Friedrich Fr?bel (FriedrichWilhelmAugustFr? Bel, 1782— 1852) is a famous German educator and the founder of kindergarten movement. He was born in a priest's family, lost his mother since childhood, and was not strictly educated in his childhood. After graduating from middle school, I worked in forestry for several years. He entered Jena University on 1799 and dropped out of school two years later because of poverty. Since then, he has taught himself while working. From 65438 to 0805, he was hired as a teacher in a school and began his education career. Because the school advocated Pestalozzi's educational thought, Flepp also became interested in Pestalozzi. He visited the school where Pei worked twice and stayed with Pei for two years for the second time. 18 1 1 year, Flepp returned to the university to study mathematics and natural science. Since then, he has been a soldier and engaged in scientific research in universities.

Chinese name: Friedrich Fr?bel.

Mbth: FriedrichWilhelmAugustFr？ bel

Nationality: Germany

Place of birth: Germany

Date of birth: 1782

Date of death: 1852

Occupation: teacher

Representative works: Mother-in-law Songs and Singing Games, Kindergarten Pedagogy and Human Education.

Personal life

He entered Jena University on 1799 and dropped out of school two years later because of poverty. Since then, he has taught himself while working.

From 65438 to 0805, he was hired as a teacher in a school and began his education career. Because the school advocated Pestalozzi's educational thought, Flepp also became interested in Pestalozzi. He visited the school where Pei worked twice and stayed with Pei for two years for the second time.

18 1 1 year, Flepp returned to the university to study mathematics and natural science. Since then, he has been a soldier and engaged in scientific research in universities.

18 16, Flepp founded a school in his hometown to experiment with pestalozzi's educational thought and achieved success.

1826, his famous educational masterpiece "People's Education" was published.

1829, the radical Fleur was persecuted by the reactionary authorities, the school was forced to close, and he himself went into exile in Switzerland.

During his exile, Fropel successively opened several schools in Switzerland, continued his educational experiments, and shifted his research focus to early childhood education.

1837, Floppel returned to China and founded an activity school for preschool children. A few years later, the school was officially renamed kindergarten. At the same time, he also opened a kindergarten teacher training class. Froebel's other educational works were also published in this period, such as Songs of Motherly Love and Singing Games, Kindergarten Pedagogy and so on. Froebel's kindergarten activities have aroused social concern, and kindergartens have been established in various places.

185 1 year, the reactionary German authorities ordered the closure of all kindergartens. The following year, Flepp passed away in grief and anger.

Human's ability development

Froebel accepted Pestalozzi's view that children are born with various abilities, and the development of children's natural abilities has its own internal laws; The purpose of education is to develop children's talents; All education should follow the laws of nature, not only to adapt to the inherent development laws of children, but also to consider the natural environment in which children grow up. In Froebel's view, children are like flowers and trees, teachers are like gardeners, and schools are gardens where children can move freely. Teachers should provide a suitable living environment for children like gardeners, and let children's nature develop naturally.

Froebel further pointed out that children's growth is a continuous process and consists of different stages. He divided children's development into three periods, namely infancy, infancy and adolescence. Froebel emphasized that children's development has both stages and continuity, and the two are interrelated; The former stage is the foundation of the latter stage, and the latter stage is the continuation of the former stage. The development of children must be gradual.

Froebel also said that children's self-activity is the foundation and motivation of development; This kind of self-activity is caused by children's personal interests and wishes, not by external stimuli. Teachers should not restrain and suppress children's nature, but should stimulate children's interest in learning, let children actively participate in activities and fully express themselves.

According to the above development theory, Froebel thinks that children in three periods should receive different education. He paid special attention to early childhood education and made great contributions to the development of early childhood education in theory and practice.

On Preschool Education

(A) the significance of preschool education

The object of preschool education is children in early childhood. Froebel attaches great importance to children's education. He believes that infancy is a period of life, and infancy is a period of learning and education; Education in this period affects people's life, and children's initial understanding of nature, society and family is formed in this period; If the child's development is damaged at this time, it is extremely difficult to make up for it in the future. Therefore, the education of real people began from this period.

Froebel believes that family plays an important role in early childhood education, because at this time, children's education is completely entrusted to parents and families. Parents should make special efforts to cultivate their children's activity instinct from an early age. In order to guide mothers to educate their children correctly, Frye wrote a collection of mother songs and singing games for them. However, in view of the fact that most parents or adults have no education and training, do not know the methods of education, and are not qualified for early childhood education, Froebel suggested sending their children to a special preschool education institution-kindergarten for education.

(B) the content of preschool education

1. Competition

Froebel believes that children's nature develops in activities, so activities play an important role in children's life and education; The main form of children's activities is games, which are an important part of children's lives. Therefore, games are also a major part of preschool education.

In Froebel's view, games are not only a pastime, but also can enhance children's physique, develop their intelligence and cultivate their excellent quality. After long-term practice and exploration, Floppel designed a series of game activities, which were carried out with the help of his special toy for children-Kindness.

Froebel believes that nature is a gift from God to mankind. In order to let children know about nature, they must make all kinds of toys according to nature. Gifts are toys that adults give to children.

There are six kinds of gifts that Floppel made. The first two are the most basic, and are used by children before the age of 3. They are made up of six balls of different colors, such as cubes, spheres and cylinders, to let children know the colors, shapes and relationships of things. The last four kinds of cubes are building blocks, which are used by children aged 3-7, aiming at training children's understanding of various geometric figures and developing their imagination and creativity.

In addition, Floppel also designed some auxiliary game materials, including colorful plates, pieces of paper, sticks and metal rings with different shapes, to let children learn to calculate and shape.

According to Froebel, geometry reflects the relationship between things and is the best medium for children to know the world. Children gradually get to know the world while playing with gifts made according to various geometric figures. It can be said that kindness is a tool for children to know the world, and games are the most natural and reasonable way for children to know the world.

2. Homework and labor

Homework is another important part of Froebel's preschool education, which is a variety of manual activities carried out by children. Froebel designed a series of homework for children, such as papermaking, thick papermaking and model making. , and provide children with all kinds of homework materials, such as needles, scissors, knives, paper and so on. So that children can make something with these homework materials.

Labor is also a part of preschool education. Froebel pointed out that in addition to self-service activities, children should also take part in certain housework and share part of their parents' work. Parents, in particular, should not discourage their children's enthusiasm for work, but cultivate their children's habit of loving work from an early age; We should open up a labor garden where children can grow crops and observe and understand nature.

On school education

Froebel believes that real school education begins when children enter adolescence from infancy; The purpose of school education is to let children know everything and its relationship; Teaching is an important means to achieve this goal; Teachers should not only teach students the knowledge of all kinds of things, but also teach them the connection and unity between things. Otherwise, teaching will become a "game without thinking, which has no effect on people's minds, hearts, spirits and emotions." Froebel: Human Education (one of the famous series of foreign education), translated by Sun Zufu, People's Education Press, 200 1, p. 98.

Regarding the teaching content of the school, Froebel discussed it according to the whole life of children in this period. In his view, the life of adolescent children includes the external material world and the internal spiritual world, and language is the link between the two worlds. Therefore, schools should teach children three aspects of knowledge: knowledge about people; Knowledge about God; Knowledge about nature and the outside world. Froebel emphasized that these three aspects of knowledge are unified and inseparable.

According to the above viewpoint, Froebel designed four kinds of teaching contents for the school.

(1) Religion

Froebel believes that religion is the reflection of human mind, and the purpose of religious teaching is to cultivate students' religious beliefs, so that they can know the relationship between man and God, always trust God and act according to God's will. Froebel thinks that school education should give priority to religion.

Knowledge of nature and Mathematics

Froebel believes that "no matter what religion says or expresses, it will naturally be displayed and displayed." Froebel: human education, p. 1 10. Nature is the embodiment of providence; Only by believing in God can we know nature; Only Christians can study nature. Everything in nature is interrelated and unified; Nature should be understood as a whole; Children should be allowed to understand the relationship between things and master the basic knowledge of nature in the process of observing and contacting nature.

Mathematics occupies an extremely important position in nature teaching, because it belongs to both man and nature, and is the medium between man and nature, inner world and outer world, and thinking and feeling. It is the product of thinking and embodies the unity of nature, and its number, shape and quantity constitute an inseparable trinity. Therefore, Froebel believes that education without mathematics is untenable and incomplete.

(3) Language

Froebel believes that religion and nature belong to two different worlds, internal and external respectively, and it is language that connects the two worlds. The three forms an inseparable unity, whose common purpose is to reveal the inner essence, and the role of language is more obvious. Language, like mathematics, has duality. It is not only the expression of human spiritual activities, but also has certain natural attributes, such as words and sounds.

Froebel further pointed out that writing and reading exercises play an important role in language teaching. Only by learning to write and read can a person become a person with personality, a child become a real student and a school become a real school. Therefore, children must spend some time reading and writing.

(4) Art

Froebel pointed out that in addition to pursuing religion and nature, people should also pursue self-expression, that is, expressing people's inner life, which is art. The purpose of art teaching is not to cultivate artists, but to cultivate students' artistic appreciation ability, so that people can develop in an all-round way.

According to the different materials and ways of artistic expression, Froebel divided art into music, painting and sculpture. He pointed out that children showed the bud of artistic talent when they were young, such as expressing their demands through colors and paintings. Therefore, art education should be carried out as a formal subject in schools from an early age.

On the Relationship between Family and School

Froebel attaches great importance to the relationship between school and family, and thinks that the coordination between them is the first and necessary condition of school education. He divided the common life of school and family into 10 aspects: the cultivation of religious consciousness; Physical exercise; Acquire knowledge about nature and the outside world from near to far; Learn short poems reflecting nature and life; Language practice; Manual practice from simple to complex; Line practice; Discrimination and coloring exercises of various colors; Games; Tell stories, fables, fairy tales, etc.

Froebel pointed out that all the above activities are scattered in school and family life, and scattered in the general life of mankind. To this end, children should be involved in certain housework; According to the age characteristics of children, arrange them to engage in corresponding housework. Froebel called labor a "labor bath" and thought that after the labor bath, students not only got physical exercise, but also strengthened their mental activities, "and were able to devote themselves to its intellectual activities with new strength and new life".

Froebel is not only an educational thinker, but also an educational practitioner. He has been engaged in education all his life, running schools in person and teaching on stage. In the long-term teaching practice, I have accumulated a set of effective teaching methods for young children and formed my own unique preschool education thought and school education theory. Fluppel's thought was deeply influenced by Pestalozzi, but he made innovations in his own practice and established his important position in the history of educational development with his theory of kindergarten and early childhood education.

Froebel attaches importance to the role of children in the process of education and takes children's self-activity as the starting point of education. Therefore, he fully affirmed the importance of games and activities and designed a series of gifts for children's game activities. He founded the kindergarten for the first time, so that preschool children have a special educational institution, which has been used ever since; He attaches importance to the role of early education and family education and appeals to parents to care about their children's education. He regards labor as an important teaching content and advocates providing children with appropriate labor opportunities. Because of his special contribution to preschool education, Froebel is known as the "father of preschool education" by the world, and his name is closely related to kindergarten.

However, Froebel's educational thought has a strong religious color, and his world outlook is based on theism. Therefore, the existence of God can be seen everywhere in his educational discourse, and the teaching content and methods are also veiled with mysticism, which limits the significance of his teaching theory to some extent.