Comenius (1592- 1670), a Czech educator, is a representative figure of pan-intellectual education thought.

According to Comenius, "universal wisdom" refers to extensive and comprehensive wisdom. General education is a tool to realize general ideal.

Pan-intellectual education emphasizes two points: first, universal education, and all boys and girls, rich or poor, must receive education; Second, everyone needs to learn everything.

In this regard, Comenius made a clear explanation: "We hope to have a smart school, and it is a school with all-round wisdom, that is, a pan-intellectual school, that is, a pan-intellectual workshop.

There, everyone is allowed to receive education, where they can learn all the subjects needed in their current and future lives and study them perfectly. "

So Comenius summed up his idea of universal education in his great teaching theory: teaching everything to all mankind.

At the same time, he also stressed that a comprehensive education does not require that "everyone knows all the arts and sciences". In fact, no one can do this, because every science is extremely extensive and complex, and life is short.

But the goal of comprehensive education is:

1. Cultivate our talents through scientific and artistic research;

2. learn Chinese;

3. Form sincere virtue;

4. Worship God devoutly.

Comenius also specifically talked about three characteristics of pan-intellectual education:

One is the "governor". Pan-intellectual education emphasizes "instilling the essence of all knowledge fields into students" and "letting them know everything they must be familiar with, understand all the reasons and understand all the truly beneficial applications."

The second is "skilled action". Pan-intellectual education emphasizes the unity of knowledge and practice, and requires young people to be energetic, outstanding in ability, concise and diligent in everything. At the same time, it also requires young people to show honesty and love for God in their actions.

The third is "beautiful language". Pan-intellectual education requires its students to achieve satisfactory eloquence in language.

The pan-intellectual education and the pan-intellectual school advocated by Comenius are the negation and reform of the old education and the old school.

Comenius stressed that "it is possible to improve schools." But this possibility is based on the new educational principle-"Education adapts to nature".

Comenius's principle of adapting education to nature emphasizes two points:

One emphasizes that education should follow the natural order, and the other emphasizes that education should be based on children's nature.

Comenius believes that order is "the soul of things", and the reason why the world is stable is precisely because of order.

On the basis of comprehensive knowledge and understanding of pan-intellectual education, Comenius put forward three teaching principles:

1, principle of convenience

That is to say, teaching should start as soon as possible, so that children's minds can be properly prepared for teaching.

Teaching should be from general to special, from easy to difficult.

Students' learning burden should not be too heavy;

Teaching progress should be slow;

Teaching should adopt appropriate methods according to the age and nature of students: teaching should be carried out through the senses;

Teaching should teach useful knowledge: all sciences, arts and languages should use the same teaching methods.

2, the principle of thoroughness

Teaching should only teach really useful subjects;

Teaching should consider the integrity and the relationship between the parts;

Teaching should lay a solid foundation thoroughly, and the foundation should be solid, and all parts should be linked as much as possible;

In teaching, what is taught later is based on what is taught first;

The arrangement of all subjects should take into account the characteristics of students;

There should be proper exercises in teaching;

3. Simple and quick principle

Comenius believes that class teaching system should be adopted in teaching;

Only one textbook is used in each subject, and the whole class gets the same exercises in teaching;

All subjects should be treated equally, and students' understanding should be opened in teaching;

All related things should be taught together;

Each subject should be taught in clear steps, and all useless things should be discarded;

In addition, Comenius also emphasized moral education and pointed out that morality should be cultivated through schools as "training places for human beings". The virtues that schools should focus on are: prudence, moderation, perseverance and integrity.

To this end, he asked the school to train students to learn to make correct judgments about things, so that correct judgments become students' "second nature";

Ask students to understand the truth that "everything should not be excessive" and learn to be temperate;

Students are required to be honest with others, not to harm the interests of others, to be helpful, and to avoid hypocrisy and deception;

Students are required to learn to communicate frankly and generously with others and develop a patient character;

Comenius suggested how to carry out moral education:

Moral education should be carried out as soon as possible, and it should be taught well before evil occupies the soul;

Virtue should be cultivated through practice. You can learn obedience from obedience, moderation from moderation, truth from telling the truth, and constancy from constancy.

Moral education needs role models and guidance, children must be very careful to avoid the bad social interaction of rabbits, and moral education needs discipline to stop that evil tendency.

(22-year writing camp 156 words, a total of 245,969 words)