Spencer (1820 ~ 1903) is a famous British philosopher, sociologist and educational thinker, and an advocate of modern natural science education movement. He was born in a teacher's family. His father is a headmaster, proficient in natural science and active in thought. My uncle is a teacher at Cambridge University. Spencer had no formal school education because of his weak childhood, but he grew up in the knowledge atmosphere created by his parents and benefited a lot. Under the guidance of his father, he often goes to the field to collect specimens and learn natural science knowledge. Sometimes I go to school with my father to do physical and chemical experiments, read scientific books and periodicals, and participate in various scientific speeches and discussions. Spencer said in his autobiography, "Before I was thirteen years old, I only had general knowledge of arithmetic and a little knowledge of ancient history, but I knew much more about things around me and their changing process than most children. I have a clear concept of physical principles and processes and am quite familiar with various phenomena in physics and chemistry. Through personal observation and reading, I learned some knowledge about animal survival. Through reading, I gained some knowledge of machinery, medicine, anatomy and physiology. " He deeply feels that he is more proud of acquiring a lot of natural science knowledge through observation and reading than ordinary children who memorize useless knowledge such as classical language and literature. Spencer's family atmosphere is very free. He can sit at the table and listen to adults talking about important scientific, social, ethical and religious knowledge, and he can also express his personal opinions freely. /kloc-at the age of 0/3, Spencer was sent to his uncle's house for strict scientific training. After three years of self-study, I have mastered the knowledge of Euclidean geometry, trigonometry, Latin, Greek, mechanics, chemistry and political economy, and have developed a special interest in mathematics and mechanics, and developed the ability and habit of analyzing things independently and exploring new problems.

Three years later, he returned to his father and continued to teach himself science and mathematics. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, Spencer worked as a substitute teacher in a school for three months. In the same year, he worked as a civil engineer in the railway bureau. 1848, Spencer resigned from the railway bureau and began his literary work of interest. He works as an assistant editor in The Economist. At the same time, he published some articles, expounding his consistent view that society should be organized according to the laws of nature, and the best government is one that rarely interferes with people's personal lives. His aim is to reveal the scientific laws of nature within the framework of his theory of evolution, and people can handle their personal affairs according to these laws without government intervention. 1850, 30-year-old Spencer published his first book, Social Statics, which discussed the above viewpoints.

1853, Spencer got an inheritance from his uncle, so he quit his job in The Economist magazine and concentrated on writing books. He published Principles of Psychology on 1855. From 65438 to 0858, he began to write the magnum opus Comprehensive Philosophy, which consists of ten volumes, including First Principles, Principles of Biology, Principles of Psychology, Sociological Research, Principles of Ethics and Principles of Sociology, and was completed from 65438 to 0896. During this period, Spencer also published four educational papers in magazines: Intellectual Education, Moral Education, Physical Education and What Knowledge is Most Valuable. 186 1 was compiled into a book, which was published for the first time, and the title was "Educational Theory: Intellectual Education, Moral Education and Physical Education". The book has been translated into French, Russian, German, Latin, Dutch, Danish, Arabic, Japanese and Chinese, and has distributed tens of thousands of copies. In February, Spencer died.