In the new syllabus, the fields of preschool education are divided into five categories: health, language, society, science and art. As one of these fields, art education has its unique role, and at the same time it plays an intermediary role in the process of cross-integration of different fields, which is different from other fields.
(A) Emphasis on initiative
The basic ideas contained in the three parts of "objectives, contents, requirements and guiding points" in the art field of the new "Outline" are: taking children as the main body of art activities, emphasizing initiative and changing children's position in passive art education activities; Emphasizing the influence of children's art education on children themselves, promoting children's development and changing art into the function of skill training and performance must be understood and implemented in practice.
Basic ideas. If this new concept cannot be established, there will be no real reform. As we all know, few kindergarten children will become artists in the future, and most children can only be appreciators of art when they grow up. The teacher's task is to help all children actively participate in art activities, so that they can become art appreciators with a certain level, enjoy the fun from art, and consolidate and retain this fun, which has become a lifelong need.
(B) to stimulate creative thinking
Early childhood is the embryonic stage of creativity, the key stage of cultivating innovative spirit and creativity, and the foundation of personality development. The development and formation of children's creativity plays an irreplaceable role. Children's creativity can give them great pleasure and satisfaction. Therefore, we should make full use of interesting artistic activities to cultivate and develop children's innovative consciousness and creative thinking. For example, in music teaching, we never ask children to imitate a song or dance taught by teachers, but ask teachers and children to carry out creative activities together and feel music in the process of creative music performance. Professor Li Wenfu from the Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences pointed out in the article "New Outline and the Reform of Children's Art Education": If any teacher still maintains the original viewpoint and model, it is "sailing against the current, if you don't advance, you will retreat", which is outdated.
Second, provide opportunities for expression and enjoy the joy of creation.
(A) a unique way of expression
The new "outline" puts forward: "provide children with opportunities for free expression"; Children's creative process and works are important ways for them to express their understanding and feelings. "This defines another function of art-that is, the channel for children's self-expression and emotional expression. For example, children's love for graffiti is the embodiment of this function. In early childhood, one of the main characteristics of their psychological development is self-centeredness. Therefore, they often unconsciously project their emotions onto objects and make the rigid inorganic world come alive. For example, treat a crack in the wall as a "ferocious and terrible" monster; Think of the fallen leaves as poor orphans who have left the mother of the tree; The stars in the sky are thousands of small lights; There should be a pair of eyes in front of the car to watch the walk. Many painters in the world often yearn for the purest and most primitive painting style when they were young. This also shows that children have their own unique way of seeing the world, which makes their hearts deeply displayed.
(two) willing to actively express their views.
Teachers often use "trilogy" in traditional interactive art teaching: importing and drawing demonstration pictures-explaining the demonstration-children's practice, and finally showing their own works for children to appreciate each other. In this mode, educated children are often dull and their works are the same. At the same time, this kind of education that only emphasizes skills will unconsciously kill countless Van Gogh and Leonardo da Vinci.
In the new syllabus, teachers should guide children to personally experience and feel the emotional expression of lines, shapes and colors in works of art or natural environment, and also guide children to express their emotions with lines, shapes and colors. Through aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic creation activities, children's grasp of formal beauty such as symmetry and balance is formed, and their inner feelings and external forms are isomorphic. Art, a symbolic form of human emotions, has evolved into other fields of life, enriching and developing children's emotional world. According to the standards and laws of beauty, children's aesthetic ability to feel the world is transformed into the internal needs and activities of children's self-development, and then becomes the internal self-regulation of children's behavior, which makes children's personality develop soundly. "Children's artistic activity ability is gradually developed in the process of bold expression. The teacher's role is mainly to stimulate children to feel beauty, express their interest in beauty and enrich their aesthetic experience! Let them experience the creation and happiness they express ... "This profoundly reveals the process of autonomy of artistic activities. Children's independent creation fully shows their views on the world around them, boldly reveals their feelings, and makes children get great happiness and satisfaction in this process. Among them, children's novel creativity, unrestrained childlike innocence, childlike innocence and childlike interest are unimaginable for adults.
Third, pay attention to individual differences and promote personality development.
(A) for all, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude
The new "Outline" points out that "in artistic activities, we should face the different characteristics and needs of all children, so that every child can be influenced and cultivated by beauty". This expresses concern for all children and fully embodies the contemporary concept of children, that is, "give every child equal opportunities and improve every child to varying degrees through education."
In the past, there were many unfair problems in preschool education. Teachers prefer those children who are imitative and good at understanding teachers' intentions, classify them into a category with strong ability and talent, and give them extra respect and more detailed guidance; And some so-called "poor ability" children, teachers always think that they are difficult to "begin to understand", so let nature take its course. This will lead to "better" and "worse", which is extremely unfavorable to the growth of young children and deserves our reflection. Teachers should establish a scientific view of children, treat every child equally and fairly, create equal opportunities, and let every child be influenced and cultivated by art.
(B) guide children to boldly show their personality.
It is pointed out in the new syllabus that "enrich their aesthetic experience, make them feel the joy of free expression and creation" and "create conditions for children to show their works, and guide them to communicate with each other, appreciate each other and improve together ..." It is not difficult to see that in the new syllabus, children are encouraged to feel happy and experience success; Advocate children to boldly show their individuality and publicize themselves; Advocate children to appreciate themselves, but also learn to appreciate others ... this is a brand-new concept of preschool education. If we teachers can correctly understand and grasp it and apply it to educational practice, it will have far-reaching significance for the cultivation of children's good personality and their future growth.
Generally speaking, in artistic activities, children appreciate and revel in their own works and performances, but pay little attention to the performance of their peers, which is consistent with their psychological-"self-centered" characteristics. Therefore, after each activity, we should evaluate the children's works in time. At first, we should give priority to teachers, gradually guide children to evaluate the works of their peers, and gradually establish the consciousness of "I can do it, everyone can do it". In middle and large classes, teachers can specially design some cooperative creative activities to create conditions for children and guide them to communicate and negotiate with each other. In these activities, let children gradually understand that "I can paint well, others can paint well, and we can paint better together", and cultivate children's sense of cooperation, which plays an important role in the cultivation of good personality. Four, the key to the implementation of the new "Outline" lies in teachers.
The key link of implementing the new syllabus is the change of teachers' concept and the improvement of education level. The reform of education and teaching must rely on the majority of teachers to stimulate their consciousness of participating in the reform. One of the most prominent features of the new "Outline" is to leave teachers with a broad space for educational innovation, so that teachers can display their talents and grow in this space.
(A) teacher-student interaction
Teacher-child interaction is a comprehensive generalization and embodiment of preschool education, teaching process and its characteristics. It runs through the whole teaching process, directly affects the progress, development and effect of teacher-child interaction, and is the collective embodiment of the overall characteristics of teacher-child interaction. The research shows that the initial behaviors of teachers and children are obviously different in essence. Generally speaking, teachers' enlightenment behavior is mainly neutral, and negative behavior is more than positive behavior; However, whether it is the overall distribution or the link distribution, children's enlightenment behavior is more positive than negative. Early childhood is the initial stage of life development, and their development has commonness and individuality. Therefore, it is a teacher's task to turn the possibility of children's psychological development into reality.
(B) appreciation and encouragement-oriented evaluation
In traditional teaching, teachers often evaluate children's development through tests to see whether teachers have completed their educational tasks. This evaluation method obviously ignores the subjectivity of children and teachers, which easily leads teachers to teach for boring content and goals, while children learn to accept established content. The fourth part of the new "Outline" clearly points out that "the evaluation process is a process in which kindergarten managers, teachers, children and their parents participate, support and cooperate with each other". For example, in art education activities, teachers first guide children to observe and feel the shape, color and composition of works of art with their own eyes, and observe the structure, characteristics and application of things in the surrounding environment. Through language description, children can form an image of the whole art form and natural form in their minds through perception. When children begin to use colors and shapes to create images, teachers should inspire children to think. The image in the mind is processed and transformed, and bold imagination is added to form a brand-new image, which is creatively expressed in pictures or handmade works by using artistic language, so that children's artistic works show childish interest and unparalleled unique charm of adult art. Teachers' appreciation and encouragement of this creative artistic work will inevitably make children more interested in artistic creation activities, thus further promoting the development of their creativity.
In a word, the new Guiding Outline of Kindergarten Education points out the direction of preschool art education in the new period and puts forward new standards and requirements. We must improve our understanding, abandon traditional educational concepts and methods, boldly reform and innovate, and raise preschool art education to a new level.