As we all know, ancient nomads and the Central Plains region are in constant dispute. Chifeng city has both vast grasslands and fertile plains, which is obviously the intersection of ancient farming civilization and nomadic civilization. Obviously, the intersection of two civilizations must be the front of the dispute. So, thousands of years have passed, Chifeng, what has it experienced?
Primitive social period
More than 20,000 years ago, China entered the late Paleolithic period, and the primitive economy, mainly gathering and supplemented by hunting, developed rapidly in various places. The microlithic culture found in Chifeng site tells us that there were traces of human activities here as early as the late Paleolithic period. Later unearthed pottery and jade articles proved that this place entered a new civilization era about 5,000 years ago, and later experts called it Hongshan Culture.
Shang and Zhou Dynasties
During the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty, the tribes in the northwest were called ghost parties in the Central Plains. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the grasslands in Northeast Asia began to split gradually and were divided by different clans and tribes. Located in the Xilamulun River and Laoha River basins is the East Lake Tribal Alliance; Distributed in the Selenger River basin to the west and south of Lake Baikal, it is the Dingling tribal alliance; Distributed in the north and south of Yinshan Mountain, including the south of Hetao, it is the Xiongnu tribal alliance. Chifeng belonged to Donghu tribe at that time.
During the Warring States Period, after Yan Zhaowang acceded to the throne, Yan Kai, who was a hostage in East Lake in his early years, traveled thousands of miles north with his knowledge of East Lake. Donghu was forced to move to the upper reaches of Xiliao River, Laoha River and Xilamulun River, while Yan built the Great Wall to prevent its invasion. At this time, Chifeng was divided into two parts by Yan Great Wall, a small part of the south belonged to Yan State, and the rest still belonged to East Lake.
Qin and Han dynasties
During the Qin Dynasty, Meng Tian led Qin Jun to attack Xiongnu in the north, recovered the land of Hetao, and connected and restored the original Yan, Zhao and Qin Changcheng. From the map of the Qin Dynasty, we can find that the Great Wall in the former Yan State has been pushed northward, and Chifeng City, which originally belonged to the East Lake, was first included in the right Beiping County of the Qin Dynasty.
At the end of Qin dynasty, modu chanyu killed his father and ascended the throne, and defeated Donghu who came to provoke him. King Donghu was killed and Donghu perished. The remaining adherents of Donghu people split into two tribes, and the one who retreated to Wuhuan Mountain was called Wuhuan; The one that retreated to Xianbei Mountain was called Xianbei. Therefore, the southern part of Chifeng still belongs to the Central Plains, and the northern part is changed to the Fifth Ring Road.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing moved Wuhuan to Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Western Liaoning and Liaodong, with a journey of thousands of miles, but they did not occupy the original land of Wuhuan. So Xianbei took the opportunity to go south and occupied Raoleshui (now Xilamulun River), the hometown of Wuhuan. Chifeng at this time belongs to the Central Plains in the south and Xianbei in the north.
However, the Han dynasty did not notice the weak Xianbei at that time. It was not until 45 AD that Xianbei followed his eldest brother Xiongnu to invade the border of the Han Dynasty that the Central Plains knew of its existence. After the Xiongnu split, Xianbei gradually got rid of the control of Xiongnu and joined forces with other grassland tribes to attack the northern Xiongnu. When the Northern Xiongnu was jointly attacked by the Han Dynasty and the Southern Xiongnu and forced to move to Central Asia, Xianbei took the opportunity to occupy the Mongolian grassland, annexed the old headquarters of Xiongnu, and became strong. When Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tan unified the ministries of Xianbei, and Xianbei reached its peak, while a small part of Liaoxi County, Yuyang County and Shanggu County in the Central Plains and most of the right Beiping County were occupied by Xianbei. At this time, Chifeng fell into the hands of Xianbei.
Sixteen countries and the Eastern Jin Dynasty
From the Three Kingdoms to the Western Jin Dynasty, there was no change of ownership in Chifeng. However, during the Eastern Jin Dynasty, China once again entered a period of great division, and the regime changed, and Chifeng changed hands several times.
In 352 BC, Murong Miao of Xianbei established the former Yan State, with the southern part of Chifeng belonging to the former Yan and the northern part belonging to Kumoxi. In 370 BC, the former Qin dynasty destroyed the former Yan, and the south of Chifeng was included in the territory of the former Qin dynasty. In 384 BC, after the restoration of Mu Rongchui and the establishment of Houyan, the southern part of Chifeng once again returned to the Murong family in Xianbei. Later, he was defeated by Tuoba GUI of the Northern Wei Dynasty and moved to Longcheng. Kumoxi in the north took advantage of the civil strife in Houyan to take the south of Chifeng into his pocket.
Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties
Until the Sui Dynasty, the northeast of Chifeng was occupied by Qidan, who was also a Xianbei nationality. When the Tang Dynasty overthrew the Sui Dynasty and unified the world, Raole Mansion and the Capital Mansion at the end of the Song Dynasty were established in the original sites of Xi and Qidan, and Chifeng finally entered the territory of the Tang Dynasty.
In 907 AD, the Tang Dynasty perished, and civil strife in the Central Plains resumed. Lu Ye Po, the leader of the Khitan Diera Department, took advantage of the civil strife in the Central Plains to unify the ministries. In 9 16, the Khitan was founded, with its capital in Beijing, near Huangfu (now Nanpolo City, Zuo Qi, Bahrain, Chifeng City). In 947, Emperor Taizong of Liao led his troops south, captured Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and changed the country name "Da Liao". 1007, moved the capital to Beijing Dadingfu (now Ningcheng County, Chifeng City). At this time, Chifeng became the capital of Liao country.
1 125, Liao was destroyed by Jin, and Jin was re-divided into administrative areas, and Chifeng belonged to Beijing Road.
Yuan Ming Qing dynasty
In the Yuan Dynasty, Chifeng was divided into two parts by Zhongshu Province and Liaoyang Province, belonging to Shangdu Road and Quanning Road in Zhongshu Province and Daning Road and Yingchang Road in Liaoyang Province.
During the Ming Dynasty, it belonged to Daning Dusi in the early stage and Wuliangha Sanwei under the jurisdiction of Nuergan Dusi in the later stage. In order to capture Daning, the Mongols' Five Grain Ha Sanwei took refuge in Tatar. Since the 1920s of 15, we have waged unremitting struggles with Daming, and launched an all-round offensive from the Xilamulun River to the Liaohe River Basin, pushing southward. By the middle of the15th century, they finally came to live in a pasture near the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty. At this time, Chifeng once again fell into the hands of Mongolian Tatars.
During the Qing Dynasty, most of them belonged to Zhaowuda League and some belonged to Zhuosotu League. In the early years of the Republic of China, the whole territory successively belonged to Jehol Special Zone and Jehol Province. 65438+65438 0956+65438 10 +0, Jehol Province revoked, full name Zhaowudamang. 19831June 10, with the approval of the State Council, the establishment of the administrative office of Zhaowudamang was abolished and Chifeng City was established.
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The ancient Xilamulun River and Laoha River witnessed the history of Chifeng. From ancient humans catching prey with microliths more than 20,000 years ago to cultivating jade articles more than 5,000 years ago, Hongshan Culture in Chifeng and Central Plains culture can almost keep pace.
More than 4,000 years ago, the family private ownership in the Central Plains replaced the original tribal abdication system, and the Central Plains began to enter the infighting mode. Nomads living in the north can no longer stand idly by. Taking advantage of the civil strife in the Central Plains, they constantly invaded the northern part of the Central Plains and plundered property. Chifeng's special geographical position makes it a springboard for nomadic people to enter the Central Plains.
Thus, for more than 3,000 years, the tug-of-war between the Central Plains and the nomadic people in the north has constantly changed the ownership of Chifeng. But looking at the overall situation, we can see that Donghu people have always been the owners of this land, including Xianbei, Qidan and Mongolia.
All this was not changed until the emergence of Nurhachi, and the Jurchen nationality defeated the Donghu nationality. Later, New China was founded. With the flow of population, the nationalities in Chifeng city began to show diversity. According to statistics, there are more than 30 ethnic groups including Mongolian, Han, Hui and Manchu.