Avoidance conditioned reflex: When an aversion stimulus appears, the body makes a certain reaction, so as to avoid the aversion stimulus, and the probability of this reaction in similar situations in the future increases. For example, if you think the room is noisy, leave temporarily.

Avoidance conditioned reflex: when the stimulus signal indicating aversion to stimulus appears, the body can also spontaneously react to avoid the emergence of aversion to stimulus, and the probability of this reaction will increase under similar circumstances. For example, I dare not go to the streets for fear of meeting strangers.

Second, direct observation learning-abstract observation learning-creative observation learning

(1) Direct observation learning is a simple imitation of demonstration behavior. For example, most of children's imitation behaviors;

(2) abstract observation learning: refers to the observer's observation of other people's behavior, in order to obtain certain rules or principles of behavior, so that he can show some similar behavior according to these rules or principles.

For example, if a teenager watches a gunfight violence film, he may show similar attacks on his classmates or others in school and society in the future.

(3) Creative observation: It refers to the observer's new combination of behavior characteristics of different role models, thus forming a brand-new behavior style. For example, teenagers get different behavior characteristics from their parents, sisters, classmates and friends, and finally form their own unique behavior style.

Third, representation learning-concept learning-proposition learning

(1) Representation learning refers to learning the things and meanings represented by a symbol or a group of symbols. For example, associate the symbol "bird" with animal birds.

(2) Concept learning is the common key feature or essential feature of similar things, and it is the key to distinguish things. The essence of concept learning is to master the common key features of similar things. For example, learning the concept of "triangle" means mastering two common key features of a triangle, namely, three corners and three connected sides, regardless of its size, shape, color and other features.

(3) Propositional learning refers to the new meaning of learning thoughts expressed in the form of propositions. For example, the study of "the diameter of a circle is twice the radius" belongs to proposition learning.

Fourthly, perceptual knowledge-rational knowledge.

Perceptual knowledge: the so-called perceptual knowledge is a reflection of the external characteristics and external relations of activities, and an oral summary of concrete and tangible information with perceptual characteristics.

Rational knowledge: the so-called rational knowledge refers to the reflection of the essential characteristics and internal relations of activities, which generally includes two forms: concept and proposition.

V declarative knowledge-procedural knowledge

Declarative knowledge: Declarative knowledge, also known as "descriptive knowledge", is the knowledge that individuals recall and state directly by consciously extracting clues. Mainly used to explain the nature, characteristics and state of things, used to distinguish and distinguish things. This kind of knowledge mainly solves the problem of what. This knowledge is static in nature.

Procedural knowledge: Procedural knowledge, also known as "operational knowledge", is the knowledge that individuals unconsciously extract clues, so their existence can only be indirectly inferred through some form of operation. This kind of knowledge is mainly used to solve the problem of what to do and how to do it. This knowledge is dynamic.

Six, the lower learning-upper learning-parallel combination learning

(1) generic learning refers to attributing a new concept or proposition with a low degree of generalization or inclusion to an appropriate one with a high degree of generalization or inclusion in the original cognitive structure, so as to obtain the meaning of a new concept or proposition. For example, mastering the concept of "vegetables" and then learning concepts such as radish and cabbage is inferior learning.

(2) blanket learning: It means that new concepts and propositions have broad inclusiveness or high generalization ability. At this time, new knowledge gains meaning by including a series of existing concepts under it, and the content of new learning has a superior relationship with the existing concepts in students' cognitive structure. For example, mastering the concept of radish and cabbage and then learning the concept of "vegetables" belong to excellent learning.

(3) Parallel combinatorial learning (also known as parallel combinatorial learning): When students' new concepts or propositions are neither subordinate nor superior to the existing concepts in the cognitive structure, there may be a combinatorial relationship between them. This kind of learning to understand meaning only through combinatorial relations is parallel combinatorial learning.

Seven, operational skills-psychological skills

Operational skills, also known as sports skills and sports skills, are programmed, automated and perfect operational activities formed through learning. Like playing and singing.

Psychological skills, also known as intellectual skills and cognitive skills, are the experience of adjusting and controlling psychological activities with the help of internal forces, and are legal psychological activities formed through learning. Such as calculation, reading and memory.

Eight, conformity-obedience

Conformity refers to the phenomenon that people follow other people's behavior without understanding and experience about the basis of certain behavior requirements or the necessity of behavior.

Obedience refers to giving up one's opinions and taking actions consistent with most people under the pressure of authoritative orders, public opinion or group atmosphere.

Nine, mentality-functional fixation

Mentality refers to a state of mental preparation caused by repeating previous operations. Under the constant environment, the fixed situation enables people to solve problems quickly by using the methods they have mastered. When the situation changes, it will prevent people from adopting new methods. Negative mentality is a shackle that binds creative thinking.

Functional fixation means that people tend to give an object a certain function. Under the influence of fixed functions, it is not easy for people to get rid of the inherent concept of the purpose of things, which directly affects the flexibility of problem solving.

X. Learning needs-learning expectations

Learning needs refer to the psychological state that individuals feel some kind of deficiency in learning activities and strive to be satisfied.

Learning expectation is an individual's subjective estimation of the goal to be achieved in learning activities. Learning expectations are closely related to learning goals, but they cannot be equated.