2.a (preposition "zai"/preposition "dui"; B is "although"; C adverb "therefore" and d adverb "Jiang") 3. In b(A), "Confucius is a suitable minister" describes Confucius' experience, not "studious and talented"; In C, "So rebel against Lu and be good to him" shows Lu's attitude towards Confucius, not "studious and talented". In D, the phrase "Take a photo with a big scout, with a happy face" shows Confucius' attitude towards job change, but it does not show "ruling ability".
) 4.c) Be treated well. Confucius was born in Qiaoyi, Changping Township, Lu.
His ancestors belonged to the Song Dynasty. When Confucius was seventeen, Li Zi, a doctor in Lu, was seriously ill. Before he died, he warned his son Ziyi, "Kong Qiu is a descendant of saints. It is said that although the descendants of saints are not necessarily rulers, talented and virtuous people will certainly appear.
Now Confucius is young and polite. Isn't he a talented and virtuous man? If I die, you must learn from him. Confucius was born in poverty and had a low status.
When I grew up, I worked as an official under Ji, and my management statistics were accurate; He is also a small official who is responsible for increasing the number of livestock. Thus, he became a mediocrity.
Soon he left Lu, was excluded by Qi, was expelled by Song people and wei ren, and was trapped between Chen and Cai, so he returned to Lu. Lu Jun was very kind to Confucius.
When Lu was twenty years old (522 BC), Confucius was about thirty years old. When he came to Lu with his children, he asked Confucius, "In the past, Qin was very small and remote, but he could dominate the world. What is the reason? " Confucius said, "Although Qin is small, he is ambitious; Although the place is remote, the administration is very appropriate.
Qin Mugong personally selected five pieces of black sheepskin to redeem Prissy, awarded him the rank of doctor, rescued him from the detention center, talked with him for three days in a row, and then handed over the power of rule to him. Governing the country with this spirit is ok even if it rules the whole world. He is too young to be the overlord. "
Gong Jing was very happy. When Confucius was thirty-five years old, Lu once rebelled.
Confucius came to Qi and became a courtier of Gao, hoping to get close through his relationship. He talked about music with the music officials of the State of Qi. After listening to Shun's Shaole, he began to learn. For three months, he couldn't taste meat, and people in Qi praised him.
Some doctors in Qi tried to hurt Confucius, and Confucius heard the news. Duke Jing of Jin said to Confucius, "I am too old to use you any more."
Confucius then left Qi and returned to Lu. In the fourteenth year of Lu (496 BC), Confucius was 56 years old. He is in charge of state affairs by a senior scout, and his face shows joy.
His disciple said, "I am not afraid when I hear that there is a great disaster in the county. I am not happy when Dafu comes." Confucius said, "There is one saying, but isn't there another saying,' Be happy in high positions and be polite to corporal'?" So he killed Shao Zhengmao, a doctor who disturbed the national government.
After three months of Confucius' participation in politics, the merchants selling pigs and sheep dared not ask exorbitant prices; Male and female pedestrians walk separately; No one picked up what fell on the road; Tourists from all over the world come to the city of Lu, and they don't need to ask for favors and gifts from officials. Can get satisfactory care, as if returning home. Confucius died at the age of 73. He died in April of the 16th year of Lu Aigong (479 BC).
Tai Shigong said: There is such a sentence in the poem: "The mountain is generally worshiped, and it follows the avenue." Although I can't reach this situation, I yearn for him in my heart.
2. Gao Qiu ancient Chinese translation notes: Gao, a native of Pingyang, Taishan, descended from Lu Guogao in Han Dynasty. He was a scholar when he was young, and Xue Juan, the satrap of Mount Tai, appointed him Du You. There was a dispute between the magistrate and Xue Mian, and Xue Mian was reprimanded by his first name. Gao yongjian rebuked the prison army and said, "In the past, Lu was humiliated, and Confucius and Deng Jie defended his dignity;" The prince of Zhao was forced to play Zheng for the king of Qin, and Lin Xiangru was forced to strike Qin for the king of Tang. Calling courtiers by their official names is morally punishable. Hearing this, the supervisor turned pale with fear, and Xue Mian quickly stood up and stopped him. "。 Later, Gao resigned from his official position and took refuge in Jinan. In the eighteenth year of Jian 'an, Mao recruited him as the Prime Minister's Army, and later served as Hou Wenxue in Licheng, and was transferred to the country. When I saw Mao's death, it didn't mean grief. Instead, he plays and hunts everywhere. Gao's outspoken and righteous admonition is very helpful to guide the decrees of governors. In the early years of Huang Dynasty, Ren Tangyang was elected as Pingyuan Wangfu, and Pingyuan Wang acceded to the throne. Appoint Gao as captain, for, doctor and. Ming Di has just acceded to the throne, and some ministers think that a grand banquet should be held. Gao said, "After his death, Yu Shun and the people had three years of mourning and rest, and after Yin ascended the throne, they had three years of meditation, so lofty morality could flourish harmoniously and shine all over the world." Ming Di respectfully accepted his opinion that there should be no grand banquet.
The tomb of the little magpie began to be built, and the magpie built its nest on it. When the emperor asked Gao about it, Gao replied, "The Book of Songs says that magpies build nests and pigeons live in them.". Now that the palace is built and the tomb is built, magpies nest on it, which means that the palace is not built and magpies can't live in it. God seems to mean that if the palace is not built, people with other surnames will rule it, which is exactly what God warned. God's rule is not to favor those close to you, but to give blessings to those with good character, and we must take deep precautions. I can't help but think about it. At the end of Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty, they were kings who inherited their ancestral businesses. They did not respectfully accept God's instructions, only listened to slander and framed others, and abandoned virtue in order to satisfy their own selfish desires, so they perished very quickly. Taiwu and Wu Ding, when they saw the catastrophe, were frightened and worshipped the sign of heaven, so they were furious and excited. Now, if we stop all kinds of hard work, try to be frugal to meet our needs, put more emphasis on good governance, follow the emperor's guidelines, get rid of things that do harm to the whole country and start to bring benefits to the broad masses of people, then there will be a fourth after the three kings and a sixth after the five emperors. Can only the royal family of Shang Dynasty turn disaster into happiness? I am someone close to and trusted by His Majesty. If I can add happiness to the emperor and keep the country stable, even if I turn to dust and my family is ruined, it will be like the year of my rebirth. How can you be afraid of disaster against the wishes of the emperor, so that your majesty can't hear what is reasonable? "So the emperor changed his face and was shocked.
3. Read the following passage in classical Chinese: Lu asked Yan Hui: "I also heard that Dongye's Bi is better than Xiao Yan 1:B Xiao Yan 1:A Xiao Yan 1:B Xiao Yan 1: ("Qiao "means" good at it ". )
Question1:(a. "Yu" preposition, right and direction; Yes B. the auxiliary word "zhi" is independent; Pronouns, he.
C. "then" conjunction, so. D. "its", in which; Modal particles, 10 million) small question 1:(B, c is the reason why Lu thinks "good", and d is just an explanation.
) Item 1 Title: (Item A changed Lu's view of Yan Hui not "at the suggestion of the shepherd", Item C was wrong because "he is like Zhao Fu", and Item D "Confucius analyzed the psychological reasons why Yan Hui became Yan Hui" was inappropriate. ) Lu asked Yan Hui, "Sir, have you heard that Toeno Bi is good at riding?" Yan Hui replied, "Good is good.
However, his horse will definitely escape in the future. Ding Gong looked unhappy and said to his left and right entourage, "A gentleman can also frame others."
Yan Hui, come back. After three days, the horse breeder came to state, "Dongyebi's horse escaped, and two horses took two horses into the stable."
When Lu heard this, he stood up and sent for Yan Hui. When Yan Hui arrived, Ding Gong said, "Two days ago, I asked Mr. Dong Ye about horses, and Mr. Dong Ye said,' Be good at this, be good at this.
However, his horse will definitely run away in the future. I don't know why Mr Wang Can knows this. Yan replied: "You can only know when you run a country. Once upon a time, Emperor Shun was good at managing people and Zhao Fu was good at riding horses.
Smooth and inexhaustible people's strength, create wealth and inexhaustible horsepower. Therefore, there is no escape, and there is no escape from Zaofu.
Now Dongye rides his horse, gets on the bus and sits up; Drive fast, use up the courtesy; Passing through a dangerous place, reaching a distant place, the horsepower is exhausted, but the horse is still required. From this I know. "
Ding Gong said, "Yes, what you said is true, sir. Sir, this means a lot. I hope you can speak a little more? " Yan Hui said: "I heard that birds will bite when they are anxious, animals will catch people when they are anxious, people will rebel when they are anxious, and horses will run away when they are anxious.
From ancient times to now, I have never heard of making his subjects poor and the country safe. Ding Gong was very happy and told Confucius about it.
Confucius said, "Therefore, it is called Yan Hui. Not worthy of praise. "
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4. Translation of the classical Chinese "Zi Gong Borrows Grain"
In the state of Chen, Confucius and his disciples couldn't stay, and the teachers and students were very hungry, so Confucius asked Yan to go back to China to borrow food. Considering that Yan Hui's return to China is the same as his return to China, he will feel at home and be sure to succeed. When Yan Hui reported back to China, the chief was furious and said, "Confucius wants to expel us and call us thieves (election)." Don't borrow food. Stefanie came back depressed. Disciple Zi Gong asked for a loan of grain. When he met the chief who returned to China, he did his best to flatter him. He used a word from Confucius, "I dare not look back if I give it." In order to win the joy of coming back, I gave white flour a burden and told him to take it back first and then transport it one by one. Zi Gong came back and told Confucius that Confucius frowned and said, "Although the grain was cheated, it was unreasonable."
original text
Confucius gave up grain in Chen and ordered Yan Zi to return to China to borrow grain. With the same name as the country name, I hope I am familiar with it. Compared with the past, he was furious and said, "If Confucius wants to harass barbarians and blame me, he will choose the person who scolds me on weekdays (choose the homophone thief)!" The grain is broken. Yanzi returned home disgruntled. Zi Gong invited me, claiming to be a good flatterer. It is often said: "If you give it, you dare not look back." This group is happy. Take a truckload of white grain and shillings and let them be shipped out one by one. Zi Gonggui, narrative master. Confucius raised his eyebrows and said, "I cheated a load of food, but I didn't understand arts and sciences."
5. Read the following classical Chinese and complete the answers to the following questions: 1 b； ; Analysis: The word "Qiao" in (1) B means "Gao Miao" and "Be good at this" (2) (1) Lu heard about this, left his seat, stood up and sent someone to invite Yan Hui (sent someone to invite Yan Hui).
(2) I wonder why you know this? (3) The reason why he is Yan Hui is this. Not worthy of praise! (3) A: As soon as I listen, birds peck when they are poor, animals rob when they are poor, people cheat when they are poor, and horses are poor.
From ancient times to the present, those who are not poor but can keep calm in times of crisis are also attached: Lu asked Yan Hui, "Sir, have you also heard that Toyo Bi is good at riding horses?" Yan Hui replied, "Good is good. However, his horse will definitely escape in the future. "
Ding Gong looked unhappy and said to his left and right entourage, "A gentleman will also frame others." Yan Hui, come back.
After three days, the horse breeder came to state, "Dongyebi's horse escaped, and two horses took two horses into the stable." When Lu heard this, he stood up and sent for Yan Hui.
When Yan Hui arrived, Ding Gong said, "Two days ago, I asked Mr. Dong Ye about horses, and Mr. Dong Ye said,' Be good at this, be good at this. However, his horse will definitely escape in the future. I don't know why Mr. Wang Can knows this. Yan Hui replied: "Only by governing the country can we know.
Once upon a time, Emperor Shun was good at managing people and Zhao Fu was good at riding horses. Smooth and inexhaustible people's strength, create wealth and inexhaustible horsepower.
Therefore, there is no escape, and there is no escape from Zaofu. Now Dongye rides his horse, gets on the bus and sits up; Drive fast, use up the courtesy; After passing through dangerous places and reaching distant places, his horsepower was exhausted, but he kept asking for horses.
From this I know. "Ding Gong said," yes, it is as you say, Sir.
Sir, this means a lot. I hope everyone can talk more? "Yan Hui said," I heard that birds will bite when they are in a hurry, animals will catch people when they are in a hurry, people will rebel when they are in a hurry, and horses will run away when they are in a hurry. From ancient times to now, I have never heard of making his subjects poor and the country safe. "
Ding Gong was very happy and told Confucius about it. Confucius said, "Therefore, it is called Yan Hui.
Not worthy of praise! "。
6. How did Confucius help Lu prepare the Oracle bone alliance? With the help of Wu Zixu and Sun Wu, He Lv, the king of Wu, defeated Chu angrily.
Even some big countries in the Central Plains are threatened. Qi was the first country to be threatened.
Since the death of Qi Huangong, Qi has been very unstable. Later, he came to Qi Jinggong as a monarch, and used a talented minister, Yan Ying, as his prime minister.
Qi began to prosper again. In 500 BC, Qi Jinggong and Yan Ying wanted to win over the rulers of neighboring Lu and the Central Plains and restart the cause of Qi Huangong.
They wrote a letter to him, inviting him to have a meeting in Jiagu on the Qilu border. At that time, governors had to have ministers as assistants at meetings, which was called "mutual courtesy".
Lu decided to let Confucius, the judicial manager of Lu, take over the job. Confucius was born in Shandong (now Qufu, Shandong, 32313353236313431303 2363533558685E5aeb931333333368).
His father is a junior military attache. Confucius' father died when he was three years old, and his mother took him to live and raise him in Qufu.
It is said that he likes learning manners since he was a child. He has nothing to do with it.
He put a small basin and a small dish on the table, learning from adults to worship the heavens and ancestors. When Confucius was young, he studied very hard.
He worshipped the Duke of Zhou in the ritual and music system at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty and was particularly familiar with ancient etiquette. At that time, readers should learn "six arts", namely etiquette, music, archery, driving, writing and calculation.
He takes things very seriously. At first, he was just a small official in charge of the warehouse and never lacked materials.
Later, when he became a small official in charge of animal husbandry, the number of cattle and sheep doubled. Before the age of 30, his fame gradually increased.
Someone was willing to worship him as a teacher, so he simply set up a private school and hired all the students. After the death of Dr. Monroe (Yin X: He), he asked his two sons, Meng Ke and Nan Gong, to go to Confucius to learn etiquette.
On the recommendation of Nangong, Gong also sent Confucius to Luoyi, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, to inspect the rites and music of the Zhou Dynasty. When Confucius was thirty-five years old, three official doctors, Shi and Shu overthrew the rule of Lu.
Confucius went to Qi State, visited and talked with him about his political views. Qi Jinggong is very kind to him and wants to use him.
However, Yan Ying, the prime minister, thought Confucius' idea was unrealistic, so Qi Jinggong didn't use him. Confucius returned to Shandong and still taught his books.
More and more students learn from Confucius. In 50 1 BC, Lu appointed Confucius to be in charge of Zhongdu (now Wenshang County, Shandong Province).
In the second year, he was Sikong's housekeeper (management engineering supervisor) and the housekeeper of the company's air-conditioning treasurer. This time, he told Confucius in Jiagu that he wanted to form an alliance with Qi.
Confucius said: "Qi has invaded our borders many times. We must have an army to defend this alliance.
I hope I can take care of Sima Du. Lu agreed to Confucius' request and sent two generals and some soldiers to accompany him to Oracle bones.
At the Oracle bones conference, due to the courtesy of Confucius, Lu won a diplomatic victory. After the meeting, it was decided to return the three places of Wenyang occupied by Lu (now southwest of Tai 'an, Shandong Province) to Lu.
Li Ling, a doctor in the State of Qi, thought that it was not good for the State of Qi for Confucius to stay in Lu as an official. He urged that a group of female musicians be sent to Ludinggong. Qi Jinggong agreed and selected 80 songs for Lu Chuan.
Lu accepts this kind of woman's entertainment, food and entertainment every day, regardless of the political affairs of the country. Confucius tried to convince him that he was avoiding Confucius.
This incident made Confucius feel very disappointed. Confucius' students said: "Lu Jun is not doing his business, let's go!" " After that, Confucius left Shandong and traveled around the world with a group of students, hoping to find an opportunity to realize his political thoughts.
But at that time, big countries were busy with hegemonic wars, small countries were in danger of being annexed, and the whole society was changing. Confucius advocated the restoration of the ritual and music system in the early Zhou Dynasty.
Of course, no one accepted it. He has been to Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai and Chu.
The monarchs of these countries don't need him. Once, Confucius sent people to invite him in Cai, Zhou, Zhou and Chu.
Chen and Cai's doctors were worried that Confucius would go to Chu, so they sent troops to stop Confucius on the road. Confucius was trapped there and had not eaten for several days.
Later, Chu sent soldiers to rescue him. After traveling around the world for 78 years, Confucius encountered many obstacles and became old.
Finally, I returned to Shandong to concentrate on sorting out ancient cultural classics and educating students. In his later years, Confucius also compiled several important ancient cultural classics such as The Book of Songs, Shangshu and Chunqiu.
The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, including 305 poems in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, many of which are folk songs reflecting ancient social life. It occupies a very important position in the history of China literature.
Shangshu is a compilation of ancient historical documents in China. Chunqiu is a historical book compiled according to Lu Xun's historical materials.
It recorded the major events from 722 BC to 48 BC1year. Confucius died in 479 BC.
After his death, his disciples continued to teach his theory, forming a Confucian school, and Confucius became the founder of the Confucian school. Confucius' academic thought has a great influence on later generations.
He is recognized as the first great thinker and educator in ancient China.