? Zhang Boling, a famous educator in China, was the earliest advocate of western drama and oriental Olympic Movement, and was known as "the first person of China Olympic Movement". 1in June, 948, he served as the president of Nanjing National Government Examination Institute. 10 On the eve of Chongqing's liberation at the end of October, Zhang Boling declined Chiang Kai-shek's request to go to Taiwan Province and stayed in the mainland. This patriotic and enthusiastic gentleman took saving the country through education as his lifelong belief, founded Nankai Middle School, Nankai University, Nankai Girls' Middle School, Nankai Primary School and Chongqing Nankai Middle School, and took over Shuguang Middle School in Zigong, Sichuan. Before 1937, Nankai had formed a complete system from primary school to university. Zhang Boling has been the principal of Nankai series schools for more than 40 years, and has trained several generations of talents. He is known as "the creator of modern education in China".
Life: (1876~ 195 1), formerly known as Zhang Shouchun, whose real name is Ling Bo. Tianjin native, modern vocational educator, founder of private Nankai series schools. The earliest advocator of Western drama and Oriental Olympic Games, known as "the first person in China Olympic Games".
Student: Zhang Boling graduated from Tianjin Beiyang Naval Academy in his early years, and later received honorary doctorates from St John's University in Shanghai and Columbia University in the United States. His teachers are American educators and philosophers Dewey and Thorndike.
Gao Tu: Cao Yu, Lao She, Mei Yiqi, Zhou Enlai, Wu Dayou, Fan Wenlan, Xiong Shili, etc.
Core concept: Nankai school motto-tolerance for fairness and talent, changing with each passing day.
Educational achievements: Nankai Middle School, Nankai University, Nankai Girls' Middle School, Nankai Primary School and Nanyu Middle School (Chongqing Nankai Middle School), also known as "Nankai Series Schools", became models of private schools in China during the Republic of China. One of the founders of Southwest United University. 1951died of illness in Tianjin on February 23rd. The will urges Nankai teachers and students to "support freedom, build a free and democratic China, and resist autocratic totalitarianism to the death".
When I was watching the TV series Zhang Boling, I copied this conversation:
After the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War, Zhang Boling, a young naval officer, witnessed the humiliating subletting ceremony and was heartbroken. He saw with his own eyes that British sailors were burly and wild, while China sailors were miserable and listless. Although our country has a vast territory and a large population, our people are inferior to others in health and spirit. China is weak at this point, which hurts me, but if we don't strive for self-improvement, we are trying to survive. The road to self-improvement lies in education, establishing new education and cultivating new talents. From 65438 to 0898, 22-year-old Zhang Bailing began to embark on a road of no return. Since then, promoting learning and educating people has become Zhang Boling's unswerving educational insistence all his life. In this way, the fate of the country in the first half of the 20th century led a future captain or even a general to the road of a great educator. From the very beginning, one of the basic ideas of Zhang Boling's education was to save the country through education: "Governing the country by literature, enriching the country by commerce and strengthening the country by courtesy."
As Mr. Wang said later, education is my wish in youth, my life in middle age and my comfort in old age. Zhang Boling wrote the stormy life of passionate education for 50 years with his unrepeatable determination and belief. His hard work in Nankai has nurtured the growth of generations of outstanding students such as Mei Yiqi, Zhou Enlai, Chen Shengshen, Wu Dayou, Cao Yu, Ye Duzheng and Liu Dongsheng.
A century-long plan, education-oriented; The plan of education is to educate people. Zhang Boling made it clear at the beginning of Nankai that schools should take moral education as the foundation of everything. To this end, he also had a debate with Tao Xingzhi. Both Zhang and Tao studied at Columbia University, both students of Dewey, and they have a deep friendship. 1925, Tao Xingzhi was invited to give a lecture on "teaching integration" in Nankai. The reason for advocating "teaching integration" is that teachers' duty is to teach students to learn; Teachers should not only teach students to learn, but also teach students to learn by themselves. Zhang Boling, who presided over the lecture at that time, commented extemporaneously that Tao's reasons were not comprehensive. He said that the responsibility of teachers is not to teach, but to teach students to learn, but also to teach students to do. Tao Xingzhi suddenly realized after listening, so he changed "teaching integration" to "teaching integration". But Zhang Boling still thinks that "learning by doing" is not what he advocates. Zhang Boling made it clear that what I call "doing" is not teaching students to practice what they have learned from books on the spot, but "behaving ethically". He said: now the society has changed a lot, emphasizing only material things and not morality. Some people, despite being "well-educated", can completely ignore their behavior. We must find ways to correct it, so as to "pay equal attention to learning and doing" and "do" what? In short, it is the way to be a man. " In other words, students should not only learn knowledge, but also learn the morality of being a man and pay attention to the cultivation of personality. This is the true meaning of moral education in Zhang Boling. He mentioned moral education as the main position of cultivating people, and regarded it as the central work of school education, emphasizing that "the scope of education must not be limited to book education and intellectual education, but also pay attention to personality education and moral education."
Nankai's moral education has its own educational methods. Starting with students' early personality cultivation and behavior norms, the goal is to guide students to experience and understand the fundamental truth of being a man in their study and life. Zhang Boling personally presided over the school's "self-cultivation class", and every time he personally made a report. He took the lead in implementing what he asked his students to do. Nankai has been telling the story of Zhang Boling sticking out his pipe. In order to educate students not to smoke, he broke his pipe in public and threw away his cigarettes. He never smoked again in his life.
In Nankai Middle School, Zhang Boling likes to go to the students' bathrooms in the morning to teach students from rural areas to use toothbrushes. He often invites students to his home for dinner. Zhou Enlai recalled: "When I was a child, I always posted cakes and boiled fish at President Zhang's house." When Zhou Enlai was studying in Nankai, his family was not rich. He often ate a bowl of boiled tofu outside the school stall to satisfy his hunger. When Zhang Boling learned about it, he was exempted from his tuition. Later, Zhou Enlai led the May 4th Movement and was arrested. After he was released from prison, Zhang Boling used the Sun Fan Scholarship to help him study in Europe.
Mr. Zhang opposes students' dead study and asks them to "cultivate morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way, and then they must not neglect things." He absorbed the educational spirit of extracurricular activities and social services in western schools, and encouraged students to organize clubs, run newspapers, compile publications, perform plays, give speeches, hold sports competitions and make social visits. Nankai's drama and sports are famous all over the country. Through the "second classroom" activities, students can enhance their sense of social responsibility, realize social morality and help them establish the idea of respecting, cooperating and serving others. Under the influence of this educational concept, Nankai students, represented by Zhou Enlai, initially established modern personality and social responsibility spirit.
? In the 1920s, Zhang Xueliang asked Zhang Boling to be the mayor of Tianjin, but Zhang Boling refused because he was unhappy and loved education. Zhang Xueliang decided to visit Zhang Boling's house. His car drove in downtown Tianjin for a long time before he found a house in an alley drying sheep's skin. All he saw were three ordinary houses. Zhang Xueliang couldn't help sighing: "I didn't expect the president of such a big university to live in this simple room!" " . Yes, ordinary people can't understand why Zhang Boling didn't build a "principal's apartment" for himself, because he was busy raising money for the school at home and abroad, and thousands, tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of tall buildings were built for the school. Mr. Wang has always been clear about public and private affairs. He never wastes a penny at school, even if he spends money on business trips. When he goes to Beijing on business, he usually travels in a third-class carriage and stays in the cheapest hotel. However, he is willing to support students with difficulties, and the principal's salary is not as high as that of Professor Nankai.
? The fourth son, Zack, wants to buy a new pair because his sneakers are worn out. He asked his mother for money, and her mother said that money was tight at home, so wait until your father gets paid next month. My son is very reluctant. "Dad has so much money in his pocket, why is he so stingy?" "All donated to the school, your father everywhere for help. It cannot be used for personal use. " Later, in a football match, his son Sack flew barefoot across the court, wearing only one shoe. It was this barefoot goal that made Nankai win the first place in several school leagues and was also the beginning of Nankai's sportsmanship. Zhang Boling set his sights on the Olympic Games.
? There is a song "Tianjin Dialect Minor" that mocks Old Master Q people like this: "The saddest thing is that a teacher ... can only eat chaff when he is not full, and he is half hungry and half full. I have half a bucket of grain at home and don't want to be a king of the children. " Zhang Boling said: "Teaching can't make a fortune, and education can't make a fortune." In order to maintain the operation of Nankai School, Zhang Boling became a famous "almsgiving monk" at that time, and the almsgiving object was mainly the military and political dignitaries at that time. He needs to fight all kinds of politicians to curb the school funds that seem to be cut off forever, and he is also involved in all kinds of gossip. Some students said: "We don't want the stinking money of bureaucratic warlords, local tyrants and evil gentry!" In this regard, Zhang Boling said: "Beautiful flowers are not as good as dung. I am willing to be a dung collector." After Zhang Boling 195 1 died in Tianjin, only a few yuan of pocket money was left on him.
During the Republic of China, the social atmosphere went from bad to worse. With the reputation of Nankai at that time, if the rich second generation, the second generation of officials, or those who sell diplomas can survive, they may get a considerable "donation" immediately; If our brains were a little more active, we would play some ideas on students and charge fees skillfully, Nankai would not "run schools in debt" or even stop running them every year. However, Zhang Boling is very opinionated in this respect, preferring to offend powerful people, and the principle of running a school is by no means flexible. To enter Nankai, you must pass the exam and charge no money. Zhang Boling washed his hands as an official all his life, never profaned the reputation of a clean and honest school, and never defiled the signboard of the sacred and pure place of the school. As the principal of a school, Zhang Boling is honest and upright, and sets an example, which affects the internal self-discipline of the teaching staff, provides spiritual and institutional value and significance for a good school spirit, and improves the reputation of the school.
1934, Zhang Boling wrote a letter to the Ministry of Education of Nanjing Government, "Application for Scholarship of Tianjin Private Nankai University", saying: "Higher education emphasizes quality, not weight. At the beginning of the school, the number of students was limited. /kloc-for 0/5 years, no matter how difficult it is financially, it refused to recruit more students and set up large classes as a solution to the difficulties. " Although Nankai is a private school, its accounts are completely open and can be viewed in the library. Zhang Boling once said that whoever checks the accounts of the current month can tell him within five minutes. Although financing is not easy, Zhang Boling has never been stingy to buy teaching instruments. In the early years of the Republic of China, Eliot, president of Harvard University, visited Nankai and was deeply impressed by the facilities of middle schools. He said: It is rare that even American middle schools can have such experimental instruments as Nankai.
This educator, who cares about the country, loves education, is honest and indifferent to fame and fortune, has gone through ups and downs with Nankai students adhering to the spirit of Nankai under the slogan of "China will not die, I will live".
Looking back at our university reform and education industrialization, who said that education can't make a fortune? Where should the improvement of national quality and national strength go?
? 1922, at the first opening ceremony held in the new teaching building of Nankai University, Zhang Boling gave a warm speech on the purpose of establishing Nankai University: "Learn to suppress fools and learn to save the country; Learning can seek truth and improve personality. "
? The Nankai school motto "Fairness and Justice, Changing with each passing day" jointly formulated by him and Yan Xiu in the1920s can be said to be their common educational ideal. Zhang Boling pointed out: "Yun Gong is a grand duke, not a small one. The small one is just selfish departmentalism, which is nothing. Only by letting the public be far-sighted, can we teach others correctly, carry forward collective patriotism and eliminate selfish departmentalism. " "To build a modern country, we must have modern scientific talents, and the educational purpose of Nankai School is to train students with modern talents, which requires not only modern theoretical talents, but also practical work ability." "The so-called rapid development means that not only everyone should be able to accept new things, but also become the creator of new things; Not only must we catch up with the new era, but we must also be at the forefront of the times. "
? The content of his "public and ability" education can be said to be a combination of social education and personal education. The former is a cultivation of social morality, while the latter is an exercise of personal ability. Therefore, its purpose is not only to ask the educated to enrich themselves, but also to further ask for personal enrichment. "Not for their own use, but for the public, for the country, for the people. Under the educational aim of "being able to be public", he attaches importance to physical education, moral education and scientific experiments, as well as extracurricular activities to cultivate students' organizational ability. He summed up the purpose of running a school as "public and capable". "Public" is for the public, not for the private, and "ability" is knowledge, skills and skills. Nankai has indeed trained a large number of impartial talents.
During the eight-year Anti-Japanese War, Zhang Boling and Nankai suffered a lot, and Nankai University became the first institution of higher learning in China. A Japanese lieutenant replied to a foreign reporter: "Nankai is a terrible anti-Japanese base. If you can't stay, it will go out. " After 34 years of painstaking efforts, the university was reduced to ruins in just three days, and the fourth son Hu was killed in the war, which made Zhang Boling physically and mentally haggard. However, the more frustrated and brave Zhang Boling was, the more he died for his country in Chiang Kai-shek's place. Where there is China, there is Nankai! Under the promise, let Nankai stand in the war again.
Zhang Boling summed up his educational life and said: I have neither talent nor specialty. I have worked hard all my life and made small achievements only because I have confidence and interest in education. This is a powerful footnote written by Zhang Boling for his lifelong education. It was he who turned "faith" into a lifelong "educational persistence"; It is his undiminished "interest" that explains his lifelong education career and writes the glory of Nankai.
? 1in the spring of 948, there was no hope for negotiations between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and the atmosphere was tense, but in fact, the future outcome of the battlefield was very clear. In this year, 72-year-old Zhang Boling suddenly made an amazing choice. He went to Nanjing to be the president of the National Government Examination Institute. Because he has a good personal relationship with Chiang Kai-shek, if he doesn't go, Nankai will be under the control of the Ministry of Education. Chiang Kai-shek asked his secretary Wu Guozhen (a student in Zhang Boling) to send a message to Zhang Boling: "He is going to the examination institute, and the Ministry of Education should consider the issue of Nankai. We can't wait for him to leave first." As a man of temperament, Zhang Boling had to go. A week after arriving in Nanjing, he retired from Chongqing Nankai Middle School as the dean of the examination institute on the grounds of poor health, but since then, his relationship with Nankai series schools has become increasingly alienated.
? /kloc-in the autumn of 0/949, the PLA was in full swing, pointing directly at Chongqing. 1949165438+1October 27th, Chiang Kai-shek came to Chongqing Nankai Middle School for the second time, urging President Zhang Boling to come to the United States: "You can go to Taiwan Province Province, no matter where you go, I can find a way for everything in your life!" Zhang Boling bowed their heads and said nothing. Mrs. Zhang dared to say, "We're not going anywhere. He is reluctant to part with his children and grandchildren, and even more reluctant to part with his Nankai school! " Earlier, Zhang Boling received a letter from Zhou Enlai saying, "Don't go to Taiwan Province Province with Chiang Kai-shek, and don't let the old headmaster move.". This choice eventually led to the tragedy of Zhang Boling in his later years. 1949 65438+February, Chongqing was liberated. Zhang Boling donated private Chongqing Nankai middle school, primary school and kindergarten to Chongqing Military Management Committee, and private Nankai series schools were also nationalized.
1April, 950, Zhang Boling fell ill and wanted to go back to Tianjin, and was arranged to live in the mansion. His son Zhang Xiyang said to him, "For Nankai, for my family", and wrote something to express my position. Zhang Boling said sincerely: "First, I still don't know about * * * and the people's government, so I need to see more;" Second, * * * can call Chiang Kai-shek a public enemy, but I shouldn't break up with Mr. Jiang like this, so I need to think more. "
The temperament of the gentleman and scholar, whether it is unforgettable for Chiang Kai-shek to meet him, or really don't understand * * *, let him make that decision.
? Perhaps at that time, in Mr. Zhang's environment, this kind of complex was understandable, but it was easily regarded as gray and ignorant of current events.
In September, Zhang Boling, who returned to Tianjin, was not warmly welcomed by Nankai in the past. Compared with 1947 when he returned to Tianjin from abroad, the whole city was lined with welcome scenes, which made him a little lonely. "I was abandoned by the new China, and I built Nankai ..." No matter whether he said angry words or really didn't understand the current situation, Nankai celebrated its anniversary in June. 10 was told not to let him go. In despair, he became lonely and silent. ...
? 195 1 February, Zhang Boling suffered another stroke. Although he is conscious, he can't speak. In his family will, he said:
1951On February 23rd, Mr. Zhang Boling died in Tianjin at the age of 75. The family found 7 yuan's pocket money and two old theater tickets in his pocket. Zhang Boling, who was fond of learning all his life, died in a silent place with three thousand disciples and two gardens of peaches and plums.
? Today, there is a quiet garden in Nankai University, which houses the ashes of Zhang Boling, the founder of Nankai series schools. Here, generations of teachers and students in Nankai miss the old headmaster in Nankai.
Zhang Boling left his last wish and buried him in Nankai Campus. In the next 38 years, Mr. Wang's ashes have been changing, but he has never been able to do it. Once, even Zhang Boling's name disappeared from Nankai campus. From 65438 to 0989, with the efforts of old Nankai alumni, Zhang Boling's ashes were moved back to Nankai Campus.
"Allow fairness and ability" in today's popular language refers to both fairness and ability, which means "to cultivate students' public morality of patriotism and love for society and their ability to serve society. Isn't today's educational reform to solve the problem of "who to train and how to train people"? No matter how the educational principles and policies are changed or refined, the world outlook, outlook on life and values are the basic points of a person's life, and only when he has the ability can he serve the country and society. However, in 1939, when the Ministry of Education made rigid and unified regulations on the courses, course contents, assessment methods and appointment of professors in universities across the country, the professors of the General Assembly immediately submitted a document, refuting the regulations promulgated by the Ministry one by one, and clearly pointed out: " University, as the highest institution of higher learning, is all-encompassing, so it is necessary to reach a consistent goal and worry about everything. How can it be rigid and ordered to follow suit? What tolerance and courage this is! Premier Wen Jiabao said in June 20 10: "A good university has its own unique soul, that is, independent thinking and free expression". What are educators thinking and expressing today?
? Looking back at yesterday's Zhang Boling and Nankai, apart from warmth and respect, we feel the glory of Nankai in the past. Have we drawn resources from these touching past events and opened up a new way of education today?