentum and charge). That is, after the black hole is formed, only these three quantities cannot become the conserved quantities of electromagnetic radiation. All other information ("hair") will be lost. J.A. Wheeler, the name of "black hole", jokingly called this feature "black hole hairless". On 19 16, Mr. Wu, a famous physicist in China, was introduced to the Department of Physics and Chemistry of Nanjing Normal University, where he studied under Dr. Hu who returned from studying in the United States. Under the guidance of Mr. Hu, Wu has a certain understanding of X-rays in China. 192 1 got the opportunity to study in the United States with excellent results. At the end of that year, Wu went to the United States and entered the University of Chicago 1922 at the beginning of the year. At that time, the famous physicist A Compton was engaged in research and teaching at the University of Chicago as a visiting scholar. He officially became a professor at 1923. In May of that year, Compton published a paper explaining the phenomenon of frequency change after X-rays were scattered by graphite (later called Compton effect). Duane, an important figure in American physics who also studied this phenomenon at that time, had a theory of so-called "box effect" and "triple radiation", so he strongly opposed Compton's work. Wu has done a lot of in-depth research on more than a dozen elements as scattering materials. Compton's theory is greatly supported by irrefutable facts through carefully designed experimental schemes. These achievements have attracted the attention and recognition of the international physics community. Relevant data have been cited by some international works. Mr. Wu received his doctorate at 1926. Some foreign physics textbooks call Compton Effect Compton-Wu Xun You Effect because they respect Mr. Wu's work. Mr. Yan went to France to study in 1923, and received his doctor of science degree in 1927. The famous physicist Bour Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect of crystal in 1880, but he got the quantitative data of piezoelectric effect. It is given by Mr. Yan's in-depth research and accurate calculation. Yan Jici's tutor is physicist Charles Fabry, who is a good friend of the Curies. Marie Curie was very supportive of Mr Yan's research, and lent Yan Jici the samples of timely crystals used by Madame Curie forty years ago. Ron Wan Zhi, a famous physicist, also appreciated Yan Jici very much and gave him a lot of guidance and help. On the basis of a large number of experiments, Mr. Yan concluded that the piezoelectric effect and its inverse effect of crystals are anisotropic, saturated and transient, which expanded and developed Curie theory. Fabry was elected as an academician of French Academy of Sciences on 1927. At the inauguration ceremony, he read out the doctoral thesis of his favorite disciple Yan Jici. Mr. Yan returned to China on 193 1. 1935, he was elected as the director of the French Physical Society together with the famous physicists Fiorio Curie and Capicha. On 1927, Mr. Zhao Zhongyao Zhao Zhongyao went to California Institute of Technology to receive the Nobel Prize. 1930 received his doctorate. 1979, when Ding Zhaozhong inaugurated the Petra accelerator at the Synchrotron Radiation Center in West Germany, he introduced Zhao Zhongyao to hundreds of scientists from more than ten countries: "This is the earliest discoverer of positron and electron production and annihilation. Without his discovery, there would be no electron-positron collider This means that when Mr. Zhao studied the second topic given by milligan (the first topic was rejected by Mr. Zhao), "Absorption coefficient of hard gamma rays passing through matter", he measured abnormal absorption and special radiation phenomena. The so-called anomaly is quite different from the Klein-PeopleSoft formula recognized at that time, that is, only the scattering on light elements conforms to it, but it is quite different when it passes through heavy elements. For example, when hard gamma rays are scattered by lead, the absorption coefficient is about 40% larger than that of the formula. Because milligan believed in the result of Klein-PeopleSoft formula, but he didn't believe in Mr. Zhao's result, he put his paper on hold for more than two months. Later, Professor Bowen made a promise to milligan because he knew Mr. Zhao's work very well. The article was published in the May issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1930. In subsequent experiments, Zhao Zhongyao found that when γ -rays are scattered by lead, a special kind of light radiation will appear, accompanied by abnormal absorption. Because the method used at that time can't show the detailed mechanism, it can only be concluded that these two phenomena are not caused by electrons in the core-shell but by the nucleus. In fact, anomalous absorption is the result of the decrease in the number of positive and negative electron pairs produced by gamma rays around the nucleus, while special radiation is the annihilation radiation of two (or more) photons produced by the collision and annihilation of a positron and a negative electron. Mr. Wang and Mr. Wang said: "The older generation of physicists in China have, Mr. Wang and so on." Teacher Wang is an international student, and took the official fee on 1930. He went to the Royal William Institute of Chemistry at the University of Berlin, Germany, and studied under Metnaz. He was fortunate to have attended lectures by Born, Mises, Hai, Northam, Frank, Schrodinger and Debye in Gottingen and Berlin University. 1933, 26-year-old Mr. Wang completed his doctoral thesis "β Spectrum of +C+C 1 1". At the end of the same year, Wang's doctoral thesis was reviewed and approved by the defense committee composed of the famous physicist von Laue, Maitenaz, etc. 10, Wang visited Cavendish laboratory and called on physicists such as Rutherford and chadwick. In April 2003, Mr. Wang returned to China. His scientific contributions mainly include: putting forward an experimental scheme to verify the existence of neutrinos; Study on the decay characteristics of muons with cosmic rays. The anti-fitness negative hyperon was discovered for the first time. It is the first time to observe antiparticles with strange quarks generated in the interaction of elementary particles, and won the first prize of 1982 national invention. Mr. Wang participated in the experimental research and organizational leadership of the development of two bombs in China, and was one of the main founders of the development of nuclear weapons in China. Qian Xuesen was born in Shanghai (1 91-), a scientist and rocket expert in China,191February/year, and came to Beijing with his father when he was 3 years old. Later, he stayed in the United States and served as lecturer, associate professor, professor, director of supersonic laboratory and director of Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center. 1950 began to strive to return to China, was persecuted by the American government, lost his freedom, and returned to the motherland on 1955 five years later. Since 1958, he has been a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft for a long time. 1959 Joined China * * *. He is now the honorary chairman of China Association for Science and Technology. Qian Xuesen joined the Department of Aeronautical Engineering at MIT on 1935. At that time, Caltech was the only college in the United States with an aerodynamic laboratory. The director is the famous Hungarian scholar von Carmen (also translated as von Carmen). Von Carmen was also an accomplished physicist in his early years and one of Max Born's good friends and partners. Later, Carmen specialized in fluid dynamics and aerodynamics and became an authority on these two aspects. 1936 In the autumn, Mr. Qian visited Carmen, California. Carmen greatly appreciates Qian Xuesen's quick and clever thinking. It is suggested that Qian Xuesen come here to study for a doctorate. From then on, Qian Xuesen specialized in high-speed aerodynamics under the guidance of Carmen. China students won Carmen's special affection. Besides Mr. Qian, he also trained famous mathematicians and scientists in China, such as Qian Weichang and Guo Yonghuai. He often said, "There are two smartest people in the world, one is Hungarian and the other is China." Under the guidance of Carmen, during the period of 1933- 1945, Qian Xuesen published eight papers in magazines such as Aviation Science and Applied Mechanics, and put forward Carmen-Qian Xuesen formula and many pioneering works such as similarity law of transonic flow. 1945, Carmen was the head of the scientific advisory group of the US Air Force and was awarded the rank of Major General. Qian Xuesen was the head of the rocket group of the advisory group. The US Air Force authorities spoke highly of Qian Xuesen's work and believed that he had made great contributions to the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. Carmen valued his favorite student and called him the most effective rocket expert. Qian Xuesen was able to return to China after several hardships 1955. He has done basic work for the development of rocket, missile and space technology in new China. In 2008, he was awarded the title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" +099 1. Qian Sanqiang (19 13- 1992), an experimental physicist in China, was born in Zhejiang. 1932 was admitted to the physics department of Tsinghua University, and 1936 graduated from the physics department of Tsinghua University. 1937 to study in France. Under the guidance of Mr. and Mrs. Iorio Curie, he studied nuclear physics in the Curie Laboratory of the Institute of Radium of Paris University and the Nuclear Chemistry Laboratory of the French Institute, and obtained the French national doctorate in 1940. At the end of 1942, he went to Lyon by boat and waited for his return home. Due to the interruption of the Pacific route, he stayed to teach at the University of Lyon. Since 1944 and 1947, he has been a researcher and research tutor at the French National Center for Scientific Research. 1946 After returning to China, he was awarded the Hennlid Bavi Prize of the French Academy of Sciences (5438+0948), a professor in the Department of Physics of Tsinghua University, and the director of the Atomic Research Institute of Beiping Research Institute. Since the establishment of China Academy of Sciences, he has served as deputy director, director, deputy director and director of planning bureau, secretary-general of academic secretariat, 1956- 1978 deputy secretary-general, 1958 director of atomic energy research institute and 1978 director. 1955 was employed as a member, presidium member and special consultant of the Department of Mathematical and Physical Chemistry of China Academy of Sciences. 1956- 1978 also served as the deputy minister of the second Ministry of Machinery Industry. Since 2008, he has been elected as the vice chairman of Chinese Physical Society. 1982 was elected as the chairman. 1978 was elected as the 6th Standing Committee of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. 1992 died in Beijing at 0: 28 on June 28th at the age of 79. After returning to China, Qian Sanqiang has trained a group of talents engaged in nuclear science. Establish a base for studying China's nuclear science. 1955, participated in the establishment and organization of atomic energy, transformed the Institute of Modern Physics into the Institute of Atomic Energy, led and promoted the development of this undertaking and related scientific and technological work, and contributed to the construction, planning and academic leadership of China Academy of Sciences and China Atomic Energy. 000000606 Qian Sanqiang studied in France at public expense through the China-France Education Fund Committee. When he arrived in Paris in the summer, Yan Jici, who was attending the meeting in France at that time, personally introduced him to Irina. Irina Curie and Iori Yagami Curie were called "Little Curies". After Qian Sanqiang entered the Curie laboratory, he tried to do more specific work. Besides his own paperwork, he helps others whenever he has the chance, so as to learn more experimental skills. Someone asked him why? Qian Sanqiang said, "I can't compare with you. There are so many people here, each doing his own thing. After I return to China, I am the only one who can do anything. " In this way, Qian Sanqiang's two-year laboratory work has enriched his knowledge and practical skills. 1938+0939, Hitler's army occupied France, and Qian Sanqiang tried to escape with his colleagues, but failed. At this time, his study abroad expenses were interrupted. There is no livelihood to stay. When Qian Sanqiang was in the most difficult time, Iori Yagami, who refused to leave France at that time, gave him a helping hand. He said, "In that case, we'll try to stay. As long as we can survive and the laboratory is still open, we can always try to arrange it for you. " 35438+0943 Qian Sanqiang returned to Paris to continue his research work in Curie Laboratory until he returned home. Qian Sanqiang not only finished his studies, but also became a famous physicist with his outstanding contributions. 1946, the research team led by him used nuclear latex to study uranium fission, and found the famous phenomenon of uranium nuclear trisection and tetralogy. Aurio once said, "The trisection and tetralogy of uranium nucleus are important tasks of French nuclear physics since the Second World War." Qian Sanqiang became the research tutor of French National Research Center on 1947. 1948+0948 when Qian Sanqiang returned to China, the little curies wrote him a comment, "He is full of enthusiasm for scientific career. Smart and creative. It is no exaggeration to say that he is the best among the contemporary scientists who came to our laboratory and received our guidance. The state recognized Mr. Qian's talent and appointed him as a researcher and research tutor of the National Research Center. He won an award from the French Academy of Sciences. " "Mr. Qian is also an excellent organizer. Spiritually and technologically, he has all kinds of virtues applied by the leaders of research institutions. " Peng Huanwu mentioned in his book My Life and My Viewpoint: "There are four talented China people among my students; One of them is Huang Kun ... ",and the other three are Peng Huanwu, Cheng,. Peng Huanwu 19 1938 was born in Changchun City, Jilin Province. 1938 went to study with Born at the University of Edinburgh in England in the autumn. 1940 received a doctorate in philosophy and 1945 received a doctorate in science. /kloc-0 returned to China at the end of 947. Born recalled in his book My Life: "My first China student was a short and strong young man named Peng (Huanwu). He is very talented ... I remember once he made a mistake on a theoretical issue. When his mistake was discovered, he was very depressed and decided to give up scientific research and write a book for the people of China. Including all the important discoveries and technical methods in the west. When I said that I thought it was too big a task for a person, he replied that a China person could do the work of 65,438+00 Europeans. He was appointed as a professor at the Schrodinger Institute for Advanced Studies in Dublin, Ireland, replacing W. Hai Telei ... I think Peng is the first China person to get a professorship in Europe. Before he left, he came to visit us and went with us to Yulapur in the northwest highland of Scotland, where we spent our holiday. We had a wonderful few days together. Then he left us, never seeing him again or writing a letter. " Born said: "Peng is very simple, except for his mysterious talent." He looks like a strong farmer. " Born's words are permeated with his love, appreciation and yearning for this stubborn young man from the north of China. When Mr. Peng was in England, he cooperated with Hai Telei in meson theory research, and shared the 1945 McDougall-Bresban Prize with Born for his contribution to theoretical physics. After returning to China, he continued to study nuclear physics. A molecular structure calculation method based on electron bond wave function is proposed. Under his leadership, Deng Jiaxian published a series of important papers in collaboration with He Xiuxiu, Xu Jianming and Yu Min in 1957. He has done pioneering work for China's nuclear physics research. Mr. Peng 1982 won the first prize of the National Natural Science Award, and 1985 won the special prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award. Yang Zhenning (1922-), Chinese-American, theoretical physicist, 1922 65438+ 10/was born in Hefei County, Anhui Province (now Hefei City). He completed his bachelor's thesis under the guidance of Wu Dayou, Department of Physics, The National SouthWest Associated University. 1942 After graduation, he entered the graduate school for further study and studied statistical physics under the guidance of Wang Zhuxi. 1945 went to the United States to study as a graduate student at the University of Chicago and obtained E Fermi. He completed his doctoral thesis under the guidance of his tutor E Teller, and received his doctorate from 1948. 1948+0949 worked as a teacher at the university of Chicago, and 1948+0958+65438 worked at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies. From 65438 to 0966, he served as Einstein Professor of Physics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, and served as the director of the newly established Institute of Theoretical Physics. The president of the United States awarded him the National Science and Technology Award from 65438 to 0985. On February 27th, Peking University awarded Yang Zhenning an honorary professor certificate. Yang Zhenning's contribution to theoretical physics is extensive. Including elementary particles, statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics, has made many contributions to theoretical structure and phenomenological analysis. Deng Jiaxian (1924- 1986), China nuclear physicist, 1924 was born in Huaining, Anhui Province on June 25th. His grandfather was a famous calligrapher and seal engraver in Qing Dynasty, and his father was a famous aesthete and artist. 16 years old, she came to Jiangjin, Sichuan to finish high school. She studied in the Physics Department of National Southwest Associated University, and studied under famous professors such as Wang Zhuxi and Zheng Huachi. 1945 After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, she moved back to Beiping and was employed as a teacher in the Physics Department of Peking University. +0938+0945. 100080606606 was elected as a member of the general board of directors of the American Association for Science and Technology. The birth of the new China made him determined to return to the motherland as soon as possible. In August, 0950, nine days after he got his degree, he broke through many obstacles and boarded the returning ship. 1950 10, assistant researcher, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Engaged in nuclear theory research. 1August, 958, transferred to the newly-built nuclear weapons research institute as the director of the theoretical department, responsible for leading the theoretical design of nuclear weapons. Later, he served as deputy director and director of the Institute, vice president and dean of the Ninth Research and Design Institute of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry, and deputy director of the Science and Technology Committee of the Ministry of Nuclear Industry. He is the main organizer and leader of China's nuclear weapons research and development. He joined China on 1956, and is a member of the 12th the Communist Party of China (CPC) Committee and an academician of China Academy of Sciences. 1He suffered from rectal cancer in July, 1985 and worked until the last moment. 1986 died in Beijing on July 29th. 62-year-old Li Zhengdao Li Zhengdao (1926-) is a theoretical physicist. 1926165438+1was born in Shanghai on October 25th. 1943- 1944 is a physicist of Zhejiang university (at that time, he was a freshman in Yongxing, Guizhou). He began his academic career. Due to rollover injury, 1944 dropped out of school. 1945 transferred to the Physics Department of The National SouthWest Associated University, Kunming. 1946, recommended by his teacher Wu Dayou, he won a national scholarship, went to the United States for further study, and entered the Graduate School of the University of Chicago. 1948 In the spring, Li Zhengdao passed the postgraduate qualification examination. At the end of 1949, under the guidance of Fermi, Li Zhengdao completed his doctoral thesis on white dwarfs and obtained his doctorate. Later, I worked as a lecturer in the astronomy department and physics department of the University of California (Berkeley) for half a year, engaged in research work. 1950, married Qin, a college student from Shanghai. There are two of them. Li, the second son, is currently an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Michigan. He works at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton on 195 1. 1953 was an assistant professor of physics at Columbia University, 1955 was an associate professor, 1956 was a professor, and 1957 won the Nobel Prize in physics. 1960 ——1963 Professor at Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies and Professor at Columbia University; 1963 Professor of Columbia University, 1964 Professor of Fermi Physics. 1983, professor of the whole school. He is also a member of the American Academy of Sciences. Li Zhengdao's outstanding contribution to modern physics is: 1956. In cooperation with Yang Zhenning, he deeply studied the puzzling mystery of "θ γ" at that time, that is, the so-called K meson later decayed in two different ways, one decayed into an even parity state and the other into a degenerate odd parity state. It is recognized that parity may not be conserved in weak interactions. In addition, several experimental methods are proposed to test whether parity is conserved in weak interaction. The next year, this theoretical prediction was confirmed by the experiment of Wu Jianxiong Group. Therefore, the work of Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning was quickly recognized by the academic circles. Ding Zhaozhong Ding Zhaozhong (1936-), an experimental physicist, was born in Rizhao, Shandong. 1956, and went to the Department of Physics and Mathematics of the University of Michigan. 1960 got a master's degree, and 1962 got a master's degree in physics. He won a scholarship from the Ford Foundation to work at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. Worked at Columbia University from 1964, became a lecturer at Columbia University in new york from 1965, and became a professor at the Physics Department of Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1967. His research direction is high-energy experimental particle physics. Including the study of quantum electrodynamics, the unified theory of electronegativity and quantum chromodynamics. The Mark Jie experimental group led by him has worked in several international experimental centers. Because of Ding Zhaozhong's contribution to physics, he was awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize in physics (because of the discovery of the J/ψ particle) and the Lorenz Prize by the American government. 1988 was awarded the Tekaspery Science Prize by the Italian government. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts, a foreign member of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences, and a member of the China Taipei Academia Sinica. Academician of Pakistan Academy of Sciences. He was awarded honorary doctorates by University of Michigan (1978), Chinese University of Hong Kong (1987), University of Bologna (1988) and Columbia University (1990). He is an honorary professor of China, Shanghai Jiaotong University and Beijing Normal University. For example, 1977 won the Erin Gold Award from the American Society of Engineering Science, 1988 won the Leopard Excellence Award from taormina, Italy, and the Brescia Science Gold Award from Italy. He is also the author of B (Nuclear Physics B, Nuclear Instruments and Methods and Mathematical Models).