Since then, the world-famous marshal and civil war hero has disappeared from all newspapers and periodicals in the Soviet Union. It was not until the 20th CPSU Congress in 1956 that he was rehabilitated and given a fair evaluation.
1893 February 16 was born in rogobuk county, smolensk province. Toshevsky was one of the earliest marshals in the Soviet Union, a civil war hero, an outstanding strategist and a famous strategist. 19 18 and * * * joined the Soviet army in the same year.
Tukhachevsky received primary military education in yekaterina Military Equipment Middle School. 1965438+In July 2004, he graduated from Alexandria Military Academy with honors. Shortly after graduation, he was sent to the front line of World War I and was arrested on February 19 19, 2005. 19 17 10 June, escaped from prison and fled back to Russia. At that time, the October Revolution in Russia was in the ascendant, and he did not stand idly by. Inspired by the revolution, the old army lieutenant stood on the side of the Soviet regime without hesitation and devoted all his energy and wisdom to the proletarian revolutionary cause. He said, "My real life began with the October Revolution and joining the Red Army."
During the civil war, he began to work in the military department of the Russian Central Executive Committee. 19 18 After joining CPSU in April, he served as the political commissar of the Moscow defense zone and commander of the first corps of the Eastern Army from May to February of the same year. 19 18 12 turn1919 served as the deputy commander of the confederate army and the commander of the eighth army of the confederate army in March. From April to June of the same year, he served as the commander of the Fifth Army. 1920 65438+/kloc-0 served as commander of Caucasian army from October to April,1920 served as commander of western front army from April to August. 192 1 March as commander-in-chief to quell the Kronstadt rebellion. In April and May of the same year, the bandit rebellion in Tampov Antonov was put down.
After the civil war, tukhachevsky was appointed as the president of the Military Academy of the Workers and Peasants Red Army. Later, he served as the commander of the marked army, assistant to the chief of staff of the Workers and Peasants Red Army, and deputy chief of staff of the Workers and Peasants Red Army, and actively participated in the military reform implemented from 1924 to 1925; 1May, 928 as commander of Leningrad Military Region; 193 1 served as the vice-chairman of the people's Committee of the Soviet army and navy, the vice-chairman of the revolutionary military Committee of the Soviet union, and the minister of ordnance department of the workers and peasants red army; 1934 deputy member of the national defense people's Committee; From 65438 to 0936, he served as a member of the First Deputy People's Committee of National Defense and concurrently served as Minister of Military Training; 1May, 937, he was reduced to commander of the military region along the Volga River. On June 1937, he was sentenced to death.
Marshal Napoleon Tuhachevsky, red
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Tukhachevsky is a generalist in civil and military affairs. He has a wide range of hobbies and profound knowledge. I have studied hard since I was a child. He is proficient in German and French, fluent in oral and reading, and has a high level of Latin. He read Julius Caesar's original The Battle of Gaul. This knowledge of language is very helpful to him, enabling him to directly read the original texts of foreign military works; When the French national activist Edward Eliot led a delegation to visit abroad, he was shocked and surprised, because he didn't expect a Red Army commander to speak French so fluently.
When he was young, he read many military works, the most famous of which was The Biography of the Grand Marshal Duke suvorov. Tukhachevsky considered himself the youngest of them, and he was fascinated by lev tolstoy's novel War and Peace. Lev tolstoy is a writer who loves life. On one occasion, he persuaded his father and brothers to make a special trip during the holiday; Visiting lev tolstoy at Jasner's Apolina Manor. The great Russian writer lev tolstoy warmly received them. Lev also let tukhachevsky ride in his carriage, which made his brothers envious.
He likes music since he was a child. He can not only play the violin, but also play it by himself. When he became a commander, he made a violin himself. Between battles, whenever there is an opportunity, he must go to the concert hall or theater to listen to concerts and operas. Many famous composers are his bosom friends. For example, Shostakovich is his good friend. Shostakovich wrote in his memoirs: "Only one person with great power really likes my music, and that is Marshal Tuhashevsky." When we met, I was only 18 years old, and he was in his thirties. But the main difference between us is not age, but status. At that time, he was already a senior commander of the Red Army, and I was only a student of the Conservatory of Music. However, I am confident and modest, and tukhachevsky likes this kind of person. Tukhachevsky not only loves music, literature and language, but also is good at sports.
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Tukhachevsky is well-led, approachable and enjoys high prestige among soldiers.
Tukhachevsky has no bad habits of bureaucracy and posturing. He likes soldiers. Although he holds a high position and becomes a commander, he can also mingle with junior cadres and soldiers for entertainment. According to Jakovleff's recollection, tukhachevsky organized a dance for the soldiers of the "Red Army House", not only attending in person, but also leading the Mazzuca dance.
Yi Ni Shumilov, a civil war veteran, said, "Tuhashevsky respects and cares for soldiers." I remember once I sent him a document. Put down the newspaper, I turned to leave, and he immediately stopped me: "Comrade Red Army soldier, please come back." "Please sit down!" Then he asked me where I came from, where I studied, whether I stayed in the old army, and whether I had discipline. I will never forget this ordinary intimate conversation. '
Shays Ostrovschi, his old classmate, recalled, "When we met at 19 19, tukhachevsky immediately recognized me and asked me directly,' Don't you know me?' I replied,' I don't seem to remember clearly. Then he asked, "So you don't remember Sergei the hippo." . I was embarrassed to answer, "No, I remember. It is not convenient to talk. " He said, "You shouldn't forget your childhood!" '
He chose an infantry company for field evaluation during the military exercise in Ukraine. He came to the company command post and ordered the company commander to carry out activities according to the situation, whether he participated or not. In order not to make the company commander feel embarrassed, he tried to hide in an inconspicuous place, followed the company commander for several kilometers through the sloping terrain, and observed the movements of the company commander and soldiers while running. He believes that any military chief should "bear the workload of company commander, battalion commander and captain himself." Although he is a famous and powerful handsome man, he never takes guards in and out of the theater to watch programs; Unarmed, wearing a leather jacket, casually chatting up actors; Take care of their lives in difficult times.
Once he went to the theater to watch a performance, and suddenly he found that it was his middle school music teacher Odanke who played the piano. The old man is poor and in a difficult situation. After the performance, tukhachevsky walked up to the old man and introduced himself: "I am your student." I still want to learn from you in the future. The music class in middle school is still fresh in my memory and unforgettable. "When the old man saw a marshal standing in front of him, he began to feel a little excited and listened to his kind words. My heart is warm again. Of course, tukhachevsky didn't attend classes with his teacher, and the old man did get a considerable tuition fee, which was paid by tukhachevsky for one year. He supported the old man in this kind and touching way without insult.
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Lenin knew the people well and acted well. He knows, values and trusts Tuhachovski. After the October Revolution, the young Soviet regime fell into crisis because of foreign armed intervention and domestic bandit troops. Eastern line. The situation on the western and southern lines often changes suddenly. Whenever the enemy attacked and the front was in a hurry, Lenin often thought of this promising young general tukhachevsky and assigned him to carry out arduous tasks.
19 18 in the spring, the eastern front was in trouble because the Czech white bandits rebelled with the support of Soviet counter-revolutionaries. Lenin hit the nail on the head at that time: "The victory or defeat of the Eastern Front will determine the fate of the revolution." At this critical moment, according to Lenin's instructions, the most famous activists and the most reliable and experienced military experts in the Party were sent to the Eastern Front. Tukhachevsky arrived on the eastern route on June 19 18. Together with kuibyshev, he bravely faced the continuous attacks of the enemy. In a very short time, he organized the scattered teams into infantry divisions such as Simbilsk, Penza and Inza, and created the first infantry regiment, which was the first revolutionary regiment to complete the combat mission. Under the command of tukhachevsky, the regiment has rapidly grown into a powerful force with strong fighting capacity and strict discipline. In two or three months, we achieved brilliant results, liberating the Volga River basin and most parts of the Urals from nosy people and self-defense forces.
1965438+On August 30th, 2008, when class enemies madly killed Lenin, tukhachevsky was leading the First Revolutionary Army to fight in Simbilsk. Tukhachevsky and the Red Army were very angry at the news of Lenin's assassination. The fire of revenge and hatred against the revolutionary enemy was kindled in my heart. They soon conquered Lenin's hometown Simbilsk, which was closely guarded by bandits.
After recovering Simbilsk, tukhachevsky immediately reported to Lenin. In a telegram to Lenin, he wrote, "Dear Vladimir ilych! Conquer your hometown. This is our answer to the enemy after your injury this time. Next, we will immediately recover Samara. Lenin, who was recovering, was very happy to see the good news from the Eastern Front. In his reply, he said, "Rehabilitation in Simbilsk, my hometown, is the most effective and best dressing for my wound. "I suddenly feel that my spirit is great and my strength is soaring. I congratulate the Red Army soldiers on their victory and thank them for all their sacrifices on behalf of all the workers. '
19 18 At the end of this year, the southern front was in a state of emergency due to the loss of Cossack bandits in Kra Si Nuo. The Revolutionary Military Commission of the Republic decided to transfer tukhachevsky from the eastern line to the southern line as the deputy commander of the Southern Army and the commander of the Eighth Army. 19 19 in the second half of the year, the army turned to counterattack; Then, the counterattack developed into a full-scale attack on the downtown, which led to the annihilation of the Cossack Corps on the Kela Si Nuo River.
19 19 in March, Coltat's bandit troops assembled and launched an attack on the eastern front, which made the eastern front fall into a state of haste again and became the main battlefield of the Republic again. According to Lenin's instructions, tukhachevsky was transferred from the downtown to the east as the commander of the Fifth Army. Under the leadership of tukhachevsky, the regiment defeated Coltat and won a great victory. Lenin was very satisfied with this and spoke highly of this regiment. He said, "Within one year, a small cluster developed into a legion with strong revolutionary fighting spirit, United to defend the Volga River, crushed Coltart's army and achieved good results." Lenin learned that according to tukhachevsky's initiative, the Fifth Army organized its own training in the army; The whole class is satisfied with the training of the Red Army commander. Dukhvsky once reported to Lenin, who personally praised him and said, "This is a wise move." Then he was instructed to "draft a report on this issue and send it to the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Republic for promotion in the whole army."
1920 65438+ 10, Rostov and New Celka were occupied by bandits from Danikin, which made the Caucasus front in a hurry. Lenin immediately ordered the appointment of tukhachevsky as commander of the Caucasus Army. He deployed troops immediately after taking office, and then began to fight back in late February of 1920. In March of the same year, he destroyed Danikin and joined a heavily armed organization in the Caucasus.
After the Kronstadt riots, the military and political affairs of the Petersburg National Defense Committee and the Petersburg Military Region led by Zinoviev are now very weak, helpless and fearful. In order to quell the rebellion, Lenin decided to appoint tukhachevsky as commander-in-chief, and the whole Lu Haijun in the Petersburg Military Region was under his command. Attack at 3 am on March 17; On the morning of March 19, the battle ended successfully. It took only 50 hours to suppress the rebellion. As soon as the battle was over, tukhachevsky was called to Moscow to see Lenin.
Lenin warmly received tukhachevsky and was very satisfied with the result. During the conversation, he immediately sent him to Tampov province to suppress the rebellion of Antonov and his gang.
Lenin attached great importance to the articles written by Tuhachevsky. For example, he not only carefully read tukhachevsky's National Strategy and Class Strategy, but also personally signed the book Lenin Village and kept it in his personal library.
Lenin attached great importance to tukhachevsky's opinion. On one occasion, Lenin sent Fu Longzhi to replace Ghitis, commander of the Caucasus Army. He personally wrote this order: "Send Comrade Fu Longzhi to replace Ghitis immediately."
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1920, tukhachevsky led troops to March on the Vistula River. When he arrived in Warsaw, he asked the headquarters for reinforcements. 1920 On August 5th, Comrade the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and Lenin ordered that 1 Cavalry Regiment and 12 and 14 Regiments be deployed from the southwest to reinforce the western front. However, Stalin, as a military member of the army, ignored the central command and sent the first cavalry regiment to attack Lviv, which led to the failure of Warsaw. Later, when summing up the experience and lessons of this movement, tukhachevsky bluntly revealed the truth of the matter. 1 September, 9201day, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Lenin adhered to this principle and ordered the dismissal of Stalin's military member of the Southwest Army, and kuibyshev took over.
1937 In May, Tukhachev should basically go to London to attend the coronation ceremony of George V. I don't know why it was suddenly announced. He was unable to go to England because of illness; Admiral orlov attended the ceremony in England. Later, he was appointed commander of the military region along the Volga River. In June, he had to work in kuibyshev. All these sudden changes puzzled him, and he felt that Stalin's attitude towards him had deteriorated sharply and obviously. He wrote a letter to Stalin, trying to find out why he was demoted, but there was no reply.
After Lenin's death, Stalin was relatively restrained in the early days of his administration, because Lenin's close comrades Kirov, Trinsky, Ku Bishev, Ordzhonikidze and Fu Longzhi were still alive. These people are tukhachevsky's mentors and friends. They know, trust and value tukhachevsky. Unfortunately, during the period from 1924 to 1937 13, the older generation of revolutionaries unfortunately died young, which made Stalin do whatever he wanted without any scruples. On June 1937, 1 1, the famous military strategist Tuhashevsky was secretly executed.
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Hatchevsky is the youngest and most talented marshal in the Red Army of Workers and Peasants. At the age of 27, he became the commander of the western legion, commanding thousands of troops to fight north and south. He was only 29 years old when he was president of the Military Academy of the Workers and Peasants Red Army. He was only 32 years old when he was chief of staff and 42 years old when he was awarded the Soviet Marshal. At the age of 26, he published the famous military theory book National Strategy and Class War Strategy. During the period from 19 19 to 1936, he published more than 20 works on military theory, which enriched the theoretical treasure house of proletarian military art. No wonder foreign military circles praised him as a "military wizard" and a "master".
After the October Revolution, tukhachevsky turned to the Soviet regime. He studied Lenin's works and classic Marxist works hard, mastered Marxism-Leninism theory and applied it creatively and flexibly. He suggested setting up training courses in the Corps, training their own commanders, establishing military academies of various specialties, training professional talents, and solving the problem of cadres in the expansion. Participate in the compilation of the earliest battlefield regulations of the Red Army and advocate the compilation of the Soviet military encyclopedia; Put forward the theory of large-scale deep combat of a large number of mechanized troops, tank soldiers, airdrop troops and aviation; Some people put forward the establishment of airborne troops and aviation units, and advocated that a large number of airborne troops should be used to fight behind enemy lines, improve infantry weapons, artillery and navy, and reform the army organization. What is particularly commendable is that Hitler foresaw his aggressive ambition before launching the Second World War. 1935, he clearly pointed out in the "German Battle Plan Today": "Hitler's imperialist ambition lies not only in his anti-Soviet attempt, but also in his adventurous plan to annex the whole West." The army needs to be vigilant, strengthen its strategy and prepare for battle. On January 15, 1936, at the second meeting of the Central Executive Committee, he clearly pointed out that the situation that China's east-west border had formed required us to seriously reconsider our defensive measures. Now there is a practical thing, that is, we should be prepared for danger and combat readiness at ordinary times and be able to defend completely independently on two fronts 10 thousand kilometers apart at the same time. "
Tukhachevsky stressed: "With the development of industry, the technology and equipment of the Red Army will also develop. As we all know, once the war breaks out, the demand for technical weapons, equipment, weapons, planes and tanks will definitely increase greatly. It is not enough to have a huge industrial base. We must also be good at playing our role and shift from peaceful industry to ensuring front-line supply. " All these reflect his military talents and contributions.
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1937 at the beginning of June, according to the order, Marshal Tuhashevsky was with his wife Nina; Yefuding Yevna left Kazan Station, bid farewell to relatives and comrades-in-arms, and went to kuibyshev as commander of the military region along the Volga River. Tukhachevsky never thought that this would be his last farewell to Moscow.
Shortly after taking office, he was invited to attend a pre-arranged political work conference of the military region along the Volga River, and was arrested as soon as he arrived. Subsequently, his wife Nina, mother, sister, brother Alexander and Nicholas were arrested one after another.
It took only 13 days from arrest to death sentence. At that time, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the People's Committee announced in the death sentence: "The defendant has pleaded guilty."
However, some disclosed news confirmed that tukhachevsky's answer to Minister of Justice Wesinsky was only one sentence: "I seem to have had a dream."
This accusation is based on slander and false accusation. They used the conversation materials of Tuhakovsky and his comrades. These people went abroad to perform tasks, met foreigners purely for business reasons, took them out of context, fabricated criminal materials and killed bailiffs.
The tragedy will not end there. Then physically, Tuhashevsky's wife Nina Yevdinyevna and his brothers Alexander and Nikolai were eliminated. His three sisters were put into a concentration camp. His underage daughter was also arrested and imprisoned as an adult; Marshal's mother and sister Sophia died in exile.
How did Stalin fall into Hitler's "anti-strategy"? What is the basis for Stalin's secret execution of tukhachevsky and others?
The first chapter of "Russian Focus" in Master Spy reads as follows: "1In the second half of 936, heydrich, the head of Hitler's" Security Bureau ",visited Canaris, the head of German reconnaissance agency Abwell, and heydrich asked him to appoint some experts who could imitate tukhachevsky's handwriting. At that time, he claimed that this was a very secret battle he needed to fight, and Hitler appointed him-heydrich to lead the battle. Decided to forge a document with a forged signature, and then tried to show the contents of the document to the Russians. It can be seen from the forged documents that tukhachevsky has the ambition to overthrow the Soviet regime. Tell heydrich's Canary Islands that this document was prepared according to Hitler's instructions. This document was first handed over to the Czech President and then sent to Moscow from there. "
This letter not only tries to imitate tukhachevsky's handwriting, but also makes great efforts in writing style. In this forged letter, there are real seals of "Abermir", "Top Secret" and "Confidential", and a resolution signed by Hitler, ordering the monitoring of German generals in the German high command. These generals seem to keep secret contact with tukhachevsky. This letter is the main document. This "photo album" has a total of 15 pages, including various documents written in German and signed by the German Supreme Command.
In order to give this "special volume" to Stalin, a case of stealing the "special volume" when the "pavilion" building caught fire was specially created, so that the photo copy of this "special volume" fell into the hands of Bernacer and was handed over to Stalin through him.
German fascist spy leader Schulenburg also confirmed this in his memoirs.