Generally speaking, kindergarten is the initial stage for children to enter the society and then adapt to it. It has a great influence on children's development, but because children's physical and mental development is not perfect and their adaptability is poor, most children will not adapt after entering the park, usually showing emotional problems such as crying, anxiety, not eating or drinking, homesickness and losing their temper. All kinds of maladjustment not only make teachers and parents feel embarrassed, but also seriously affect the healthy development of children's body and mind. There are many reasons why children are difficult to adapt. Facing all kinds of maladjustment in kindergartens, this paper analyzes many factors of maladjustment in kindergartens from the perspective of psychology and sociology, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures to help children adapt to the new life in kindergartens more quickly and promote their healthy physical and mental development.
First, children's maladjustment and anxiety in entering the park.
1, emotional problems caused by inadaptability caused by separation of children from caregivers, for example; Anxiety, fidgeting, trance, sobbing, crying, fetish, grumpy, angry, afraid, nervous, etc. When kindergarten freshmen enter the park, we find that most children will hold the maintainer's hand tightly and cry and shout:? I want my mother? Wait a minute. This kind of separation anxiety seriously affects children's emotions. They are very timid in unfamiliar environment, and often cry to express their anxiety, which is the usual manifestation of anxiety in entering the park. This is a common separation anxiety when children enter the park.
2. Physical problems caused by children's poor self-care ability and inadaptability to the kindergarten work and rest system: feeding difficulties, loss of appetite, enuresis, etc. Most children's lives before entering the park are arranged by their families, and their self-care ability is poor. You can't eat by yourself, you can't wear pants, and you won't tell the teacher when you need it. Some children are anxious because they feel insecure when entering a strange environment, ignoring some physiological needs, leading to unhealthy appetite and enuresis. This is the maladjustment caused by the poor self-care ability of children. Other children's work and rest system formed at home is inconsistent with that of kindergarten, which leads to inadaptability. Some children stay up late at home, he dozes off when others play games, and he is full of energy when others take a nap, which makes the whole class fidgety. Such children don't want to enter the park.
3. What about the children? Self-centered? Behavioral problems caused by inadaptability: timidity, shyness, reticence, shrinking, hitting people, grabbing toys, refusing to eat, refusing to hug, throwing toys, refusing to take off clothes, and self-abuse. Piaget mentioned the self-centeredness of children's thinking when he put forward the development of children's thinking. Egocentrism means that the subject tends to take himself as the starting point or reason when understanding things, but can't understand things from the internal laws of objective things and the perspective of others. This self-centeredness of children makes them have their own understanding and rules of the game, which often leads to conflicts in the game. Now almost all children are only children in the family. At home, they are used to being self-centered and unwilling to share and communicate with others. Everything should be shared with children after entering kindergarten. At the same time, we must abide by some rules of kindergarten groups. These changes and requirements will make some children feel strange, uneasy and afraid, which will lead to the inadaptability of children entering the park. When a child changes to a new environment and loses his sense of security, his behavior will change.
Second, the analysis of the causes of children's inadaptability to entering the park.
1, temporarily insecure needs and fears
The temporary lack of security needs and the ensuing fear are the primary reasons why children don't go to kindergarten and don't adapt to kindergarten life. Maslow, a famous American psychologist, believes that people have five different levels of needs, among which physiological needs and safety needs are the most fundamental needs of people and the premise and foundation of other advanced needs. Psychological research shows that the younger children need a relatively stable living environment and a relatively fixed adult care, which is the embodiment of children's basic needs. The child suddenly separated from his relatives as soon as he entered the park, and faced strange teachers, children and the surrounding environment from morning till night. Coupled with the relative freedom of activities and the constraints of a series of collective life rules, children will feel great insecurity both physically and psychologically. Because of the temporary lack of safety demand, accompanied by children's psychological fear, children's resistance to kindergartens is generated.
2. Emotional attachment transfer and separation anxiety
Children get along with their parents or caregivers day and night and establish a strong attachment relationship, which builds the foundation of children's sense of security. At the beginning of entering the park, the child suddenly left the original attachment object, and it takes time to establish a new attachment relationship with the teacher. At this time, the child is faced with the psychology of emotional transfer and falls into extreme psychological anxiety. On the other hand. Nowadays, most children are the only children in the family and are spoiled. After entering the kindergarten, the feeling that the stars hold the moon no longer exists, which will also lead to their lost psychology. Separation anxiety refers to the emotional experience of sadness, worry, tension, anxiety and panic after children are separated from their parents or other relatives. This is the biggest obstacle for children to adapt to kindergarten, and it is also an important reason for children not to fall in love with kindergarten.
3. Psychological defense mechanism
Before entering the park, parents are responsible for the whole life of their children, and their self-care ability is very poor. After coming to kindergarten, they began to really contact the society and began to learn independence. Children must face a series of problems, such as eating and dressing themselves, which is a challenge. On the other hand, children have to face a series of new tasks after entering the park, such as getting familiar with the new environment, taking care of themselves and making new friends. All these require considerable psychological ability to complete. However, children's young age, imperfect physical development, especially the developing brain and nervous system, have poor adaptability to the surrounding environment, which also aggravates the psychological barrier of children's dislike of entering the park.
Thirdly, strategies to improve children's adaptability to entering the park.
1, ready to enter the park
(1) Pre-admission and delay separation to eliminate strangeness and fear.
Parents can take their children to kindergarten to experience the fun of kindergarten before entering the park, so that children can have a preliminary impression of kindergarten and eliminate strangeness and fear. A few days before entering the park, you can arrange some interesting parent-child activities for children and parents to participate together. Rich parent-child games will make children feel unprecedented freshness and happiness. Get a good first impression of kindergarten. In the past, when children were separated from their parents, in order to prevent their children from crying endlessly, they often urged their parents to leave immediately, or quietly left while their children were not paying attention, but this? Forced separation method? But it often backfires, which aggravates children's separation anxiety. To avoid this problem, we can use it between parents and children? Delay separation method? . After entering the park, parents and children are allowed to play together and then say goodbye to each other naturally. Alleviate children's fear of entering the park and protect their physical and mental health.
(2) Expand children's social scope and reduce children's complete attachment to their parents.
Psychological research shows that children's attachment to their loved ones is related to the way of family education on the one hand, and to the degree of social contact during their growth on the other. If children usually have less contact with people other than family members, participate in external activities and contact with external things less, they are more likely to have separation anxiety when facing strangers and unfamiliar environments. Therefore, before children enter the park, parents should consciously expand their children's activity space and communication scope.
(3) Cultivate children's living ability and develop good living habits.
The generation of separation anxiety has much to do with children's poor living ability, inability to do what they can, and inadaptability to the requirements of kindergartens. Therefore, before entering the park, parents should guide their children's life skills. For example, guide children to eat, urinate, wash their hands, sleep and so on.
2, the use of educational skills, and gradually improve the behavior of children entering the park.
Before children enter the park, teachers can ask parents to fill out a form about children's life rules when they register, so as to fully understand children's living habits, hobbies, personality characteristics, family environment, parents' literacy and views on early childhood education. Familiar with children's likes and dislikes, understand children's personality. Secondly, we should fully understand the psychology and behavior of children who have just entered the park. Teachers should try their best to make them relax and replace negative emotions with positive ones. Third, organize colorful activities in the form that small class children like to divert their attention. Arrange more time for children to play freely outdoors. Playing with sand, water, slides and group games are all children's favorite activities.
3. Home cooperation to promote children's adaptation to new life.
Teachers should establish close contact with parents and actively communicate with parents about their children in the park. Knowing children's movements in time, doing parents' work well and striving for parents' cooperation can help children overcome bad emotions together. Parents should communicate with teachers more to know about their children's situation in the park. When children communicate, parents should pay attention to their language orientation and don't always ask some negative questions, which will invisibly make children have a bad impression on going to kindergarten. On the basis of communication with teachers, parents should guide their children from the front, communicate with their children in positive and encouraging language, encourage their children to behave properly, help their children establish feelings with teachers, and make them feel happy in kindergarten.
Adaptability of kindergartens: First, the inadaptability of children when they first enter the kindergarten.
1. Admission anxiety
Children are not fit to enter the park. Mainly manifested in the anxiety of entering the park, which generally appears in the early stage of children entering the park. American psychologist Hicks believes that anxiety is a manifestation of psychological stress. Psychological stress is a kind of psychological state, which is a reaction when a threat is perceived, accompanied by certain feelings (such as fear, anxiety and anger). ? At the beginning of entering the park, most children will have mood swings, such as crying, avoiding teachers and companions, repeating words, being alone in a daze, being attached to their belongings and teachers, getting sick, being absent, etc.
Children's separation anxiety behavior has certain regularity when they enter the park: crying loudly and crying are the most common manifestations of separation anxiety, and attachment to property and teachers is also the most common manifestation of separation anxiety. Other separation anxiety behaviors are mostly individual behaviors of some children; However, it cannot be said that the separation anxiety of children sitting quietly is not as serious as that of crying children. Different children have different performances. Strong expression and moderate expression are the release of children's separation anxiety. Most children who have just entered kindergarten strongly express their separation anxiety, such as crying loudly to attract the attention of teachers and parents, or crying to strongly express their reluctance to go to kindergarten or stay in kindergarten. When they feel that strong emotional expression cannot change the fact that they want to continue living in kindergarten, most children will slowly turn to expressing separation anxiety, such as crying and sitting still.
There is a certain regularity in the period of separation anxiety when children enter the park. The most serious period of separation anxiety every day is when the children enter the park in the morning. During this period, children are faced with direct separation from their parents, mainly manifested in crying, crying and excessive attachment to teachers; Before and after lunch and nap, children's separation anxiety is also obvious, mainly manifested as crying, abnormal eating and abnormal nap; At other times, children have less anxiety about separation.
Some children's separation anxiety has always been prominent; Some children's separation anxiety is prominent in the previous stage and tends to be normal in the latter stage; Some children's separation anxiety is relatively calm in the previous stage and relatively strong in the latter stage.
There are gender differences and similarities in children's separation anxiety when they enter the park. The difference lies in the frequency and intensity of separation anxiety. Girls have more separation anxiety than boys, and most of them are strong manifestations. Convergence shows the general trend of children's separation anxiety. Most children's separation anxiety will last for about two weeks, and some children will last for a long time.
Generally speaking, younger children are more anxious and separated than older children; The difference between younger boys and older boys is more obvious, and the degree of separation anxiety of girls is not as obvious as that of boys because of their age.
2. Poor communication skills with colleagues
Good interpersonal skills can make people gain friendship, have self-confidence, maintain a good mental state and improve their social adaptability. Children are too young to be sensible and don't know how to get along with their peers. Therefore, from the time children enter the park, families should go hand in hand and cooperate with each other to help children establish good peer relations and cultivate their ability to communicate with peers.
Many children have it now? Is it just me? My mentality is selfish, overbearing and opinionated, and I don't care about other people's personality in the process of communicating with my peers in the park. Not only do I care about my peers, I can't get along with them harmoniously, but I also have aggressive behavior. Some children are very withdrawn. When I first entered the park, I didn't cry or make trouble, I didn't like to talk, and I was often unhappy. They like to bite their skirts, nails or touch a certain part of their bodies, and they don't want their companions to get close to themselves, let alone others. Some children stand quietly and want to participate in activities, but they are afraid to put forward their own ideas because of timidity or introversion.
Parents are the first teachers of the children. As parents, we should actively encourage our children to greet their friends wherever they are, teach them the correct ways to communicate with their peers, remind them to tell their teachers when they encounter problems, encourage them to actively participate in activities, and create opportunities for them to communicate with their peers, so as to exercise their ability to communicate with others.
When children enter kindergarten from home, they will feel insecure about leaving home and have a great sense of dependence on teachers. This requires teachers to have certain professional knowledge and rich experience, comfort and guide children in time, establish close, harmonious and harmonious relationships with children, and make children feel safe psychologically.
The kindergarten environment is very different from the family environment, and children will inevitably have some problems, so it is absolutely not enough to rely solely on the unilateral efforts of teachers or parents. Coordination between home and home can get twice the result with half the effort.
Second, the reasons why children do not adapt to entering the park for the first time
At the beginning of entering the park, children aged 2-3 are faced with temporary separation from their relatives, changes in environment, personnel, activities and behavior rules, low cognition and lack of basic life skills, which will make them feel uncomfortable. The reasons can be summarized into three aspects:
1. Physiological factors
Children who have just entered school are in the transitional stage from infancy to infancy, with relatively weak mobility and self-care ability and high dependence. Because children are young, many parents like to arrange for their children in their daily lives. Parents take care of their children's eating and sleeping, so that some children can't take off their clothes, eat with spoons, tie their own shoelaces, go to the toilet by themselves, and have poor self-care ability.
2. Psychological factors
Anxiety is the biggest psychological obstacle for freshmen in small classes. The separation from relatives causes children's intense anxiety and even seriously affects their own health. Generally speaking, within a week, most children can gradually adapt to kindergarten life with the kind and enthusiastic care and help of teachers, and can take the initiative to say hello to teachers and say goodbye to their families. But some children are hard to adapt, crying all the time, eating badly, sleeping badly, losing weight and even getting sick. Some children are more concerned about the changes in the environment, and sometimes subtle changes may cause their strong reactions. The change of environment after entering the park is a strong stimulus for them, which is often difficult to accept, so they show strong separation anxiety.
3. Social factors
Children's social attributes are not perfect, their emotional functions are not perfect, and they can't actively and reasonably adjust their behavior. Kindergarten has a strict work and rest system, which is very different from most families. Children are free at home and can decide when to eat, rest and play, but there are strict rules for eating, going to the toilet and participating in game activities in kindergarten. Therefore, the children who have just entered the park are very uncomfortable with the daily life of the kindergarten.
The separation anxiety of small class children when they first enter the park is a psychological problem of children. Teachers should actively seek ways and means to solve this problem in early childhood education, help children alleviate their pain with maternal love, patience and care, guide children to adapt to the new environment better and faster, and lead children to take the first step into society with warm hands. As parents, we should help our children prepare for entering the park, teach them some basic life skills as soon as possible, and cultivate their habits of going to bed early and getting up early, taking a nap every day, concentrating on eating and sleeping alone. Before entering the park, children should be led to the kindergarten to have a look and play, so that children can be familiar with the kindergarten environment, understand the activities of the kindergarten and have a yearning for the kindergarten. This can effectively reduce the pressure on children when they enter the park, so that children can avoid showing various problems because they don't adapt to the new environment.
Now that there are many only children, many families give their children too much love, which makes them unbearable? Storm? . Parents should educate their children in advance, and families and kindergartens should cooperate with each other to put an end to the new problems of children entering the park? Pain? Phenomenon makes it easier for children to adapt to the changes around them.