Introduction: Psychology is a science that studies human psychological phenomena and their psychological functions and behavioral activities under their influence, giving attention to both theory and application. The following is the basic knowledge about psychology that I have compiled. Welcome to read!

Basic knowledge of psychology 1. Individual psychological development

1. The meaning of psychological development: it refers to the process that the whole reflection activity is constantly transformed, perfected and complicated with the growth of the individual with the corresponding environment, and it is a continuous and stable change reflected on the individual.

2. The main characteristics of psychological development: continuity and stages; Directionality and irreversibility; Unbalanced (individuals do not always develop in a straight line at the same speed from birth to maturity, but reflect a diversified model); Individual differences; The critical period of development (1-3: the critical period of oral learning; 4-5: written language learning; 0-4: image visual development; About 5: master the concept of number; 10 before: foreign language learning; 5 before: the critical period of music learning)

3. Critical period of development: some behaviors and abilities of human beings or animals will develop to a certain period. If proper benign stimulation is given here, their behavior and ability will be better developed; On the contrary, it will hinder development and even lead to the lack of behavioral ability. The most basic feature of the critical period is that it only happens in a fixed short period of life.

4. The basic viewpoint of maturity theory: gesell believes that psychological development is predetermined and manifested through physical maturity. Maturity is the main driving force to promote psychological development. Without enough maturity, there will be no real development and change. Twin experiment.

5. The basic view of behaviorism: Watson denies the role of heredity in individual growth, and thinks that all behaviors are a learning process of stimulus (S)- response (R), through which the response can be predicted and the stimulus can be inferred. Skinner explained the acquisition of behavior with operating rules. He believes that behavior can be divided into two categories: reactive behavior and operational behavior. The former is a response behavior triggered by stimulus in classical conditioned reflex. The latter is the behavior that individuals release from time to time. Most of human behavior is operational, and the acquisition of behavior is related to timely reinforcement. Bandura believes that children acquire new behaviors through observation and learning. The essence of three people is that psychological development is only a process of increasing quantity, which is shaped by environment and education.

6. The basic viewpoint of psychoanalysis: Freud believed that the sexual instinct existing in the subconscious is the basic driving force of psychology, and the development of psychology is the development of "sex", or the development of satisfaction and rationality.

7. The basic viewpoint of interaction theory: Piaget believes that development is influenced by four factors, namely, maturity (organism), natural experience (which can not be obtained by contacting with the external environment) and social experience (language and education, the essence of thinking) come from the interaction between subject and object. The essence of thinking is adaptation, which can be explained by schema, assimilation and adaptation and balance, in which balance plays a decisive role.

8. Basic viewpoints of the concept of lifelong development:

The development of an individual is the process of the whole life development;

B personal development is multifaceted and multi-level;

Personal development is determined by many factors.

9. The psychological and social development stages of Eric's life include: infancy (0- 1. 5) The development task at this stage is to gain trust and overcome distrust; Early childhood (1. 5-3) ... gain a sense of autonomy and overcome doubts and shyness; Preschool period (3-6 years old) took the initiative to overcome guilt; School age (6- 12) gains a sense of diligence and overcomes inferiority complex; Puberty (12- 18) establishes the confusion of self-identity and prevents the confusion of self-identity; In early adulthood (18-25), people gain intimacy and avoid loneliness; In the middle of adulthood (25-50 years old), gain reproductive awareness and avoid stagnation; In the late adulthood (50- death), he gained a sense of complete perfection, avoided his disappointment and disgust, and embodied the realization of wisdom.

10.？ The meaning of habituation and de-habituation: if the same stimulus is presented repeatedly, the original directional reflex will disappear completely, which is called habituation; After an individual has become accustomed to a stimulus, a new stimulus appears, and then the individual appears reflective behavior, which shows that he can distinguish between the new stimulus and the old stimulus. The imagination of restoring interest in new events is called de-habituation.

1 1.？ The basic content of Piaget's thinking development stage theory: He thinks that the development of thinking or wisdom is the core of the whole psychological development, and the most important feature of its development stage is that the order of stages is fixed, and each stage has its own unique schema or cognitive structure, and the development of schema or cognitive structure is a continuous construction process. He divided the process of personal thinking development into four stages:

A The main characteristics of perception-action stage (0-2) are that children adapt to the outside world through perception action and construct action format, that is, thinking and action are closely linked;

In the pre-B operation stage (2-7), thinking can get rid of specific actions because of the appearance of symbolic function and symbolic function, and image thinking and intuitive thinking are called dominant in this stage;

C concrete operation stage (7- 12): at this stage, individual thinking has the characteristics of internalization, reversibility, conservation and integrity;

D-shaped operation stage (after 12): it is characterized by children's thinking getting rid of the shackles of concrete things and focusing on abstract concepts.

12.？ Genetic and environmental factors affecting psychological development: genetic factors refer to the internal factors of biological organisms linked with genes, which are the biological premise and natural conditions of psychological development; Environmental factors are divided into natural environment and social environment, which stipulates the reality of psychological development.

13.？ The meaning of sensitization effect and tempering effect: the former refers to the pressure and adversity often encountered before, which will make individuals feel more vulnerable when facing similar negative experiences in the future; The latter means that the previous stress and adversity make individuals more tolerant of similar negative experiences in the future, so as to deal with them more successfully.

Second, school mental health and counseling

1. Mental health standards put forward by scholars in Taiwan Province Province;

A Mentally healthy people are willing to work, and can exert their knowledge and ability in their work, and at the same time get satisfaction from their work.

B A mentally healthy person is one who has friends and can establish a harmonious relationship with others. When dealing with people, there are often more positive attitudes than negative ones.

C has a proper understanding of himself, can accept himself, and is willing to work hard to develop his physical and mental potential.

D can have good contact with the real environment, observe the real environment correctly and objectively, and can adapt effectively.

2. China scholars' mental health standards for primary and secondary school students:

A have confidence in yourself;

B interested in study and life;

C likes to associate with people and has good interpersonal relationship; D has good psychological adaptability.

3. The meaning of school psychological counseling: refers to the learning counseling teachers, according to the characteristics of students' physical and psychological development, using psychological knowledge and skills to help students know themselves and understand the environment, overcome problems in study, life and interpersonal relationships, enhance their social adaptability, give full play to their personal potential, and promote the comprehensive and harmonious development of students' body and mind.

4. The principle of school psychological counseling: the principle of facing all students; Development principle; Respect and understand the principles of students; Respect the principle of students' honesty; Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude; The principle of overall development.

5. The main ways and means of school psychological counseling:

Main methods:

A group consultation for all students, mainly preventive consultation;

B individual counseling for a few students is mainly corrective counseling, which is a kind of remedial counseling. The main ways: a) setting up special mental health courses independently;

B. integrating psychological counseling into class and team activities;

Infiltrating psychological consultation in subject teaching;

D. individual consultation; Group counseling.

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