Here, we avoid famous heavyweights such as Sun Yat-sen and Yuan Shikai, and deliberately select some "little people" to look at history. These "little people" include ministers who went abroad for inspection, moderate constitutional reformers, royalists of the Manchu royal family, revolutionaries of the revolutionary party, Japanese friends and speculators of political parties.
These "little people" with distinctive personalities played such a role with their own dreams in the Xinhai cause at that historical node in the late Qing Dynasty. They may be a little lighter than those heavyweights or even ignored. But their role in promoting historical development should not be underestimated. If we supplement and mention them again, we can roughly outline Xin Qiji's career curve, and also vaguely understand why the Revolution of 1911 happened and how it ended.
Wang Kai Liu Jixing, Special Contributor of Rule of Law Weekend
1. Dai Hongci: the first minister of justice in China.
In the modern history of China, Dai Hongci has two remarkable identities: one of the five ministers who went abroad for inspection and the first minister of justice in China. These two identities are closely related to the New Deal reform in the late Qing Dynasty. As an important minister who advocated constitutional monarchy in the late Qing Dynasty, Dai Hongci's thoughts, words and deeds had a great influence on China's later reform and revolution, which was closely related to his experience of traveling around the world from 65438 to 0905.
Dai Hongci was born in a scholarly family in Nanhai, Guangdong Province. A good family atmosphere made Dai Hongci diligent and studious since childhood. In the second year of Guangxu (1876), Dai Hongci was admitted to imperial academy for editing, and in the twentieth year of Guangxu (1894), he won the first place in the imperial examination.
In the late Qing Dynasty, the voice of constitutional monarchy became louder and louder. In July of the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), in order to save the crisis, the Qing government sent special ministers to study politics abroad, which was the famous "five ministers went abroad" in China's modern history. However, this expedition did not happen. 1On September 24th, 905, just as the five ministers boarded the train, they were attacked by a revolutionary.
The attack made Xu Shichang and Ying Shao among the five ministers retreat. 10 10 On October 26th, the Qing court dispatched Shang Qiheng from Shandong and Li Chengshengduo from Shuntianfu, and together with Zaize, Dai Hongci and Duan Fang, they went to various countries to inspect politics.
Starting from Shanghai, Dai Hongci and Duan visited the United States, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Italy and other countries. During this period, Dai Hongci made extensive contact with western dignitaries, and focused on the parliamentary system of European and American countries, praising the political system of western countries. In his diary, he made a detailed record and comment on this: "British politics, the parliament with legislative operation, the minister in charge of administration, the judiciary in the hands of the Constitution, and the monarch determine the overall nuclear power." Most of its policies are negotiated by the upper and lower houses, and then submitted to the monarch for signature and implemented by the Privy Council. Therefore, the prosperity of one thing must be discussed by everyone, and there is no worry about the eyes and ears. "
Dai Hongci and others also visited German courts. He believes that the western judicial system and facilities are in good order, which can be used for reference: "First, look at the small court, and there are five people sitting on it: Judge China is the full judge, second, the jury judge, and second, there are clerks and prosecutors appointed by the government. There are several beside the pillar, where the defendant sits. It is the defender (lawyer) who appears before the judge. The other four, the secretary of the rate reporter also. Ding Ding (bailiff) sends documents back and forth in the room to serve visitors. Let's listen in front of the room. Tourists are free, but they are very strict. "
Dai Hongci and others have very tight schedules and are inspecting projects almost every day. Dai Hongci takes things very seriously. He must ask questions that he doesn't understand or is interested in, and then write them down. Countries also attach great importance to this delegation from the mysterious East. Emperors, kings, presidents, ministers, ministers and other leaders all appeared, and welcoming ceremonies in many places were very grand.
After returning home, Dai Hongci and several other overseas ministers unanimously recommended the constitutional government to the court. It is said that when Cixi asked about the benefits of constitutionalism, she was reassured by the last sentence: "If the court can be constitutional, the emperor can be hereditary." Subsequently, the Qing court issued a decree to imitate constitutionalism and reform the official system, and Dai Hongci was appointed as the first minister of the Ministry of Justice, which was also the first chief executive in modern China who specialized in judicial and administrative affairs.
Dai Hongci, who returned from traveling around the world, not only brought back hundreds of classics about western politics, economy, military affairs and culture, but also published the Diary of the Nine-Nation Mission on 12. 19 10 In February, Dai Hongci died as a co-organizer. Less than two years after Dai died, the Revolution of 1911 broke out. The advanced ideas he introduced from overseas to expand the rule of the Qing court became the enlightenment and fire of the revolution. I'm afraid he didn't even anticipate this historical dislocation.
2. Zhang Jian: a moderate constitutional reformer
Zhang Jian, the top scholar in Nantong, is neither an official nor a businessman. He has neither great power nor great wealth, but he has a very high social status and is recruited by various forces. He is called "a gentleman and a businessman". Zhang Jian's identity determines that he can only be a moderate reformer, not a radical revolutionary.
Zhang Jian, known as the No.1 scholar, has repeatedly failed in Sun Shan. It was not until he was in his forties that he was promoted by Tongzhi and Guangxu Emperor Weng Tonghe and awarded the title of Scholar's Academy No.6.. His fate changed from then on.
1896, Zhang Jian, who returned to the system, was appointed by Zhang Zhidong, acting governor of Liangjiang to establish Nantong Sheng Da Cotton Mill, and his life legend began. Sheng Da Cotton Mill is a joint-stock enterprise. Although there are government shares, the government only takes dividends and does not participate in specific management. Therefore, Zhang Jian does not think that enterprises are "joint ventures between government and business", but "enterprises run by gentry". As a prime minister and a shareholder of a cotton mill, Zhang Jian's private equity is only 2,000 taels of silver, accounting for 0.4% of the total capital. His authority in Sheng Da factory depends not on money, but on his championship title and network resources. As a gentleman, he is in charge of setting up the factory. Because of this, Zhang Jian became the godfather of industry and commerce in modern China.
As a disciple of Weng Tonghe, Zhang Jian was indisputably a member of the imperial party and a famous leader of the constitutional monarchy movement in the late Qing Dynasty. He endorsed and supported Kang and Liang's political reform, advocated moderate improvement and gradual change, and had a natural fear and rejection of revolution. He believes: "The foundation of constitutionalism lies in the government, and the people should take their respective work in industry and education as the basis of autonomy. Instead of talking too much, we should all implement it. One foot, one inch. "
On June 4th, 19 1 1, 10, Zhang Jian went to Wuchang to preside over the opening ceremony of the cotton mill. At this time, Wuhan has been filled with revolutionary air.
10 10 In the evening, Zhang Jian left Wuhan and boarded the Japanese merchant ship Xiangyang Maru bound for Shanghai. "Xiangyang Pill" slowly sailed downstream, and Zhang Jian saw a raging flame burning by the river on the boat. This is the uprising signal of soldiers of the trench team of the 21st Mixed Society in Tangjiao, Wuchang. At about eight o'clock this evening, the 21st mixed club trench team stationed in Tangjiao outside the city and party member, the eighth battalion of the eight towns project near Ziyang Lake in the city, acted almost at the same time, and the first shot of Wuchang Uprising was fired.
After Wuchang's death, the revolutionary situation developed rapidly and the provinces became independent one after another. Cheng Dequan and Tang Shouqian, Zhang Jian's old friends, acquaintances and Jiangsu and Zhejiang Constitutionalists, announced their separation from the Qing government and peaceful recovery. In this case, the pragmatic Zhang Jian adjusted his thinking in time and decided to give up constitutional monarchy and turn to the Republic to find another way out from the "peaceful restoration."
165438+1October 2 1 day, Zhang Jian was elected as the Speaker of Jiangsu Provisional Parliament. During this period, he telephoned Yuan Shikai, who had just been reactivated by the Qing court, to persuade him to recognize the situation clearly and reach an agreement with the Southern Revolutionary Party as soon as possible, so as to determine the republic and stabilize the national situation.
1 91265438+1October1,Sun Yat-sen was appointed as the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing. After the establishment of the government, financial problems were immediately put on the table of the interim government. The cash-strapped Nanjing government attaches great importance to Zhang Jian, the industrial and commercial leader, and hopes that he can become the chief financial officer. Zhang Jian certainly knew the difficulty, so he refused to give up. Finally, he really shirked and agreed to be the chief industrial officer.
Many years later, Zhang Jian's grandson Zhang leafed through his grandfather's diary and found that there was a paragraph describing the first meeting between Zhang Jian and Sun Yat-sen after the Revolution of 1911. Zhang Jian has a four-word evaluation of Sun Yat-sen, which means that Sun thinks things are too simple and romantic, thinking that a revolution will solve all the problems. "But the actual situation at that time was that government decrees could not be issued in Nanjing, and military salaries could not be issued."
Needless to say, due to their different angles and positions, Sun and Zhang have obvious differences in their understanding of some issues. As a pragmatic business person, Zhang Jian also has views on some idealistic things in Sun Yat-sen, and is more willing to cooperate with Yuan Shikai, a powerful figure with a long history. So Zhang Jian soon left the Nanjing government and joined the Yuan camp in the north. Since then, it has been divided and combined with Beiyang regime for more than ten years.
3. Bright pen: the last straw to clean the room
Among the royal families in the late Qing Dynasty, Liang Bi stood out from the crowd. Compared with his colleagues who were caging birds and singing opera all day, he was a rare military talent among the flag bearers at that time and the last straw to clear the field. 19 1265438+129, Liang Bi was assassinated,12, and in February, the Queen Mother Yulong issued a letter of abdication-less than half a month after Liang Bi died.
Liang Bi's ancestors were Bayara, Nuerhachi's younger brother, and his grandfather was Ilib, a great scholar who signed Sino-British treaty of nanking with Britain during the Opium War. Liang Bi, 1877, from Chengdu. My father died young and lived alone with my mother. He is a poor man in the imperial clan. It is this experience that makes him completely different from ordinary children of the Eight Banners.
From 65438 to 0899, Liang Bi was selected by the imperial court to study in Japan. Four years later, he graduated from the second phase of the infantry division of the Japanese Army NCO School and returned to China. He worked in the training department of the Qing government, the war department and other departments, and was responsible for the training of the new army. He participated in a series of military activities in the late Qing Dynasty to strengthen the country.
/kloc-at the end of 0/908, Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi died one after another. The young Puyi succeeded to the throne and became Xuan Tong, and his father Zai Feng was the Regent. Zai Feng bears a grudge against Yuan Shikai for betraying Emperor Guangxu during the Reform Movement of 1898. He immediately dismissed Yuan and expelled him from Beijing. In order to protect the security of the capital, Zai Feng ordered the reorganization and training of a new guard. Zai Feng appointed his younger brother Zai Tao as the training minister of the Guards, and Liang Bi as the first lieutenant. He was a man who didn't understand military affairs. As a result, Liang Bi, who was born in the Japanese NCO School, became the actual organizer and * * *.
After the Wuchang Uprising broke out, the Qing court was forced to use Yuan Shikai to preside over the military affairs in Hubei. On June 1 91265438+10/day, Sun Yat-sen took office as the provisional president, and announced the establishment of the Republic of China. At the same time, he claimed that Yuan Shikai would be elected as the provisional president as long as he was in favor of the Republic and overthrew the Qing Dynasty.
Yuan Shikai had the idea of replacing the Qing Dynasty, but he was always uneasy about Liang Bi, the only general in the Qing court. After he became the Prime Minister of the Cabinet, Feng was first replaced as the leader of the Guards, and then he descended from the sky, appointed Liang Bi as the strategist of the Han Army and the deputy commander-in-chief of Baiqi, and relieved him of his military power.
However, the imperial clan was unwilling to give up their power. 65438+ 10 12, Liang Bi and Pu Yi, Zai Tao, Tie Liang and other nobles urgently discussed countermeasures, and established the "Constitutional Monarchy Maintenance Association", commonly known as the "Zongshe Party", and Liang Bi became the de facto party leader. In June, 5438+09, Zongshe Party issued a declaration, the contents of which were as follows: 1. Dismissed Yuan Shikai and dissolved Yuan's cabinet; Second, form a "wartime royal cabinet" and organize troops loyal to the Qing Dynasty to fight against the revolutionary army.
In fact, Liang Bi, who studied abroad, knew very well that if the Qing court did not carry out reforms within the system, it would inevitably lead to a revolution outside the system. Based on this understanding, he strongly advocated constitutional monarchy, carried out internal reforms, and recommended and selected some young and promising talents. Helpless liangbi's move is high or low. Moreover, Liang Bi, as the only soldier in the Qing court and a talent who supported dangerous buildings alone, naturally became the common goal of revolutionaries and Yuan Shikai. 191265438+1October 26th, Peng, a member of the minor league who graduated from Sichuan armament school, came to Liangbifu early to wait with a bomb on him.
Several guards around Liang Bi were unprepared and fell dead. Peng himself was hit on the back of the head by a piece of shrapnel bouncing off a dismounted stone and died on the spot, while Liang Bi was injured in his left leg and died two days later. Before dying, Liang Yi said to his wife and daughter, "I am a soldier, so I can't regret dying. I think the government can do nothing, so it organized the Zongshe Party to save it. " If I die today, I will die too. Whoever stabbed me will know me very well. "
Sure enough, the Qing court fell shortly after Liang Bi's death, and then things were hasty, and the survivors were hard-hearted, leaving them desolate.
A scholar once said: "When a dynasty ruled by a foreign country collapses, it is often the outstanding people of the nation who are sacrificed." From this point of view, Liang Bi, the last stubborn royalist in the Qing Dynasty, is also a dead-end hero.
4. Cheng vs: Who fired the first shot of Wuchang Shouyi?
Wuchang Uprising started the first shot of the Revolution of 1911, which was called "Shouyi" by later generations. But who fired the first shot of Wuchang Uprising? On this issue, there have always been different opinions, mainly focusing on He Cheng.
The account of the first shot was first seen in the memory of Xiong Bingkun, the eighth battalion project of Hubei New Army (equivalent to today's monitor). In the year after the first meaning of 1911, Xiong provided four informative materials to Hubei Revolutionary Archives, which restored the scene of the uprising in that year. The contents of these four materials are exactly the same, and the main contents are as follows: 65438+1October 10, the scheduled uprising time is coming, and the deputy battalion commander of the engineering battalion (equivalent to the deputy squad leader) Jin Zhaolong and the platoon leader Tao. Seeing that the situation was not good, Tao Qisheng ran away from the door. Cheng raised his gun and hit Tao Qisheng in the waist. A few days later, Tao died at home, which was the "first shot" that shocked Wuchang Uprising at home and abroad. Cheng also shot and killed Ruan Rongfa, the acting battalion commander, Huang Kunrong, the right team officer, and the company quartermaster. Xiong Bingkun, who was patrolling the camp, heard the gunshots and knew that the uprising had begun. He immediately assembled his team, fired three shots into the air and announced the beginning of the uprising.
19 18 wrote "On Wuchang Uprising" in Shanghai, which clearly pointed out that Cheng opened the first shot of Wuchang Shouyi: "Cheng Dingguo (that is, Cheng Ding) answered, hit Tao's head with the butt of his gun, and Tao escaped and shot Tao's waist, which was the first shot of Shouyi."
Since Cheng's position as the first gun was so clearly affirmed, why did he later become his first gun?
It turned out that during Xiong Bingkun's visit to Japan in 19 14, Sun Yat-sen introduced to the people present: "This is Comrade Xiong Bingkun who fired the first shot in Wuchang!" 19 19, Sun Yat-sen wrote a National Day message for a newspaper, beginning with: "What day is it today? Isn't this the day when our revolutionary comrade Xiong Bingkun was shot dead? " Later, in other articles, Sun Yat-sen wrote something like "Xiong Bingkun shot first". It is because of Sun Yat-sen's affirmation that "shooting a bear with one gun" became famous.
In addition, Xiong Bingkun's memories of that year were written at the invitation of Hubei Revolutionary Archives, and later stored here. However, Hubei Revolutionary Archives Museum only lasted for a short time of about one year. After the museum was opened in Feng Li, all the materials and documents were supposed to go to Beijing, but they couldn't make it for some reason, so they had to be temporarily stored in Xie, the curator. Later, Xie handed these precious historical materials to Wuhan Literature and History Museum, and then handed them over to Hubei Provincial Museum and Hubei Provincial Political Consultative Conference Literature and History Committee. From 65438 to the early 1980s, Hubei People's Publishing House published these documents in the name of Selected Archives of Wuchang Uprising, and the theory of "Cheng Yi Gun" was passed down from generation to generation.
Cheng is a very complicated historical figure. He was born in an ordinary peasant family in Hubei. After joining the new army, he joined the Progressive Party. Wuchang Uprising became famous in one fell swoop and was awarded the first-class merit by the government of the Republic of China. But he later took refuge in the northern warlords and did something sorry for the revolutionaries. 19 16 years, captured by revolutionaries and drowned.
After Cheng died, he published many articles recalling the first meaning of 1911, which changed the person who fired the first shot from Cheng to. He wrote in "An Overview of the Attack on the Shouyi Engineering Camp in 1911": "The bear went to the third shed of his team and heard a roar from the second row." Knowing that something had happened, the bear took the gun in his hand and loaded it. In the distance, he saw the second platoon leader Tao Qisheng running across the street. The bear shot at him and Tao fled downstairs. Obviously, Xiong Bingkun's statement at this time is obviously different from the original one.
Xiong Hui, the son of Xiong Bingkun, has a very objective attitude towards the historical position of "one shot, one bear" and "one shot, one journey". In the article "Never Talk about the First Shot from Mr. Xiong Bingkun", he said: "My father was the actual leader and organizer of the Wuchang Shouyi incident in the Revolution of 1911, and led the revolutionaries in the engineering camp to open the first shot. In a narrow sense, for example, he didn't shoot the first shot. "
5. Miyazaki Hayao: Japanese friend of the revolutionaries.
Toten Miyazaki, whose real name is Miyazaki Yinzo, is a good friend of Sun Yat-sen, Huang Xing and others in Japan. He supported China's revolutionary cause all his life and devoted all his efforts to changing the old order in East Asia. He is a rare "alien" among Japanese "continental ronin".
187 1 year, Miyazaki Hayao was born in a poor samurai family in Kumamoto prefecture, Kyushu, Japan. He is the eighth and last son in the family. His father, Nanzang Miyazaki (Junichiro Miyazaki), is a local scholar who is good at fencing. Miyazaki Hayao, together with his brother, studied first-class kendo and saber with his father for two days. His brother Miyazaki Hayao was interested in China's revolutionary cause when he was young, which had a great influence on the formation of Miyazaki Hayao's revolutionary ideal.
In May 1897, Miyazaki Hayao met Chen Shaobai, a revolutionary in China who kept in touch with his brother Miyazaki Hayao. In September this year, Miyazaki Hayao met with Sun Yat-sen at his home in Yokohama, Chen Shaobai. At first, he was very suspicious of Sun Yat-sen. Later, in his autobiography "Thirty-three Years of Dreams", he expressed his concern: "Can this man really survive in 400 counties in China, but can he stand on his feet? Can he help me realize my lifelong ambition? "
Through this conversation, Miyazaki Hayao was completely impressed by Sun Yat-sen's temperament and ideals. He sighed with emotion: "at first glance, he looks like a young man who has not been deeply involved in the world and a naive village girl." But his thoughts are profound, his knowledge is outstanding, his ambition is high, and his feelings are true. " Miyazaki Hayao not only introduced Sun Yat-sen to Inukai Tsuyoshi and other important people in Japanese political and economic circles, but also widely publicized Sun Yat-sen, and translated his book "The Suffering in London" into Japanese, named "A Record of Sun Yixian, the Revolutionary Leader of the Qing Dynasty", which was serialized in Kyushu Daily.
1900 After the Huizhou Uprising, Miyazaki Hayao turned to be a writer because of his poor family and unwilling to join the government's spy organization in China. He studied under Zhong Tao Yun Xuan Emmon, whose stage name is Zhong Tao Xuanniu Emmon, and he raised revolutionary funds from all over Japan by touring. During this period, Miyazaki Hayao once said to his family, "I can earn money for the revolution, but I can't earn money to support my family. I'm terribly sorry. Please stand on your own two feet. "
From 190 1 to 1902, Miyazaki Hayao published "Madman Tan" and "Dream of Thirty-three Years" in 26 new newspapers, and published them in books one after another. Among them, the autobiography "Dream of Thirty-three Years" is a staged summary of the China revolution, edited and translated by Zhang Yu 1903.
1905, Toten Miyazaki Hayao accompanied Sun Yat-sen to find Huang Xing, and the two sides hit it off. More than 20 days later, the China League with Sun and Huang as the core was established, and Miyazaki Hayao was accepted as a member as an exception.
After the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911, Miyazaki Hayao borrowed travel expenses from various channels and came to China again. When I arrived in Zhenjiang, I met Huang Xing, lost Hanyang and ran around. With mixed feelings, Huang Xing wrote a seven-law literary talent. Miyazaki Hayao supported the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government and served as the political adviser to the interim President Sun Yat-sen. ..
After the failure of the Second Revolution, in the famous incident in which Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing became enemies, Miyazaki Hayao bluntly said that after decades of cooperation, Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing became enemies with each other, not because of selfishness, but because of the struggle for doctrine. Faced with such a friend, Sun Yat-sen wrote Heart-to-Heart as a gift, and Huang Xing wrote Chivalry in the Scholars to praise Miyazaki Hayao. These two paintings are still preserved in Miyazaki Hayao's former residence.
Later, Huang Xing died, and Miyazaki Hayao made a special trip from Japan to Hunan to attend the funeral. Miyazaki's behavior touched two students of Hunan First Normal University. They wrote a letter to Miyazaki Hayao, praising him for "the turn of the sun and the moon is high, and ghosts and gods are clever". One of the two students is Mao Zedong.
When Miyazaki Hayao visited China for the last time, he met Sun Yat-sen in Guangzhou. 1922 65438+565438+On February 6th, Toten Miyazaki, aged 0, died in Tokyo due to complications of kidney disease and uremia. After learning the sad news of Miyazaki Hayao's death, Sun Yat-sen lamented that "the people of China have lost a good friend" and personally presided over Miyazaki Hayao's memorial service in Shanghai.
6. Yang Du: Speculative politician
19 15 years, when Yuan Shikai was about to become Emperor Hongxian, Tianjin Guang Zhi Newspaper published a cartoon satirizing Hongxian's monarchy-"Running Dog Map". In the middle is a cartoon of Yuan Shikai. He is wearing a headdress and a keel, sitting with his bow hanging down. There are four dogs in four directions, namely, Yang Du, Sun, Yan Fu. At the preparatory meeting, four generals played trumpets to change the state system and restore the imperial system.
Liu Yusheng, a famous newspaper reporter in Hubei, recorded the story in detail in Hongxian Chronicle Poetry. On one occasion, the "six gentlemen" of the Preparatory Committee held a meeting in Lai Yu Jinxuan, Zhongshan Park. Hu Ying said at the meeting: People outside call us running dogs. Are they running dogs? Yang Du said: People who are afraid of being scolded are homesick, so they can't do anything in the world. We advocate helping the imperial system to save the country. If we don't succeed, why care about people's words? That is to say, according to the word "running dog", my dog is not a dog, and I won't walk.
Yang Du, formerly known as Cheng Zan, was renamed Du, alias Tiger Gong and Tiger Zen, and was born in Shitang Village, Jiangshe, Xiangtan, Hunan. He was a special politician in China's modern history, and he devoted himself to diametrically opposed political factions.
Yang Du was brilliant since he was a child and was regarded as a child prodigy. At the age of thirteen or fourteen, he studied under Wang Kaiyun, a famous Confucian in Hunan. Wang Kaiyun taught three kinds of knowledge, namely, studying fame, poetry and emperors. Wang Kaiyun thinks that his deepest knowledge-the study of emperors-can only be inherited by extremely clever Yang Du. This "imperial learning" is nothing more than sizing up the situation, assisting the king in governing Huo, or imitating troubled times and becoming a master.
After Yang Du, he was addicted to new learning, entered Hunan Normal University, then studied in Japan, and entered a crash course in Hosei University, focusing on the study of constitutionalism in various countries. 1905 In July, Yang Du and Sun Yat-sen met in Tokyo. After several heated arguments, the two men shook hands and made peace: "I advocate constitutional monarchy and I am willing to help me;" Mr. Wang called for the national revolution. If he succeeded, he should abandon his thoughts to help him. "
Sun Yat-sen introduced the Three People's Principles and the Five-Power Constitution to Yang Du, while Yang Du returned to the golden iron doctrine-gold represents the economy and iron represents the military, that is, Qiang Bing, a rich country. On the issue of constitutionalism, Yang Du believed that as long as the Qing court agreed to constitutional monarchy, its legitimacy could be recognized.
1908, after the Western Pacific and Guangxu died one after another, Guangxu's younger brother Zai Feng came to power. He sent Yuan Shikai back to his hometown. At this time, Yang Du knew that Yuan was full of wings, so he informed Yuan Shikai and made suggestions for him, becoming one of Yuan's important counselors.
65438+ 10 65438+April 4, Yang Du went to Zhangde at the starry night on orders from Yi Kuang, and persuaded Yuan Shikai to accept the post of "Governor Huguang, handling the communist suppression". However, Yang Du decided that the Qing court would continue to increase Yuan Shikai's price, so he advised Yuan Shikai to temporarily refuse to go out of the mountain on the grounds that his foot was not good.
Things as Yang Du expected. The Qing court finally promised Yuan Shikai to form a new cabinet.
19 1 1 65438 In February, Yuan Shikai successfully formed a cabinet, and the North-South peace talks entered the formal agenda. Yang Du and Wang Jingwei jointly planned the National Freemasonry, with the aim of eliminating the party struggle between the Democratic Constitutional Party (that is, the revolutionary party and the constitutionalists who seconded the revolution) and the Constitutional Monarch Party (the constitutionalists who agreed to maintain the monarchy), advocating the North-South peace talks, and leaving the regime issue to a referendum to eliminate unnecessary bloodshed. With the change of Yuan Shikai, Yang Du's position changed from constitutional monarchy to "democratic constitutionalism".
19 1 1 65438 On February 9, Huang Xing sent a telegram to Wang Jingwei, please tell Yang Du that if Yuan Shikai can overthrow the Qing court quickly, "there is no doubt that the Republic of China is the commander-in-chief." Yuan Shikai sent Tang as the representative, and Yang Du secretly cooperated to make peace in Shanghai.
During the negotiation, Yang Du publicly criticized the Manchu royal family several times and advocated "democratic constitutionalism" to prevent the country from splitting and being occupied by others.
19 15 years, Yang Du was the first of the "six gentlemen" in the security conference, pushing Yuan Shikai to be the emperor. Yang Du put forward the theory of "saving the country by constitutional monarchy", arguing that "China will not abolish the Republic, establish a monarch, strengthen the country and enrich the people, and there is no hope of constitutionalism, and it can only end in national subjugation". In June the following year, Yuan Shikai died of illness. It is said that before he died, he shouted, "Yang Du misses me!" After the failure of Hongxian monarchy, Yang Du was wanted as the first "wanted man".
After the failure of constitutional monarchy, Yang Du's political ideas gradually turned to democratic republic. 1922, Chen Jiongming rebelled. Entrusted by Sun Yat-sen, he lobbied Cao Kun through Xia Shoutian (who was Cao Kun's secretary at this time) to stop Wu Yuanchen and help Sun Yat-sen tide over the political crisis. 1922, Yang Du joined China Kuomintang in Shanghai. Sun Yat-sen sent a telegram to the whole party, saying that Yang Du "came back this time determined to erect a monument, but fortunately there was no doubt before." .
Yang Du later joined the white terror China in the autumn of 1929. Someone once ridiculed him for speculation, and he retorted, "Why do you speculate when white terror is present?" His party member identity was not made public until Zhou Enlai died more than 40 years later. /kloc-in the winter of 0/975, when he was seriously ill, he talked with Wang, especially mentioning Yang Du's participation in * * * in his later years: "He joined the party in his later years, and I led him until his death."
(1) Is there a quota for online courses in Guizhou University?
No one should say that there are restrictions. This kind of online course is the kind that