-Summer academic lecture in Guangzhou in September.
Wei Chu at the end of the Han Dynasty was a very important era, and great changes took place in literature, because Cao Cao came out after the Yellow Scarf Rebellion, Dong Zhuo Rebellion and Party Struggle at that time. However, when we talk about Cao Cao, it is easy to think of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and it is easier to think of the treacherous court official on the stage, but this is not the real way to observe Cao Cao. Now when we look at history, the records and judgments in history are sometimes extremely unreliable, and there are many places that we can't believe, because usually we know that a certain dynasty has a long time, and there must be many good people in it; One dynasty is a little shorter, and there are almost no good people among them. Why? Because of the long time, the people who made history are the people of this dynasty, and of course they compliment the people of this dynasty. When the age was short, the person who made history was from other dynasties, so he freely reprimanded people from different dynasties. Therefore, in the Qin Dynasty, there were few good people recorded in historical books. Cao Cao's time in history is also quite short, and naturally he can't escape the practice of being spoken ill of by future generations. In fact, Cao Cao is a very capable person, at least a hero. Although I am not a client of Cao Cao, I have always admired him.
After Dong Zhuo, Cao Cao was authoritarian. Under his rule, the first characteristic is that he is still punished. His legislation is very strict, because after the chaos, everyone wants to be an emperor and everyone wants to rebel, so Cao can't help it. Cao Cao himself once said, "Without me, I wonder how many people would call themselves emperors!" He didn't lie about this sentence. So it affects the article and becomes a sober style. It means that the article should be concise and rigorous.
In addition, there is another feature, that is, it is relatively easy to get rid of. Why does he want to do business? Nature also has a lot to do with the atmosphere at that time. Because everyone in the party thought they were clean before the disaster of the party occupation, but if they talked too much about "clean", they would become stubborn, so at the end of the Han Dynasty, the act of cleaning up was sometimes very ridiculous.
For example, when celebrities visit him, ordinary people should say a few words first. If these words are not correct, they will often be treated with arrogance, told him to sit outside, and even refused to see him.
Another example is a person whose fault lies with his brother-in-law. Once he went to his sister's house for dinner, he wanted to return the meal money to her. She refused, so he left the money in the street after going out and paid it.
It doesn't matter if a person is so angry. If the country is so stubborn, what will it be? Therefore, Cao Cao, who is well aware of this drawback, should stand up against this habit and advocate communication. Easy means casual. This advocacy has influenced the literary world and produced a large number of articles that can say whatever they want.
What's more, due to the abolition of stubbornness after ideological integration, heresy and foreign ideas were fully accommodated, so ideas other than Confucianism were continuously introduced.
To sum up, we can say that Wei Chu's articles at the end of Han Dynasty are clear. In Cao Cao himself, he is also the founder of reform articles, but unfortunately his articles are rarely circulated. He is very courageous, and his articles are quite effective in conveying information. He has no scruples when writing a composition, and he can write as he wants.
So Cao Cao said the same thing when he was seeking talents. It doesn't matter if you are unfaithful and unfilial, as long as you are talented. This is something that others dare not say. When Cao Cao wrote a poem, he actually said that "Zheng Kangcheng was drunk and exhausted", which led to the fact that not long ago, others dared not use it. Another thing, for example, when people die, they often write some suicide notes, which is very fashionable for celebrities. At that time, the decree had a certain format, saying a lot about where to be buried after death, or next to celebrity tombs; Otherwise, his legacy not only failed to follow the format, but also talked about the clothes left behind and the treatment of prostitutes.
Although Lu Ji said that "the dust slanders the queen", I think he is a shrewd man anyway. He can make a big fuss about it himself, and he has a way to collect all the alchemists and scribes in the world and prevent them from making trouble outside. So there are many alchemists and scribes in his tent.
Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei, inherited his father's business with his eldest son and usurped the Han position. He also likes articles. Both his brother Cao Zhi and Ming Di Cao Rui like articles. But by that time, Yutong Extension will be even more gorgeous. Pi wrote Dian Lun, and now all the books are lost. It says "Poetry is beautiful" and "Prose is based on Qi". The bits and pieces of Dian Lun are all in the books of Tang and Song Dynasties. A whole paper can be found in Selected Works.
Later, some ordinary people were very dissatisfied with his opinion. He said that there was no need to teach poetry and fu, and opposed those opinions that encouraged poetry and fu at that time. From the perspective of modern literature, Cao Pi's era can be said to be "the conscious era of literature", or in modern terms, it is a school of art for art's sake. Therefore, Cao Pi's poems are very good, and because he is mainly "qi", it is stronger than gorgeous. To sum up, Wei Chu's articles at the end of the Han Dynasty can be said to be "clear, bright, colorful and strong." On the literary proposition, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi seem to be different on the surface. Cao Pi said that articles can be remembered for thousands of years; But Zijian said that the article is a path, which is not enough. In my opinion, Zijian is probably against his will. There are two reasons. First, Zijian's article is well done. A person is probably always dissatisfied with what he has done and envious of what others have done. His article is well done, so he dares to say that it is a path. Second, the goal of Zijian activities lies in politics, which is not very successful and the article is useless.
In addition to Cao Cao and Cao Pi, there are seven other people: Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan, Ying □ ("Tang" changed to Wang Bian) and Serina Liu. They are all very good at writing articles, and they were later called "seven sons of Jian 'an". Seven people's articles are rarely circulated, and now it is difficult for us to judge; However, it is probably nothing more than "generosity" and "gorgeous". Gorgeous is advocated by Cao Pi. Generosity is because so many relatives and friends died in the chaos, so writing is bound to be sad, passionate and "generous".
Seven children, especially Kong Rong, like to make trouble with Cao Cao. Kong Rong was discussed in Cao Pi's Dian Lun, so he was also drawn into the "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an". It's actually wrong. Very different. But at that time, he was very famous. Kong Rong likes to use satirical style in his composition, and Cao Pi is very dissatisfied with him. Kong Rong's articles are rarely circulated now. It can be seen from what he has that he is not very sarcastic to others, but only to Cao Cao. For example, Cao Cao broke the Yuan brothers, Xelloss took Yuan's wife Zhen Shi as his own, and Kong Rong wrote to Cao Cao that he would cut Zhou and give da ji to the Duke of Zhou. Cao Cao asked about his canon, and he said that it was probably the same at that time, taking today as an example. For example, Cao Cao wants to ban alcohol, saying that alcohol can ruin the country and must be banned. Kong Rong opposed him again, saying that some women also perished. Why can't they get married?
Actually, Cao Cao also drinks. Let's take a look at his How to Alleviate Anxiety. Only Du Kang's poems can you know. Why does his behavior contradict his argument? There is no other way, because Cao Cao is the commander in chief, so he has to do so; Kong Rong is a bystander, and it is easy to say something free. Cao Cao saw that he had repeatedly opposed himself, and later killed him on an excuse. His crime of killing Kong Rong is probably unfilial. Because Kong Rong has the following two propositions:
First, Kong Rong thinks that the mother-child relationship is like something in a bottle. As long as the contents of the bottle are poured out, the relationship between mother and child is over. Secondly, what if there is a famine and my father has some food? Kong Rong's answer is: If his father is not good, he would rather give it to others. -Cao Cao wanted to kill him, so he killed him without hesitation on the grounds that he was unfaithful and unfilial. If Cao Cao is still alive, we can ask him why he said it doesn't matter if he is unfaithful or unfilial when seeking talents. Why did he kill people in the name of unfilial? In fact, however, even if Cao Cao was reborn, no one dared to ask him. If we ask him, I'm afraid he will kill us, too!
Another Mi Heng who opposed Cao Cao with Kong Rong was later killed by Huang Zu. Mi Fei's article is good, too. He and Kong Rong have been writing articles "mainly based on qi". So we can know here that China's language is slowly growing up, which is the result of the times, not the credit of Cao Cao and his son. But gorgeous beauty is the credit advocated by Cao Pi.
Until Ming Di, the article had a major change, because there was a peace.
Peace enjoys a high reputation and status. He likes to study Laozi and Yijing. As for what kind of person he is? The truth is hard to know and investigate now. Because he is a member of Cao Shi school, Sima hates him very much, so their records are very dissatisfied with the reconciliation. Therefore, there are many legends. Some people say that Yan's face is pink, while others say that he was born white, not pink. But do you want to make peace with powder cake or not? I don't know, either.
But we know two things about peace. First, he likes talking. He is the founder of talking. Second, he likes taking medicine. He is the father of taking medicine.
In addition, he also likes to talk about names and reasons. He is in poor health, so he can't help taking medicine. What he took was not ordinary medicine, but a medicine called "Wushi Powder".
"Five Stone Powder" is a kind of poison, which was first spoken and eaten. In the Han dynasty, people still didn't dare to eat it, so they made peace or changed their medication strategy and ate it too early. Wushi powder is basically five kinds of drugs: stalactite, stone sulfur, Bai Shiying, Ziyingshi and halloysitum rubrum; Besides, I'm afraid I have to mix some other medicines. But there is no need to study it carefully now. I don't think you want to eat it.
From the book, this medicine seems to be very good, and people can turn weak into strong after eating it. Therefore, Yanhe became rich, and he began to eat. Everybody follow. At that time, the pernicious influence of Wu XIII was similar to that of opium in the late Qing Dynasty, depending on whether you take medicine or not. Now, we can see some in the theories of various pathogens and stages put forward by Fiona Fang in the Sui Dynasty. According to this book, this medicine is very troublesome to eat and the poor can't eat it. If you take it, you will be poisoned if you are not careful. When I first ate it, it wasn't very delicious. Later, the drug effect was obvious, so it was called "San". If there is no "distribution", it will do more harm than good Therefore, after eating, you can't rest, but walk, because walking can "radiate", so walking is called "walking". For example, when we look at the poems of the people of the Six Dynasties, there is a saying: "Go east", which means this. Later, people who wrote poems don't know why, thinking that "going away" means walking, they put the word "going away" into the poem without taking medicine, which is very funny.
I had a fever all over after I left, and then I felt cold after I had a fever. Ordinary chills should wear more clothes and eat hot things. But the chill after taking medicine is just the opposite: wear less clothes, eat cold food and drink cold water. If you wear too many clothes and eat hot food, you are bound to die. So five kinds of food make a bean jelly. There is only one thing that doesn't need to be eaten cold, and that is wine.
After eating, take off your clothes and splash them with cold water; Eat something cold; Drink hot wine. In this way, there are many people who eat Wushisan and few people wear thick clothes; For example, in Guangdong, there are no people wearing suits after one year. You can't wear narrow clothes because you have a fever. In order to prevent skin from being scratched by clothes, it is necessary to wear wide clothes. Nowadays, many people think that the undressing of Jin literati was a symbol of people's advanced life at that time. Actually, I didn't know they were taking medicine. A group of celebrities take medicine to wear take off your coat, and those who don't take medicine will follow the celebrities to make their clothes wider!
Also, after taking the medicine, I wear shoes, not socks, because my skin wears easily and it is inconvenient to wear shoes. So when we look at Jin's paintings and articles at that time, we can see that his clothes are very wide and he doesn't wear shoes. We thought he must be very comfortable and elegant, but in fact he is very bitter inside.
Because the skin is fragile, it is better to wear old clothes than new ones, so clothes can't be washed often. If you don't wash it, you will grow more lice. Therefore, in the article, the status of lice is very high. "Ask lice and talk about lice" was actually handed down as a beautiful thing at that time. For example, if I give a speech here today, it's not good to pick up lice. But it didn't matter at that time, because the habits were different. Just as the Qing Dynasty advocated smoking opium, we are not surprised to see people with high shoulders. Not anymore. If most students' shoulders become a straight line, we will feel very strange.
In addition, you can also see books such as Yi San and Bao Puzi by Ge Hong.
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, many people made fakes and fell asleep on the street, saying that they were "giving" to show their wealth. Just like the respectful reading in the Qing Dynasty, someone painted his lips with ink, indicating that he had just written a lot of words. Therefore, I think it really doesn't matter if you advocate the theory of big clothes, clothes to wear and clothes to divide, and then you can learn without eating.
Because you can't be hungry when you are "fat", you should eat cold food quickly, no matter when and how many times a day. Therefore, it affected the "mourning customs" of the Jin Dynasty. -It turns out that during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were many gifts for parents. For example, if you want to visit a person, be sure to ask the names of his parents and grandparents before the visit, so as to avoid it. Otherwise, as soon as the word is read out, his parents die, and the host will burst into tears-he remembers his parents-and give you a big boring. Be thin when mourning, don't eat too much and don't drink too much. But after taking the medicine, for the sake of life, I can't mind my own business, so I have to chew and eat, so it becomes a "rude mourning."
At the time of mourning, drinking and eating meat is advocated by the rich and famous, and all people follow it. Because of this, people in society are called celebrities.
Eating and distribution originated from making peace. He was accompanied by Wang Bi and two people, both of whom were founders of taking medicine with Yan. The three of them advocated that many people followed. Most of them will make a fuss about it. Besides Xia Houxuan's works, we can also see Wang He's articles. They were all born in Zhengshi, so they are also called "Zhengshi celebrities". But the end result of this habit is just taking medicine, or pretending to take medicine instead of making a fuss.
After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it became a talk without fuss, which can be seen in the book Shi Shuo Xin Yu. There are many vague theories and few articles, which are far from the three of them. Among them, Wang Bi died in his twenties, and Xiahou Che was also killed by Sima Yi. Because they are related to Cao Cao, they must die. Cao Cao killed Kong Rong, which is also a crime of unfilial.
After their death, many critics accused him of his relationship with Wei. In fact, making peace deserves to be scolded, because he is the initiator of taking medicine. This trend of loose clothing still existed in the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, because there was a "loose medicine prescription" in the Tang Dynasty, which proved that people still ate, but a little less. No one has eaten it since the Tang Dynasty. The reason is not clear. Probably because it does more harm than good, just like opium.
Huangfu Mi, a famous person in the Jin Dynasty, wrote a book called The Biography of Gao Shi. We think he is great. However, he was scattered, and there was an article about the pain of nibbling. Because of its medicinal properties, if you are not careful, you will die, at least it will be painful, or you will go crazy; People who are originally smart will also become demented. So if you want to know the medicinal properties, you will be saved, and many people in the family know the medicinal properties. Most people in the Jin Dynasty were bad-tempered, arrogant, crazy and violent, probably because of taking medicine. For example, a fly disturbed him and even drew his sword to chase him; Even if you speak carelessly, sometimes you are going crazy. But in the Jin Dynasty, infatuation was better, probably because of taking medicine.
At the end of Wei Dynasty, in addition to making peace, a new group called "bamboo forest celebrities" appeared, which was also called "seven sages of bamboo forest". Celebrities take medicine at first, and celebrities in bamboo forests drink. The representative figures of bamboo forest are Ji Kang and Ruan Ji. But after all, bamboo celebrities don't just drink, Ji Kang also takes medicine, and Ruan Ji is the representative who specializes in drinking. But Ji Kang also drinks, and Liu Ling is one of them. Almost all seven of them rebelled against the old moral standards.
These seven people have different tempers. Both Ruan Ji have a big temper; Ruan Ji changed very well in his later years, and Ji Kang was always extremely bad.
When Ruan was young, he had green eyes and white eyes for visitors. White eyes are probably completely invisible to the eyes, and I am afraid it will take a long time to practice. I can pretend green eyes, but I can't pretend white eyes.
Later, Ruan Ji actually achieved the point of "not hiding people", but Ji Kang never changed. As a result, Ruan died and Ji was killed by Sima, just like Kong Rong and He. This is probably because of the difference between taking medicine and drinking: taking medicine can become immortal, and immortals can look down on laity; Drinking won't make you immortal, so it's perfunctory.
Their attitude is generally to drink without clothes or hats. If there is such a state in normal times, we call it rudeness, but they are different. You don't necessarily cry when you mourn; A son can't mention his father's name to his father, but among the first-class people in the bamboo forest, the son will call his father's name. The moral codes handed down from ancient times are not recognized by bamboo celebrities. For example, Liu Ling once wrote a poem praising wine and virtue. Everyone knows that he doesn't admit the truth stipulated by the world before. There is such a thing. Once a guest saw him and he was naked. People asked him; He replied that heaven and earth are my house, and the house is my clothes. Why did you get into my pants? As for Ruan Ji, it is even worse. He has denied it since ancient times. "Biography of My Lord" said: "The heavens and the earth are six open, the stars are falling, and the sun and the moon are falling. What if I rise? " He means that the gods of heaven and earth are meaningless and everything is unnecessary, so he feels that the truth in the world is indisputable and God is not credible. Since he is nothing, he is addicted to wine. But he also has a reason, that is, he drinks not only because of his thoughts, but also because of the environment. At that time, Sima wanted to usurp the throne, and Ruan Ji had a great reputation. It was extremely difficult to speak, so he had to drink more and talk less. Even if he said something wrong, he could be drunk and forgiven. Just look at a time when Sima Yi proposed to Ruan Ji, but Ruan Ji was drunk for two months and didn't get a chance to bring it up.
Ruan Ji is good at writing articles and poems. Although his poems are full of passion, many meanings are obscure. Yan Yanzhi in the Song Dynasty said that he didn't understand many things. Now it is even more difficult for us to understand his poems. He also said immortals in his poems, but he didn't believe them. Ji Kang's thesis is better than Ruan Ji's, with novel viewpoints, which are often opposite to the old saying. Confucius said, "It's better to keep pace with the times, isn't it?" Ji Kang's book Nature is Difficult to Learn says that people are not easy to learn. If a person can't do anything and has food, he will just wander around and don't like reading, so people nowadays are eager to learn because of habits and needs. And Guan Shu Cai Shu, because he suspected the Duke of Zhou and led the Yin people to revolt, was punished and has always been regarded as a bad person. Ji Kang's "Treating Cai" also objected to the meaning handed down from generation to generation, saying that both of them were loyal ministers, and the suspicion of Duke Zhou was because the places were too far apart and the news was not well informed.
However, what attracts many people's attention and is life-threatening is "It's not Tang Wu, it's thin Kong Zhou" in Breaking Up with Mountain Residence. Sima Yi killed Ji Kang because of this article. It doesn't matter if Tang Wu Kong Zhou is not thin, but it was very important at that time. Rule the world with Wu; Duke Zhou is the auxiliary king; Confucius was the ancestor of Yao and Shun, who surrendered to the world. Ji Kang can't say it well. What about teaching Sima Yi to usurp the throne? There is no way. At this point, Ji Kang had a direct impact on Sima's work, so he had to die. Ji Kang was killed because his friend Lu An was unfilial, even Ji Kang, and the crime was similar to that of Cao Cao killing Kong Rong. Wei and Jin dynasties ruled the world with filial piety and had to kill it. Why should filial piety govern the world? Because heaven comes from abdication, that is, usurpation, if they advocate ruling the world with loyalty and righteousness, then their foothold will be unstable, their work will be difficult to do, and it will be difficult to contribute, so they must rule the world with filial piety. But if it's just unfilial, it really doesn't matter at that time. The harm of Ji Kang is that he is making comments. Ruan Ji is different and doesn't talk much about ethics, so the ending is different.
However, this was not the case in Wei and Jin Dynasties. People wore big robes and sleeves and drank alcohol. There are also many objections. In the article, we can also see that Pei's "Worship for the King" and "Lao Zi is not the Great Sage" are both aimed at Wang He. Several times in history, Sima Yi was advised to kill Ruan Ji, but Sima Yi did not listen. This is because Ruan Ji's drinking has little to do with the current situation.
But later generations will scold Ji Kang for Ruan Ji, and people will follow suit. Up to now, it has been 1600 years. Ji Zha said: "China's gentlemen are polite and righteous, but they are not good at knowing people's hearts." It's true. Anyone who knows propriety and righteousness will never know people's hearts, so many people in ancient times were wronged. For example, Ruan Ji always said that they destroyed ethical crimes. But in my opinion, this judgment is wrong. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, people who advocated ethics seemed to be very good, but in fact they really destroyed ethics and didn't believe in ethics. On the surface, people who destroy ethics admit ethics and trust ethics too much. Because the so-called worship of ethics in Wei and Jin Dynasties was all for self-interest, and that kind of worship was only accidental. For example, Cao Cao killed Kong Rong and Sima Yi killed Ji Kang, all of which were related to unfilial, but Cao Cao and Sima Yi were indeed famous dutiful sons, and they only blamed those who opposed themselves in this name. Therefore, honest people think that this kind of use violates the ethics, which is unfair and can't be helped. Become not ethical code, do not believe in ethical code, and even oppose ethical code. But it's actually just an attitude. As for their real intention, I'm afraid they believe in ethics, which is much more pedantic than Cao Cao and Sima Yi. Now let's talk about a simple metaphor. For example, there is a warlord in the north-Guangdong people call the north a little different from what I often say. I often refer to things in Zhili, Henan and Shanxi in Shandong as the North-warlords used it to oppress the People's Party. Later, when the Northern Expeditionary Army became strong, he hung a banner and said that he had believed in the Three People's Principles and was a disciple of the Prime Minister. That's not enough. He must be the anniversary of the Prime Minister. At this time, will the faithful followers of the Three People's Principles go? If you don't go, he can say that you are opposed to the Three People's Principles and convicted of murder. However, because there is no other way under his influence, the real followers of the Prime Minister will not talk about the Three People's Principles, or frown when they hear people talk hypocritically, as if they are against the Three People's Principles. Therefore, I think there were many people who opposed ethics in Wei and Jin Dynasties. They are pedantic and regard ethics as a treasure.
There is also an empirical study that people's words, thoughts and behaviors, if they think they are good, are willing to be done by people and friends all over the world. But Ji Kang Ruan Ji is not like this. He doesn't want others to imitate him. Among the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, Ruan Xian, the nephew of Ruan Ji, also drank the same wine. When Ruan Ji's son Ruan Hun also wanted to join, Ruan Ji said there was no need to join. I already have a xian in my family, which is enough. If Ruan Ji thinks his behavior is right, he should not refuse his son, but Ruan Ji refused his son, which shows that Ruan Ji did not take his own path for granted. As for Ji Kang, I can tell from his breaking up that his attitude is very arrogant. Once, he worked while the iron was hot at home, and his temper was very fond of it. Zhong Hui will come to see him. He only works while the iron is hot, ignoring Zhong Hui. The clock meeting is meaningless, we must go. Ji Kang asked him at that time, "What did you hear and see?" Zhong Hui replied, "I heard it, saw it and left." This is also a curse for Ji Kang's death. But I saw the family rules he made for his son. When Ji Kang was killed, his son was ten years old, so when writing this article, his son was still under ten years old-it feels like two people. He taught his son to be careful about family precepts, and there was another lesson. There is a saying that officers should not go often or stay; Don't be behind when the official sends someone out, because I'm afraid that when the official punishes the bad guys in the future, you may be suspected of secretly reporting. There is also a saying that if there is an argument at the banquet, you can leave at once, so there is no need to criticize, because there must be right or wrong between the two, and it is disgraceful not to criticize. If you criticize, it will always be A, not B, and you won't be surprised by one side of the story. If someone asks you to drink, even if you don't want to drink, don't refuse resolutely. Be sure to hold the cup kindly. From this point of view, we really feel very strange: Ji Kang is such an arrogant person that his adopted son wants him to be so mediocre. So we know that Ji Kang himself is not satisfied with what he has done. Therefore, it is really difficult to criticize a person's words and deeds. In society, a son is called "unworthy" because he is not like his father. He thinks this is a bad thing, but he doesn't know that there are people in the world who don't want their sons to be like their fathers. Look at Ruan Ji Ji Kang. That's it. This is because they were born in troubled times and had to do so, which is not their nature. However, it can be seen that the saboteurs in the Wei and Jin Dynasties were really religious and extremely stubborn.
However, because of their great fame, most people learn from Wang Bi, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang and others, but what they learn is nothing more than superficial, and they are really inside, but they don't know it. Because we only learn their fur, there will be more boring talk and drinking in society. Many people just talk about drinking, and their inability to do things will affect politics. It is unrealistic to play "empty city tricks". So is literature. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are addicted to alcohol, and they can also make a fuss about it. Later, when they arrived in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the legacy of empty talk about drinking was still there, but there was no masterpiece handed down from generation to generation. Liu Xie said: "Ji Kang's teacher's heart is based on criticism, and Ruan Ji's life is based on poetry." This kind of "learning from the heart" and "using the spirit" are the characteristics of articles in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. After the spirit of Zhengshi and Zhu Lin celebrities was destroyed, no writer dared to teach their minds and make them angry.
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the atmosphere changed. Social thoughts are much calmer, and Buddhist thoughts are everywhere. By the end of the Jin dynasty, I was used to troubled times and usurpation, and my article was more peaceful. Tao Qian is the representative of peace articles. His attitude is to drink and beg casually, and talk and write articles when he is happy, without complaining. So now some people call him "pastoral poet". He is a very peaceful pastoral poet. His attitude is difficult to learn. He is poor, but his heart is calm. If there is no rice at home, go to someone else's door to beg. He was so poor that a guest came to see him without shoes. The guest brought him shoes from a servant, so he put out his feet and put them on. Even so, he didn't care, or "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence and seeing Nanshan leisurely." Such a natural state is not easy to imitate. He is in rags, but he is still picking chrysanthemums under the east fence. He looked up by chance and saw the Nanshan leisurely. How natural. Now rich people live in the concession, hire gardeners to plant dozens of potted flowers, and then write poems, which are called "autumn chrysanthemum appreciation and Tao Pengze style". They think they meet the lofty goal of being round and bright, but I don't think they are elephants.
Tao Qian was at the end of the Jin Dynasty, just like Kong Rong and Ji Kang at the end of the Han Dynasty, almost at the time of the Li Dynasty. But he didn't show impassioned expression, so he won the title of "pastoral poet". But in Ji Tao, there was an article about wine, which was about politics at that time. It can be seen that he is not forgotten and unmoved by the world, but his attitude is much more natural than Ji Kang's Ruan Ji, so he is not attractive. Another reason, as I said before, is habit. Because people at that time didn't feel strange when they saw it, and the Han, Wei and Jin dynasties followed one after another, the times were not far away and there were many changes. Now that I'm used to it, I don't feel anything. Naturally, Tao Qian is more peaceful than Kong Rong Ji Kang. For example, if you look at the epitaph of the Northern Dynasties, the promotion of official positions is often written in great detail. Looking closely, he experienced two or three dynasties, but it didn't seem strange at that time.
Personally, even in the past, there were no so-called "pastoral poets" and "mountain poets", and their poems were completely above politics. Nothing is completely beyond the human world. Since beyond the world, of course, there is no poetry. Poetry is also a personnel issue. If you have poems, you can know that you have not forgotten the world. For example, Mozi loves everything and Yangzi is for me. Mozi certainly wants to write a book; Andy will definitely miss it. This is for me. Because if you make a book for others to read, it will become a "person".
This shows that Tao Qian will never surpass the world. Moreover, he should pay attention to politics and never forget "death", which is always mentioned in his poems. If you study it from another point of view, I'm afraid you will become a different person.
* This transcript was first published on August 1927, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, the supplement of Guangzhou Republic Daily, Modern Youth. The revised edition was published in Beixin Semimonthly, Volume 2, No.2,192711October.
* Guangzhou Summer Academic Lecture was hosted by Guangzhou Education Bureau of Kuomintang government, and the opening ceremony was held in Guangzhou Normal School Auditorium on July 1927. Lu Xun's speech was made at the meeting on July 23rd and 26th. Lu Xun 1928 12.30 wrote to Chen Junxin: "Talking about Wei and Jin Dynasties in Guangzhou is very generous."
Attached is an article by Li Jianming (analysis of Lu Xun's demeanor in Wei and Jin Dynasties and the relationship between the article and medicine and wine). Please refer to the resources website for the full text.