Yoshida Shōin insisted on respecting Wang Si's thought, emphasizing the emperor's leadership and all people's obedience to the imperial power. In addition, he also disagreed with the situation that the shogunate was superior to all peoples and the imperial power overreached ruled the world. He believed that all the people should assist the imperial power equally and deny the authority of the shogunate, laying the foundation for the later Meiji Restoration Movement. At the same time, Yoshida Shōin's thought of "imperial history" deeply influenced Changzhou governors, who became an important pillar of Meiji government, and made the foreign policy of the new government deeply influenced by his thought and gradually developed into Japanese militarism. When I was a child, my surname was Sugiyama (this surname is unclear), and my baby was called Bird Help. After being adopted by Yoshida's family, it was renamed Daijiro, so it was later called Hujiro. After Fu Yuan, his name is Fang Fang (のりかた), and his name is Song Yin, a soldier of 2 1 century. "Twenty-one Return" has two origins: 1. The original surname "Shan" can be divided into ten, eight and three words, which add up to 21; The word "Yoshida" means "eleven times" and "Tian" means "ten times", so it is "twenty-one times".
Zheng Wen 13 (1830) was born in Yucheng Lower Song Cun on August 4th. He is the second son of the assistant of Changzhou vassal Lily Sugiyama. Tianbao five years (1834), became the adopted son of uncle Jing Daole Yoshida (instructor in Liu Xue, Amber). In the sixth year of natural forest protection (1835), his adoptive father Yoshida Jing Daole died and entered Matsushita Village School run by his uncle Tamaki Jinwen. At the age of 1 1, his talents emerged in the commanding lecture notes of Changzhou Master Maori. This is because when Yoshida Shōin was young, he learned the Japanese versions of the Four Books and Five Classics, the origin of the kingdom of God and so on. When he and his eldest brother (the son of Sugiyama Lily) worked on the farm, the eldest brother was studying in Mingluntang of Changzhou Fan School. At the same time, Song Yin's biological father, Yukio Sugiyama, also made a Japanese phonetic notation on the Chinese poems of Lai, a great scholar in the Edo era, and told the two brothers.
However, after the Opium War, the Qing Dynasty was repeatedly defeated by western powers, which made Song Yin feel that what he had learned had fallen behind the times. Therefore, Yongjia traveled to Kyushu for three years (1850) to learn western military, and took Sasaki Xiangshan as his teacher.
In the 5th year of Yongjia (1852), 65438+ February, 14, Song Yin and his good friend Gong Dingzang went to the northeast to broaden their horizons. However, the documents were delayed, and he decided to go to Mito on the charge of desertion. After I arrived in Mito, I met Masayoshi Yoshizawa, Mizuho's retainer. I studied in the new Japanese library of Huijin Francisco School, and then left Mito. I visited Baihe, Huijin, Hirosaki, Aomori, Morioka, Sendai and Shui Ze, and returned to Edo on April 5th. During these five months, Song Yin made a careful observation of the civil, economic and military systems, and reached the conclusion that productivity was stagnant, organization was rigid, taxes were harsh, people were poor, and feudal society was on the verge of collapse.
He visited Zuozhou Gold Mine in Zuodu and personally went down to mine, lamenting the tragic fate of the miners: "(Miners) are changing day and night. Although they have been strong and weak for ten years, they are either dead or dead, which is really pitiful ... Other mountains or three or four years, as for death, its daily value is only 400 ears." It hurts a lot. If you don't work hard, you won't give it. "
He saw that among the governors in Northeast China, governors' banknotes were issued, but they were all non-convertible banknotes, exploiting farmers. He said: "(Akita Fan) has been hungry since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The state used it to stop the disadvantages and continued it with paper money. But paper money is not equal to gold, and the rights of paper money are gradually declining. Today, paper money has been used as seventy-hole money. "
He is saddened by the backward economy and poor land in Northeast China. He said: "There are no vegetables, no wheat, no green, only millet plants, which will not be reclaimed after harvesting."
After Song Yin returned to Francisco, Changzhou Francisco ordered him to study and reflect on his father. 1On February 8th, he was convicted of escaping, dismissed from public office and deprived of his world. Song Yin became a ronin, had no life, and had to rely on his father. But he can move freely.
On June 3rd, the 6th year of Yongjia (1853), the American fleet led by Pei Li arrived in Puhe, demanding trade with the threat of war and demonstrating with guns. Song Yin heard the news in Xiangshan and Zuojiu, and rushed to Puhe overnight to inquire about the movement of the black ship and inspect Jiuliban. There are five fortresses to the west of the Puhe River, namely, Qianqi, Qianqi, Jiao Bo Mountain, Dapu and Kenzaki, all under the jurisdiction of Yan Genfan. According to Song Yin's opinion, the battery is "in a bad position, and there is no suitable one". Many residents nearby are taking refuge and storing a lot of furniture, as well as cattle and horses.
At that time, many people were worried about this important event: "The curtain officials were afraid (cowards), thieves were arrogant, and thousands of things lost their country." Sakuma, Jin Zesheng and other generous people observe the enemy's situation and the garrison of four governors (Yangen, Huijin, He Yue and Endurance) in Puhe every day. Evil is sorrow, and sorrow is anger. You will stay until the ninth day. "
Song Yin felt that grief and indignation alone could not solve the problem, and advocated that the two countries should strive for self-improvement: "Heroes should accumulate strength, and generous people should practice their hearts. With a strong mind, even if the humiliation of the 66 countries is enormous and the suffering is deep, the two countries, Chang and Fang, can still stand in the western corner and hang on to the hope of the world, clear their humiliation and eliminate their suffering. It can also be allowed. " To this end, Song Yin wrote Privately Discussed Generals, Urgent Matters, Winning Strategies, Urgent Matters, Privately Discussed Foreigners, etc., and dedicated them to the princes. At the same time, he conspired with Sasaki Xiangshan and fellow countryman Jin Junosuke to smuggle Russian warships to study abroad and want to go to Nagasaki. But when they arrived in Nagasaki, the Russian ship had already left. In the first year of Anzheng (1854), Perry led seven American warships into the Pu River. So far, the shogunate has no countermeasures, so it has to appoint Tou Fuzhai of Rulin University, Hiroshi Fujii of Nagasaki and Daoyuan of Shaofu of Mifu Temple as envoys to receive American envoys in Urawa. However, Pei Li disagreed and advocated negotiations in Kanagawa. The shogunate had no choice but to agree. On February 10, the negotiations started in Kanagawa. On March 3, Japan signed the Japan-US Reconciliation Treaty (Kanagawa Treaty) and Japan was founded.
/kloc-in March of 0/3, Pei Li's fleet left Urawa for Shimoda, and Song Yin and his student Jin Chongfu arrived in Shimoda by land via Odahara and Rehai in June of 0/8. They wandered along the coast of Shimoda, waiting for American warships day and night. On the 27th, foreigners happened to land in the persimmon garden, and Song Yin gave them the "Foreign Investment Book" (in Chinese) and spent a day in the hot springs of Pengtai Temple. At 2 o'clock in the middle of the night, the two men shook their fishing boats and went out to sea in the dark. The paddle was damaged halfway, so they tied it to the left and right strings with pants and rocked the boat forward. Later, the trousers were torn and the belt was used again. I suffered a lot and finally reached the Mississippi River. But not allowed to board the ship, and ordered to sail to the flagship "Bao Batam". So they had to continue to struggle with the waves and finally came to the rope ladder of the Baubatam. But sailors were not allowed to board, so they repelled the boat with wooden sticks. They had to give up the boat, jump on the rope ladder and enter the boat.
An officer named Villier James came out to meet them, led them into the cabin, and took out a book presented by Song Yin in the morning, which they admitted to presenting. Then Villier Simms started talking to Yoshida Shōin.
"Only the general (referring to Pei Li) and I know about it, and others know nothing about it. The general is also happy for your sincerity, but the American general and the president of Lin University have signed a Japan-US agreement in Yokohama, and it is difficult for me to agree to your request. You can wait. Soon, Americans will come to Japan and Japanese will come to the United States. The two countries are like one country. You can come. "
"I went to your boat at night, which is prohibited by national laws. Now that I'm back in my country, my people will kill me. There is no turning back. "
"Take the night back to the unknown country, should go back immediately. General Shimoda was told about it. If Jia Bing agrees, the American general can accept it. If not, he can't accept it. "
"Then we can stay on the boat and the general will contact us through Kurokawa Jia Bing."
"It is very difficult to do this."
Villains, or repeated at the beginning, urged Song Yin to go back. Finally, Song Yin and her students were sent back to land. They looked for the original boat everywhere, but they couldn't find it. All their luggage and belongings were lost, so they had to wait until dawn at the seaside. Two people discussed this matter, it's no use crying over spilt milk. It is better to surrender to Shimoda yamen than to be caught.
After Song Yin and others were escorted to Edo, because they were sitting together, the teacher Sasaki Xiangshan was also arrested and imprisoned together. The shogunate originally decided to sentence him to death, but he was sentenced to claustrophobia because of the opposition of Chief Minister Akihito Abe. Song Yin and Kim Junosuke were escorted back to Changzhou. Was thrown into the wild mountain prison. While in prison, Yoshida Shōin wrote down the records of the imprisoned prisoners. "If I die as a prisoner, I will leave an heir to inherit my ambition." Song Yin thinks that education is the best way to inherit my ambition. So he studied a lot while educating his associates in prison. He feels that the prisoners in prison are not completely bad people, and believes that as long as they are sincerely guided, they will become better.
In the second year (1855), An Zheng was released from prison and ordered to think behind closed doors at Sugiyama's house.
For four years (1857), due to the ban of the shogunate, he was only allowed to give lectures in Matsushita Village where his uncle Yu Muwen entered. There were only four or five students at first. Later, when there were more than a dozen students, the original house felt small, so we started to build another one with the students. There is a desk in class during the day, and the desk is concentrated in a corner as a dormitory at night. Students are boarders, bringing brown rice from home and eating it at school. Song Yin sometimes takes part in rice turning activities. The air in the school is free, the relationship between teachers and students is cordial, and we eat at the same table. Teachers stop classes when they sleep, and students study by themselves when they farm.
At first, the school only taught the children in Matsushita village, but later their fame grew, and teenagers from distant Zhou and Anyiguo also came to study. They all come from the families of lower-class soldiers, farmers, businessmen and freelancers.
The education here has broken the class nature and formalism of the past. There is no red tape between teachers and students, equality and freedom, and the enthusiasm and enthusiasm for learning are fully exerted. Cultivate a new style of loyalty and simplicity and correct the old habits of hypocrisy and meanness.
The fundamental purpose of Song Yin's education is to cultivate talents who can adapt to the political situation and ideals at that time, that is, to cultivate progressive intellectuals with the idea of respecting the king and resisting foreign countries. This goal has been achieved. Among his students, there are many outstanding figures, such as Kurosaka Xuanrui, Takayama Nobuzuo, Kimoto Koji, Ito Shunsuke (blog post), Yamanaka Nobuke (with friends), Noue Kaoru, Maehara Ichiro and so on. In June of the fifth year of Anzheng (1858), Naoki Noi of the shogunate successively concluded unequal treaties with the United States, Russia, Britain, France and the Netherlands without the approval of the Emperor. Japan's national crisis intensified, domestic public opinion boiled, and the shogunate's prestige was discredited. At the same time, Yoshida Shōin will plan to close the curtain and assassinate the shogunate, former China Vietnamese mackerel, Fan Jiang, and Fujian, headmaster Tian Fan Iwamura. However, the assassination plan was cancelled due to the opposition of disciples Hisakasaka Xuanrui, Takayama Nobuzuo, and Kei Kogoro (Edo Koji). However, from then on, Yoshida Shōin believed that the shogunate was the biggest obstacle to Japanese development and insisted on a curtain call. To this end, he was arrested again and put into Yeshan prison.
In March of the sixth year of Anzheng (1859), "Anzheng Prison" occurred, and the shogunate suppressed the revolutionary movement and arrested the reformists. In May, the shogunate ordered the Maori family in Changzhou to send Song Yin to Edo. On 24th of the same month, Sainosuke, the jailer, managed to let him go home for one day to say goodbye to his parents and relatives. On 25th, I set out for Edo, and wrote the famous "And Wen Tianxiang" on the way. Arrived in Edo in mid-June.
Yoshida Shōin was first tried by Edo College. The shogunate regarded Song Yin as Yanagawa Seigan and Yunbin, who respected the king and rejected the foreign countries, and raised two questions: First, he suspected that Song Yin was related to Liang Chuan and Meitian; Second, the anonymous letter put into the palace is very similar to Song Yin's handwriting. At that time, Song Yin replied that Meitian has always been cunning and has nothing to do with me; Besides, I'm aboveboard and don't plot. I have my own plan. So he put himself in Yongjia six years later, for the country and the people, the plan to assassinate the old cabinet department said in detail. Shogunate wavered and threw Song Yin into Kawamachi prison.
Later, the second trial was conducted by Edo Tsusho, and Naoki personally changed the exile crime determined by Edo Tsusho to capital crime. 1859, 10 year 10 On the morning of 27th October, he was sentenced to death and was taken to Otsuka original execution ground on the morning of 10. When I was 30.
After Song Yin's execution, students such as Xinyetiao, Kogoro Kwai (played by the urban household Longji) and Ito Shunsuke (played by Bowen) in the tail temple immediately collected their bodies and buried them in front of the south of Ejin Temple. In 1993 (1863), students such as Hisaka Xuanrui and Takayama Nobuzo moved the tomb to Lin Ruo Village (now Gutian District) in Qianyuan County. In Meiji 15 (1889), the Song Yin Shrine was established near the mausoleum. In the twenty-second year of Meiji (1889), he was recruited. In the forty-first year of Meiji (1908), Hirofumi Ito initiated the establishment of a prefectural shrine, Matsumura Shrine, next to Matsumura, to dedicate his favorite inkstone and farewell letters to his father, uncle and brother.
On the day before the execution, that is,1859 65438+1October 26th, he wrote the last book, Records of the Soul.