[Reference Answer] Eriksson emphasizes not the psychological development and change of mechanical isolation, but the influence of many factors such as environment, society, history and culture on personality development, and emphasizes the direct influence of family and school on children's personality.
Individual socialization is a continuous and phased development process. Each stage completes a specific social task restricted by culture, and each task contains a pair of contradictions and conflicts.
In the stage of trust and distrust, children learn that others can rely on them, and others can rely on themselves to trigger the necessary reaction of others to take care of themselves. The development of children's trust is highly related to the quality of adult care. In a person's life, the early experience of trust is very important for constantly affirming the attitude of trusting others.
The crisis of self-doubt about shame began to appear in infancy. Eriksson believes that children who are too tightly controlled and have no chance to develop their independence may be overwhelmed by shame and self-doubt, which may lead to loss of self-esteem, rebellion or various compulsive behaviors. The best way to deal with this situation is to form a good environment at home and kindergarten, and provide children with more opportunities to operate and make their own decisions.
Children aged 3-6 mainly have to solve two problems: one is to develop their initiative, and the other is to obtain corresponding gender roles. If individuals can continue to develop in a positive direction in various stages of conflict, they can complete the task of socialization and gradually form a healthy and mature personality. Otherwise, there will be psychological and social crisis, or emotional disorder, which will cause trouble in the later period, and even appear morbid or imperfect personality.
Children aged 4 or 5 are facing a crisis of initiative, spontaneity, withdrawal and guilt. Teachers should give children full opportunities to explore and try, develop their independent personality and meet their needs of exploration and creation.