background information
"Water Margin" tells the story of a mass uprising by Song Jiang and others during the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty (119-121or so). There are many records in the history of Song Dynasty and the notes of Song people. Although inconsistent, they all say that they are powerful, threatening the court and having far-reaching influence among the people. Gong, a native of the Southern Song Dynasty, said, "You can see the story of Song Jiang in the street." It is said that there are stories of Song Jiang and others in the book. During the Song Dynasty and the first year, oral books and zaju were widely circulated, and some of them have been circulated to this day, such as the oral book Legacy of the Great Song Dynasty and Yuan Zaju. Shi Naian collected, screened, processed and created "Water Margin" stories such as historical books, legends, plays and zaju since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and wrote "Water Margin".
Brief introduction of the author
It is generally believed that the author of Water Margin is Shi Naian, who was born in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. From the Ming Dynasty to the present, there are three kinds of views: one is Shi Naian's works; The second is Luo Guanzhong; The third is the cooperation between Shi and Luo. There is little information about Shi Naian's life. According to his notes and newly discovered materials, his life is roughly as follows: late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty (about 1296- 1370). Legend has it that he is the son of a boatman and has been a scholar, a juren and a scholar. He used to be an official in Qiantang (now Hangzhou), but he resigned and went back to Suzhou to write a book at home because of disagreement with those in power. When Zhang Shicheng occupied Jiangsu, he was called up, resigned at first, and then entered the shogunate. But he soon left and went to Heyangshan (now Jiangyin and Changshu) as a teacher. In the early Ming Dynasty, Xinghua returned to the north and lived in Baiju Town (now Dafeng); Liu Ji came to visit and wanted to recommend him as an official, but he quit. Died in Huai 'an, about 70 years old.
job responsibility
Outlaws of the Marsh narrates the whole process of the occurrence, development and failure of peasants' anti-feudal struggle with the uprising in Liangshanpo, writes the heroic epic and revolutionary tragedy of peasants' uprising in feudal society with profound thoughts, extensive contents and outstanding art, and reflects that the deep exploitation and cruel oppression of declining feudal society intensified class contradictions, and the darkness and decay of reactionary rule caused the resistance struggle of the broad masses of the people. Write that the uprising happened from top to bottom. Rulers, from emperors and ministers to local corrupt officials, local tyrants and bullies and even jailers, have formed a ruling network throughout the country, inside and outside the imperial court, openly using evil. For example, Liang Zhongshu ransacked hundreds of thousands of yuan for her husband Cai Jing's birthday in two years and paid bribes on business; Gao Qiu persecuted Wang Jin for revenge, harmed Lin Chong for Gao Yanei's occupation of his wife, and persecuted those who didn't want to rebel, which revealed that the real reason of the uprising was "the officials forced the people to rebel". The novel truly describes the development process of the uprising: from individual resistance to collective resistance, from decentralized struggle to organized struggle, from small to large. Lu, Lin Chong, et al. They all started with personal struggle, just looking for a place to live in order to escape the government's arrest; Although there are many hills such as Liangshan, Erlong Mountain and Taohua Mountain, they are isolated from each other and cannot resist the escalating government's "suppression"; After Chao Gai, Wu Yong and Song Jiang went up the mountain, they United around the hill to form a powerful and unified organization, won the victory of a large-scale war, defeated the "repression" of the government and the imperial court, and revealed the laws of the peasant revolutionary struggle. The novel also describes the ending of the failed uprising. After the Liangshan hero ranked first, he has achieved the requirements of "all parties in the same domain, one family with different surnames" and "calling each other brothers, regardless of rank". The idea of equality in the peasant revolution makes the struggle have only three prospects: first, Fang La was suppressed after he became king; Second, as Li Kui jy said, he took the position of emperor himself; Third, it is a "catch all" against Jiang. He was recruited to sum up the experience and lessons of the peasant revolution and explore the way out and significance. After Song Jiang was embraced, the imperial court wanted to "exterminate the nation" and sent him to levy Liao and Fang La. Liangshan heroes suffered heavy casualties, and other leaders, such as Song Jiang, Lu Junyi and Wu, were poisoned by royal medicinal liquor or committed suicide. An earth-shattering and vigorous uprising, 108 The hero only ended in a tragic ending. There are different opinions about the tragic ending of this hero in academic circles, but they all agree with Shi Naian's general ideological tendency: exposing and criticizing the evils of feudal rule, and praising the heroic struggle of the United States and Liangshan.
Fu Lei's Family Letters
Letters from Fu Lei is a collection of letters written by Fu Lei, a famous literary translator and literary critic in China, to his son. It extracts 65,438+086 letters from Mr. Fu Lei from 65,438+0954 to 65,438+0966. The longest letter has more than 7000 words. Between the lines, it is full of the father's love and expectation for his son, as well as his lofty feelings for the country and the world.
Fu Lei said that his letter to his son has several functions: first, to discuss art; Second, stimulate the feelings of young people; Thirdly, cultivate Fu Cong's writing style and thoughts; Fourth, be a faithful "mirror". The content of the letter is more about art and life than trivial matters, instilling the noble sentiments that an artist should have, letting his son know "the honor and disgrace of the country and the dignity of art" and being an "artist with both ability and political integrity and outstanding personality".
It is human nature to love his son, but Fu Lei's love for Fu Cong did not degenerate to that vulgar gentleness, but always put morality and art first and licking calves second. Just as his strict discipline of Fu Cong's childhood is not recognized by ordinary people, it really comes from his deeper love for his son. It can be said that as role models of China's parents, Fu Lei and his wife have taken great pains to cultivate their two children: Fu Cong, a famous piano master, and Fu Min, a special English teacher, are successful manifestations of their educational thoughts such as being a man first, getting married later, surpassing themselves, thinking independently and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.
Because this book is a letter from a father to his son, it is a proverb written on paper, so it is as touching as a clear spring flowing in the mountains and white clouds rolling in the blue sky.
This book is an excellent reading for teenagers' ideological cultivation and a classic model of quality education. Since the publication of this book, it has profound and far-reaching enlightenment on people's morality, thought, sentiment and cultural accomplishment. "Letters from Fu Lei" won the first prize of the first national excellent youth reading, and was also listed as one of the large-scale series of "100 excellent books of China literature in the past century". Up to now, its circulation for more than 20 years has reached 165438+ ten thousand copies, which is enough to prove its great influence. A Letter from Fu Lei is a "painstaking teaching article full of fatherly love"; It is also "the best reading for art apprentices"; It is also a profound portrayal of ordinary typical intellectuals in modern China. For us students, it is more worth reading.
Letters from Fu Lei had a great influence on me, and Fu Lei's rigorous writing style and profound thoughts taught me imperceptibly. I love this book, admire Fu Lei's character and knowledge, envy his love for his family, and feel sorry for Fu Lei, his wife and suicide. The following are some excerpts I read. I like the inculcation of elders like Fu Lei.
Bacon's prose
Francis Bacon is an English philosopher, writer and scientist. He strongly advocated that "reading history makes people wise, reading poetry makes people wise, mathematics makes people precise, philosophy makes people profound, ethics makes people cultivated, and logical rhetoric makes people eloquent."
He advocated and developed scientific progressive ideas and advocated the slogan of knowledge progress, which has been promoting social progress. This thinker who pursued truth all his life was called "the true ancestor of British materialism and the whole modern experimental science" by Marx. He also put forward many viewpoints in logic, aesthetics and pedagogy. He is the author of New Tools and Essays. The latter has 58 essays, which discuss a wide range of life problems from all angles. They are exquisite and philosophical, and have many readers.
He is the author of Academic Progress (1605) and New Tools (1620). Bacon sharply criticized the medieval scholasticism, holding that scholasticism and theology seriously hindered Bacon's book The New Tool and the progress of science, and advocated a comprehensive transformation of human knowledge, liberating the whole academic culture from scholasticism and realizing great rejuvenation. He believes that science must pursue the causes and laws of natural things. To achieve this goal, it must be based on sensory experience. He put forward the principles of materialism and empiricism, and believed that knowledge and ideas originated from the perceptual world, and sensory experience was the source of all knowledge. In order to acquire scientific knowledge about nature, we must base our knowledge on sensory experience. He also put forward the empirical induction method, which advocated that based on the experimental and observation materials, after analysis, comparison, selection and exclusion, the correct conclusion was finally drawn.
Prose collection can best reflect Bacon's writing style: beautiful writing, concise language and profound meaning. The articles in this book discussed his many original and incisive views on the relationship between man and society, man and himself, and man and nature from various angles, which made many people get enlightening guidance from this book. For example:
A person who has no virtue of his own will be jealous when he sees the virtue of others.
Without friendship, the world is just a wilderness.
The best preventive medicine to protect people's mental health is the advice and suggestions of friends. "Doubt is good in my heart. Bacon's essays are like bats in birds, always flying in the dusk. Suspicion makes kings tend to be autocratic, husbands tend to be jealous, and wise men tend to be indecisive and melancholy. "
"Cunning is an insidious and evil intelligence. There is a big difference between a sly person and a smart person, not only in honesty, but also in talent. "
"The virtue of prosperity is temperance; The advantage of adversity is perseverance. The latter is a great virtue. "
Bacon made great academic achievements all his life, but as a politician, he suffered from his official career. His father was the queen's minister in charge of the national seal, and he was never valued by the queen after his death. It was not until James I came to power that he was gradually promoted. He has served as president of the court, procurator-general and minister in charge of seals. , was also awarded the title of baron, viscount and other nobles. However, he was later dismissed from all official positions. After becoming a commoner, Bacon devoted all his energy to the study of knowledge, and he eventually became the founder of the famous materialist philosophy in medieval England. Bacon died in April 1626.
Jane Eyre
Jane Eyre is the masterpiece of Charlotte Brontexq, a famous British woman writer in the 19th century. It is generally believed that Jane Eyre is a portrayal of Charlotte Brontexq's poetic life and an autobiographical work. Charlotte Brontexq, emily bronte, anne bronte and elizabeth barrett browning constituted the perfect trinity of the highest honor for British women at that time.
Jane Eyre is an autobiographical novel, which explains such a theme: human value = dignity+love.
When Jane Eyre was first published, the author charlotte bronte used the pseudonym Colbert. So much so that all the books published by her sisters were mistaken for her. So that she can clarify the facts in the second edition of Jane Eyre herself.
Charlotte Brontexq, the author of Jane Eyre, and Emily, the author of Wuthering Heights, are sisters. Although they live in the same social and family environment, their personalities are quite different. Charlotte Brontexq is gentler, purer and more fond of pursuing something beautiful. Although the family is poor, she lost her maternal love since she was a child, and her father's love is even rarer. In addition, she is short and ugly, but perhaps it is this deep inferiority complex in her soul that is reflected in her personality as a very sensitive self-esteem. The Jane she described. Love is also an unattractive short woman, but she has extremely strong self-esteem. She is determined to pursue a bright, holy and beautiful life.
Jane Eyre lives in an environment where her parents are dead and dependent on others. She was treated differently from her peers since she was a child. The disgust of menstruation, the contempt of cousin, the insult and beating of cousin ... this is a cruel trampling on the dignity of a child. Fortunately, however, in the life of an extremely humble boarding school, Jane meets a lovely friend: Helen Burns. Helen's docile, intelligent and extremely tolerant personality has been affecting her.
Before Rochester, she never felt inferior, because she was a humble governess. On the contrary, she thinks they are equal. She should not be respected by others because she is a servant. It is because of her integrity, nobility and purity that Rochester was shocked by the fact that her mind was not polluted by secular society, and regarded her as a person who could talk to herself on an equal footing in spirit, and slowly fell in love with her deeply. His sincerity touched her and she accepted him. On their wedding day, when Jane Eyre learned that Rochester had a wife, she felt that she had to leave. She said, "I will abide by the laws of the world recognized by God, and I will stick to the principles I accepted when I was awake, and I will not be so crazy as I am now." "I will firmly stick to this position." This is the reason why Jane Eyre told Rochester that she must leave, but from the heart, the deeper reason is that Jane Eyre realized that she was cheated and her self-esteem was teased because she loved Rochester deeply. How can a woman stand being cheated by the person she trusts and is closest to? Jane Eyre withstood it and made a very rational decision. Surrounded by such a powerful love force and lured by a beautiful and rich life, she still insists on her dignity as an individual, which is the most spiritual charm of Jane Eyre.
The novel has a bright ending-although Rochester's manor was destroyed and he himself became a cripple, we can see that Jane Eyre is no longer in the contradiction between dignity and love, but she is satisfied at the same time-she married Rochester with dignity and love.
The novel tells us that the best life of human beings is human dignity and love, and the ending of the novel arranges such a life for the heroine. Although I think this ending is too perfect, even this perfection itself marks superficiality, I still respect the author's ideal of this beautiful life-dignity plus love. After all, in today's society, the realization of the formula of human value = dignity+love is often inseparable from the help of money. People seem to be madly addicted to the love of money and status. Choose rich between poor and rich, and choose not to love between love and not to love. Few people will abandon everything for love and personality like Jane. What Jane Eyre shows us is a simplification, a return to simplicity, a feeling of pursuing wholehearted devotion, and a sense of simplification regardless of gains and losses. It is like a glass of ice water, which purifies every reader's mind and resonates with readers, especially female readers.
Correlation evaluation
Jane Eyre is a literary work with many years of history. Up to now, it has a history of 152 years, and successfully created the first female image in the history of English literature who took an independent and positive attitude towards love, life, society and religion and dared to fight for freedom and equality.
The publication of Jane Eyre once caused a sensation in the literary world of19th century. In the history of English literature, it is called a classic handed down from generation to generation. It attracts thousands of readers with an irresistible aesthetic feeling, and an irresistible impulse drives people to pick up this book, which is deeply moved and makes their hearts tremble.
This is a revolving novel written by Charlotte Brontexq, one of the three famous British sisters in the 19th century. This is a book forged with my own heart and strong spiritual pursuit, which contains the author's infinite emotion and personality charm and has won a brilliant sky for women.
Any literary work is the crystallization of the author's experience of life, and the author's shadow can be seen from the book. The same is true of Jane Eyre, many details can be confirmed in the author's life. Of course, "Jane Eyre" is not an autobiography, and the author just integrates his rich life experiences into an imaginative article. People all know that Jane Eyre is a portrayal of the author's life, but how many people know under what circumstances the author wrote Jane Eyre?
Charlotte bronte, the author of Jane Eyre, 18 16 was born in a pastor's family in Thornto, Yorkshire, England, ranking third, with two older sisters in front and two younger sisters and a younger brother behind. There are six brothers and sisters. Because she lost her mother when she was a child, her father had to send Charlotte and her two sisters and brothers to a boarding school founded by a charity because she had no money and energy. The environment and living conditions there are very poor, coupled with the strict control and severe punishment of the founder, freezing hunger and corporal punishment have become the normal life of children. Soon, lung disease claimed the lives of two sisters, and my father quickly let Charlotte and her brother escape from the cave of death and return home.
183 1 year, Charlotte entered the boarding school in Rhodes. The situation here is completely different. Charlotte not only made great progress in her studies, but also lived a happy life. Although she only stayed for one year and four months, the warm life here left an unforgettable impression on her.
Later, Charlotte returned to Rhodes 1835 to teach, and her two sisters followed her to study, which offset some of her remuneration and left three years later. From 1838 to 1842, she and her sisters traveled around to make a living as tutors. However, due to the low professional status, the salary is meager. It also makes it difficult for sisters to be together. They resolutely gave up and decided to run their own school. After all kinds of efforts, although they were keen on running schools and made all kinds of preparations, they failed in the end. At this time, my father fell ill, and my brilliant brother got into the bad habit of drinking and taking drugs and became a cripple. However, the family's economic pressure is getting heavier and heavier, so in this extremely difficult situation, Charlotte and her sisters began to write.
The three sisters often get together and read, draw and write eagerly. Books opened their hearts and improved their education; How hard life makes them precocious and good at insight into the world; The unique experience provides a sufficient source for creation; So when their creative enthusiasm gushed out, miraculously, three masterpieces were born in the same family in the same year in the history of world literature; Jane Eyre by Charlotte, Wuthering Heights by Emily and Agnes Gray by Anne.
In addition to Jane Eyre, Charlotte also wrote Shirley, villette and The Teacher, all of which are not as influential as Jane Eyre, although they all have good reviews.
But who knows that God envies talents? God created this genius family without stint, and seemed eager to extend a hand of destruction to them. Their talents have just been recognized by people and disappeared like meteors. First, the versatile brother died. Emily, who wrote the immortal Wuthering Heights, died in February of the same year. Then, in May of the following year, another nun Anne died. Five years later, on 1854, Charlotte got sick in the rain while going out for a walk with her husband, and died on March 3 1, 1855 at the age of 39.
Gulliver's Travels
Gulliver's Travels is an outstanding satirical novel by Swift. It has been translated into dozens of languages for more than two centuries since its publication, and it has been widely circulated all over the world. The works reflect the social contradictions in Britain in the first half of the18th century, expose the corruption and evil of the ruling group at that time, and attack the war of aggression and colonialism. Although it satirizes the court and politicians, this work transcends the limitations of its time and place, especially the first two parts, and is considered as one of the great treasures of literature.
Gulliver, a surgeon, was born in Nottinghamshire. He studied medicine at Cambridge University. Gulliver would rather be a surgeon on a ship than seek a better position on the shore. After several deep-sea voyages, he became a surgeon aboard the Antelope, which was wrecked in a strong storm on the northwest coast of Wandimen.
Of all the people on board, only Gulliver escaped to the shore. He was exhausted and fell asleep as soon as he fell to the ground. When he woke up, Gulliver found his arms and legs tied, surrounded by groups of dwarfs. They brought him food and water and sent him to their city. The majestic king is half an inch taller than his subjects. He and his officials came to see Gulliver.
Gulliver finally realized that he was in lilliput. They tied him up for a long time. Finally, Gulliver convinced them that he meant no harm and that he would never hurt them on his honor, so they let him go and invited six education professors to teach Gulliver their language. In order to maintain Gulliver's physical strength, they provided him with enough meat and drinks for themselves 1724 people, which they calculated mathematically according to the ratio of Gulliver's body to their body. They called 300 chefs and 72 waiters to cook and serve Gulliver, sent 200 seamstresses to sew clothes for Gulliver and sent 300 tailors to make coats for Gulliver.
After Gulliver's needs were met, Gulliver also wanted to do something for them. The first thing he wants to do is to walk around without hurting their people or property. This is a very possible danger, because these people are very small, Gulliver can hide one or two of them in his coat pocket. Walking in the street, if Gulliver's footsteps were heavier, his building might stagger down. In other words, if your eyes don't pay attention to what's below, it's easy to crush several cows with one foot.
One day, the king came to Gulliver in a friendly way because he was in big trouble. The king of neighboring ancient Blefuscu threatened to raze this lilliputian country to the ground. The navy of ancient Babylonia has fifty warships and is preparing to set sail. Gulliver waded to the main port where they moored their ships. I cut the anchor cables of fifty warships with a knife, then tied a cable to each ship and dragged it back. This forced the ancient Babylonians to surrender.
This achievement brought glory to Gulliver, and also established several strong enemies for him, one of which was a senior general of the Lilliputian navy. Of course, Gulliver can trample them and the whole kingdom under his feet if he wants, but Gulliver promises not to hurt them. Therefore, when they conspired to judge Gulliver and blind him, Gulliver had no choice but to run away. Gulliver came to the ancient country of Blefuscus, and they held a grand welcome party for him, asking him to stay. Gulliver was tired of kings and princes. He told them that he didn't need anything but a boat to leave.
They reserved/kloc-0.00 head of cattle, 300 sheep, 400 pieces of meat prepared by cows, bulls and the ship's chef, so Gulliver wouldn't go hungry. Gulliver set sail on the third day On the way, I met an English merchant captain. When Gulliver told his story, he thought Gulliver was crazy. It was not until Gulliver took some cows out of his pocket that he believed Gulliver. To Gulliver's great sadness, on his way home, a mouse on the boat dragged away one of his sheep.
When he got home, Gulliver knew that his uncle John had passed away. He left Gulliver the manor near Epie, which was enough to make Gulliver's family no longer poor. But Gulliver still longed for roaming. He went out to sea again, this time on the ship Adventure to surat.
During the voyage, after a big storm, the ship sailed into a strange bay in search of fresh water. While walking on the shore, Gulliver and his companions got separated and fell into the hands of local giants in Great Britain, almost none of whom were less than 60 feet tall.
They took Gulliver out for exhibition, and Gulliver's fame spread to the ears of the king and queen; They ordered him to be taken to court. Gulliver was taken there and looked after by the daughter of one of his captors. The little girl's name is Green Duckridge. She is nine years old, younger than her age, and less than thirty feet tall.
Gulliver traveled all over their 6000-mile-long and 3000-5000-mile-wide kingdom on the Royal Train. The capital is 54 miles long and 45 miles wide. This is a beautiful city. The king's palace is 7 miles from Fiona Fang, and the main hall is 240 feet high, commensurate with its width and length. The king's stable is also a beautiful building, which can accommodate 500 horses. These noble animals are 54 to 60 feet tall.
Gulliver often said that people in lilliputian countries are flawless in appearance, while people in big countries are rough. Later, he thought that the shortcomings of people in lilliputian countries are directly proportional to their size, and the shortcomings are too small to be seen; People in big countries may look rougher than they really are, because their huge bodies magnify every defect. These huge people are at least more open-minded on some issues, such as: when you beat eggs, do you beat them from the big end or the small end? This question almost split the lilliputian country in two, but people in big countries will not be kept awake by such things at all. Gulliver saw this when the King of Great Britain talked about a political issue. Gulliver talked about his own country-England. "The government requires people with different views to change or not to change their views," he said. "This is autocracy."
Your majesty is very interested in England. Gulliver told the history of England in detail, and he was very surprised. He asserted that this seems to be nothing more than a series of conspiracies, murders, revolutions and exile, all the worst results of greed, infighting, hypocrisy, hatred, desire, resentment and ambition. "How can you let this hateful pest crawl on the earth!" He said. Gulliver suffered greatly from his defamatory judgment.
Now Gulliver has become the darling of a great nation. But at the cost of losing human dignity. Gulliver wants to be with his kind again. He also wants to take a breath of air against the sea of his motherland. Gulliver's request was granted and he was taken to the seaside. Gulliver's little babysitter, groome Duckridge, was ill, and a poetic boy took care of him. He left Gulliver alone by the sea and went to find the eggs himself. In this way, when Gulliver was alone, a big bird picked up his sleeping suitcase and took him to the far sea, and then the suitcase fell into the sea. Almost at this moment, an English ship just passed by and fished Gulliver out. In this way, Gulliver was miraculously saved and brought back to England safely again.
Gulliver went sailing again and experienced several adventures. The strangest time was when an islander rescued him from the barren land. Their island flies in the air, and it is equally amazing that a huge magnet attracts the flying island to rise and fall. The people on the flying island think they are superior races, but in Gulliver's view, they all just have one eye concave and the other eye staring straight at the zenith.
A later trip took Gulliver to a country of rational and human-like beasts and horses. These humanoid beasts are slaves of horses. They have some bad habits very similar to human beings. Those smart and moral horses called "smart horses" even regard Gulliver as a humanoid beast in the end, which makes Gulliver extremely miserable.
Smart horses are shaped like horses. They have more reasonable laws than the people Gulliver once lived in. They hated many human habits so much that Gulliver later despised his peers. Gulliver hopes that he is a "smart horse" and can live with them. But they were afraid that Gulliver would become the leader of the humanoid beast, which would bring them trouble one day, so they drove Gulliver out of their kingdom. They promised to build Gulliver a boat full of food. In this way, Gulliver left by boat and finally arrived in England.