Geological disasters have brought great harm to people's normal production, life and natural environment, and seriously hindered the development and progress of our society. What are the knowledge of geological disaster prevention and control? The following is my knowledge of geological disaster prevention, welcome to read.

Knowledge of geological disaster prevention 1. What is a geological disaster?

Geological disasters refer to disasters related to geological processes, such as mountain collapses, landslides, mudslides, ground collapses, ground fissures and ground subsidence, which are caused by natural factors or human activities and endanger people's lives and property. The most harmful geological disasters in our province are collapse, landslide, debris flow and land subsidence.

2. What is a crash?

Collapse refers to the geological phenomenon that the rock and soil mass on a steep slope suddenly leaves the parent body and rolls down under the action of gravity and accumulates in the toe of the slope or valley, which generally occurs on a high steep slope with a terrain slope of more than 50 degrees and a height of more than 30 meters.

3. What is a landslide?

Landslide, also known as mountain walking, refers to the geological phenomenon that the rock and soil mass on the slope slides down integrally or dispersedly along a weak surface or weak zone under the action of gravity. Landslides often occur on slopes with slopes less than 50 degrees.

4. What is debris flow?

Debris flow, also known as dragon, is a unique natural geological phenomenon in mountainous areas. It is a special torrent in mountain valleys, which is stimulated by heavy rain and melting water of snow and ice, and contains a lot of mud and stones. Debris flow can be divided into three types: mud flow and water-rock flow according to material composition, and viscous debris flow and sparse debris flow according to fluid properties. In addition, there are types of water sources; Rainfall, glacier and dam-break type; Valley type, slope type, etc. Water is not only an important part of debris flow, but also the excitation condition and transport medium of debris flow. Rainfall, meltwater from snow and ice and overflow from reservoir burst may all be the source of debris flow.

5. What is ground collapse?

Ground collapse refers to the geological phenomenon that the surface rocks and soil fall downward under the action of gravity factors, and the ground forms a collapse pit.

6. What is land subsidence?

Land subsidence refers to the phenomenon that due to the long-term exploitation of groundwater and the decline of groundwater level in geological sand layer, the soft soil layer is compressed and thinned, the terrain elevation is reduced, and the ground is slowly sinking. Land subsidence generally occurs in coastal plain areas.

7. The main causes of collapse and landslide

The stratum lithology of slope is the material basis of landslide. The difficulty of landslide is different with different lithology and strength. Granite, quartzite, limestone and other massive rocks are dense and hard with high shear strength. Landslides rarely occur on slopes composed entirely of them, while slopes containing weak mudstone, shale, coal seam and various surface coverings are prone to landslides. Mining is not in accordance with the specifications, there are few reserved pillars, and the mined-out area collapses, which leads to mountain cracking and further collapse and landslide. Building railways, highways, houses and factories on the mountain, and excavating the toe of the slope will form an artificial steep slope, which is easy to cause collapse and landslide. A large number of buildings, factories and muck are built on the slope, which increases the load of the slope. If the slope can't bear too much weight, it will lose its balance and collapse and landslide will occur. Inappropriate reclamation of farmland, deforestation and destruction of vegetation are conducive to the infiltration of surface water such as rainwater into the ground, softening rock and soil, and can also induce collapse and landslide.

8. Characteristics and activity characteristics of debris flow

Typical debris flow is divided into three areas: formation area, circulation area and accumulation area, and correspondingly, there are three different forms of valleys. The greater the longitudinal slope of the gully bed, the more favorable it is for debris flow, but the highest frequency of debris flow occurs when the slope is 10-30%. Therefore, debris flows generally occur in mountainous areas and last for a short time, usually only a few minutes to dozens of minutes. Its activities are characterized by high speed, suddenness, periodic resurrection, chain generation and mass production. Its failure modes include siltation, scouring, blocking rivers and water, climbing and bending, and ultra-high hazards, such as 1984 death toll of mudslides in Ya 'an, Sichuan and Dongchuan, Yunnan.

9. The main hazards of collapse, landslide and debris flow

The main hazards of collapse, landslide and debris flow are: destroying land, houses, roads and bridges, causing people's lives and property losses. For example, 1979, the rock mass of the slope at Jinwen Railway 100 km collapsed, which caused the derailment of four carriages of the passenger train. The village of Jodio, Luodong Town, Yongjia County was affected by Typhoon No.9909, which caused landslides, destroyed 42 houses and killed 17 people.

Types and characteristics of land subsidence

According to its causes, ground collapse can be divided into goaf collapse and karst collapse, while the latter is widely distributed, numerous, frequent and induced by many factors, which has strong concealment and sudden characteristics. Karst collapse can be divided into natural rock collapse and man-made karst collapse according to its causes. Among them, the causes of natural karst collapse include rainstorm, flood, gravity and earthquake. In man-made karst collapse, tunnel drainage or water inrush is the main reason, and karst groundwater and reservoir water diversion are the main reasons, accounting for 92% of man-made collapse.

1 1. Basic methods of geological disaster prevention and control

The basic methods to prevent and control collapse and landslide are mainly various reinforcement projects such as support, anchoring, load reduction and solidification. , with various drainage, surface drainage and underground drainage works. The simple prevention method is to fill the cracks on the landslide with clay or repair the surface drainage channel. The basic method of debris flow disaster prevention and control is to set up a perfect drainage system in engineering design and construction to avoid surface water infiltration, fill the existing collapse pit and prevent surface water injection.

12. precursors of geological disasters

Precursors of collapse include falling rocks before collapse, falling, small collapse and new cracks at the foot of hillside. The precursor of landslide is the phenomenon of cracking at the rear edge, uplift at the front edge, sudden disappearance of spring water, roaring, house tilting, cracking, drunken forest, saber tree and so on, which is an important feature to identify landslide. The precursor of debris flow is that there is a roar in the ditch, the main river rises, and the normal water suddenly stops. The precursor of karst collapse is that the water level of wells and springs rises and falls sharply and cracks appear on the ground.

13. Emergency prevention measures for geological disasters

Emergency prevention measures for collapse and landslide disasters are: 1 evacuate people and materials from dangerous areas in time according to dangerous conditions; 2. The dynamic role of stopping disasters in time: 3. Those who have early warning should make an evacuation plan as soon as possible. Avoid debris flow, don't run downstream along the ditch, run to both sides of the ditch bank, but don't stay at the concave slope.

14. What are the main laws and regulations on geological disasters at all levels? Strictly control man-made geological disasters. The Administrative Measures for the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters stipulates that it is forbidden to engage in various activities that may induce geological disasters in dangerous areas of geological disasters. (2) Geological hazard risk assessment must be carried out before applying for construction land. Article 15 of the Measures for the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters stipulates that before urban construction, engineering construction that may cause geological disasters and engineering construction in geological disaster-prone areas apply for construction land, geological disaster risk assessment must be carried out. The evaluation results are determined by the administrative department of Geology and mineral resources at or above the provincial level. Do not meet the conditions, the land administrative departments shall not handle the formalities for examination and approval of construction land.

15. Responsibilities of geological disaster prevention and control of administrative departments of geology and mineral resources at all levels: The administrative departments of geology and mineral resources of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall implement unified management of disaster prevention and control within their respective administrative areas, including organizing geological disaster investigation, preparing geological disaster prevention and control plans, preparing flood season disaster prevention and control plans, medium and long-term geological disaster prediction, filing the results of geological disaster risk assessment of secondary and tertiary construction land, clarifying the responsibilities of geological disaster control, and undertaking the exploration, design and management of geological disaster prevention and control projects. County and municipal administrative departments of geology and mineral resources: implement unified management of the prevention and control of geological disasters within their respective administrative areas, including organizing geological disaster investigation, making geological disaster prevention and control plans, making flood control plans, predicting upcoming geological disasters, setting up signs at the boundaries of geological disaster danger zones, and clarifying the responsibility for prevention and control of geological disasters.

16. China's geological disaster prevention policy

The policy of "prevention first, combining prevention with control" is adopted in the prevention and control of geological disasters.

17. Main measures for prevention and control of geological disasters

The prevention and control of geological disasters should combine planning guidance with supervision and management, comprehensive management with prevention and prediction, and legal system construction with administrative management. Rely on scientific and technological progress, strengthen publicity and education, mobilize the masses, increase investment, and ensure the realization of prevention and control objectives.

First, earnestly strengthen leadership and earnestly organize and implement the plan. All levels should have a high sense of social responsibility, take prevention and control of geological disasters as a major event, and establish the basic position of prevention and control of geological disasters in ensuring social stability and sustainable economic development.

Second, strengthen the legal system, improve the supervision and management system, speed up the formulation of the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters in People's Republic of China (PRC) and its supporting laws and regulations, strictly enforce the law, strengthen supervision, effectively control unreasonable engineering and economic activities, and greatly reduce geological disasters induced by human activities.

Strengthen scientific and technological research and popular science propaganda, publicize and popularize the knowledge of geological disaster prevention and control through various forms, fully mobilize the strength of the whole society, and jointly do a good job in geological disaster prevention and control. Fourth, adhere to the road of "prevention and treatment by groups" and take comprehensive prevention and control measures. For a few geological disasters that may cause a lot of economic losses and casualties, the relevant departments should carry out special monitoring and prevention. For geological disasters with large quantity, wide area and dispersion, "group monitoring and prevention" should be adopted.

5. Do a good job in the construction and management of key disaster prevention projects. The prevention and control of geological disasters must be initiated according to the prescribed procedures, designed and constructed according to the standards promulgated by the state, and the project supervision system should be implemented to strengthen supervision and inspection to ensure the quality of the project.

Establish a stable investment guarantee mechanism. All levels should set up special funds for the prevention and control of geological disasters and establish a stable investment guarantee mechanism. Regional basic investigation and evaluation projects are included in the national geological exploration plan; The geological disaster prevention and control project of the industrial sector is the responsibility of each industrial sector; The natural geological disaster prevention and control project was originally invested by the local government and shared by the threatened people, and the state gave certain subsidies to those who were seriously harmed; Geological disasters induced by man-made activities shall be controlled by the inducer.