Socrates was a famous philosopher in ancient Greece who lived from 469 BC to 399 BC. He makes a living by teaching students knowledge and morality. He vehemently opposed the materialist philosophers' practice of studying the objective world and discovering its laws, believing that they could not know the truth. It is believed that things are arranged by God in this way, and people can only know the truth if they know God from their own hearts. He does not admit that the general is abstracted from the special, but regards the general as something before and above the special. Plato inherited Socrates' point of view. Starting from his search for "generality", he thought that not only many specialities have generality, but any special thing has generality, which he called "idea". On this basis, he believes that there are two worlds: one is the eternal concept reality world, and the other is the impermanent fantasy world of our reality. The world of ideas is higher than and ahead of the real world. In this way, the general idea becomes an objective and independent "idea", and the concrete thing becomes a copy and shadow of the untrue idea.

Kant (1724 ~ 1804)

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher. The pioneer of German philosophical revolution, the founder of German classical philosophy, the representative of dualism, transcendentalism and agnosticism in the history of modern western philosophy, and a natural scientist with great contributions.

Life and Works Kant was born in a small handicraft family in Konigsberg, East Prussia (which belonged to the Soviet Union after World War I and was later renamed Kaliningrad). /kloc-entered the university of konigsberg in 0/740, and 1755 received his doctorate in Latin paper "On Fire". 1755 The General History of Nature and the Theory of Celestial Bodies, published anonymously, opened a gap in the metaphysical view of nature that has long dominated people's minds for the first time. 1766 served as deputy director of the Royal Library, 1770 was promoted to professor of logic and metaphysics at the University of Konigsberg, and presented a paper "Forms and Principles of the Sensed World and the Rational World" for defense. After 1755, Kant published other works, such as the only possible basis for demonstrating the existence of God, trying to introduce the concept of negative quantity into philosophy, an investigation of beauty and lofty feelings, explaining a man's dream with metaphysical dreams, and on the basic basis for distinguishing different positions in space. 1769 is a crucial year for the development of Kant's philosophical thought. Influenced by British empiricism, especially D. Hume's significance about the inevitability of causality, he suddenly woke up from the "arbitrary dream" of Leibniz-Wolff school philosophy. The transition from "pre-crisis period" to "crisis period" began. 1780, Kant wrote Critique of Pure Reason, and his philosophical thought entered a critical period. During the period of 178 1 ~ 1790, three masterpieces, Critique of Pure Reason, Introduction to Practical Reason and Critique of Judgment, which constitute the critical philosophy system, came out one after another. In addition, an introduction to all metaphysics in the future and the origin of moral metaphysics have been published. In Germany, Kant's popularity is growing, and his new philosophy has a growing influence in Germany. 1792 Chairman of Philosophy Department of Berlin Academy of Sciences. Kant's works published in the 1990s from 65438 to 2008 include On Permanent Peace, Metaphysical Principles of Law, Metaphysical Principles of Ethics, Debate on Subjectivity, Anthropology of Practice, and Logic, Physical Geography and Pedagogy edited and published by his friends before his death. The Chinese versions of Kant's works are: General History of Nature and Theory of Celestial Bodies. The Chinese version is called Introduction to the Development History of the Universe, published by Shanghai People's Publishing House,1972; Critique of Pure Reason, translated by Lan, published by the Commercial Press1960; Introduction to all future metaphysics, translated in Chinese as Introduction to any future metaphysics that can appear as science, translated by Pang, published by the Commercial Press,1978; The Origin of Moral Metaphysics, translated by Tang Yue, published by the Commercial Press,1957; Criticism of Practical Reason, translated by Guan, published by the Commercial Press1960; The first and second volumes of Critique of Judgment were translated by Zong Baihua and Wei Zhuomin and published by the Commercial Press 1964.

Philosophical thought ① Criticize philosophy first. In the early critical period, Kant vividly explained the relationship between the various parts of the infinite universe in space in his anonymous General History of Nature and Theory of Celestial Bodies, and explored the origin of celestial bodies and the laws of their movement and change. The "nebula theory" which is of great significance in the history of astronomy is put forward. He was based on Newtonian mechanics, but he surpassed Newton in the world view. During this period, he thought that God was an omnipresent rational order and doubted the law of cause and effect. Put forward the view that moral behavior is fundamentally determined by individual will.

② Transitional philosophy. At the end of 65438+60' s, Kant comprehensively considered Hume's question about causality. He appreciates Hume's empirical analysis of the origin of the concept of causality, which is very enlightening, but resolutely opposes Hume's wrong conclusion of denying the inevitability of causality. During the transitional period, he mainly considered three issues: the universality, inevitability and objective effectiveness of Euclidean geometry and natural science; The possibility of human freedom; The nature of space and time inevitably involves the above two aspects.

(3) Critical philosophy. During this period, Kant established a unique critical philosophy system, including epistemology with transcendentalism, dualism and agnosticism as its basic characteristics, as well as ethics and aesthetics on this basis.

Evaluating and influencing Kant's philosophical thought is a special manifestation of German bourgeois enlightenment thought in the18th century, and a high degree of speculation is a feature of this thought. Speculation tends to keep a distance from reality, so when this idea involves the realistic political requirements of the citizen bourgeoisie, it is bound to be weak. On the other hand, speculation is an important condition for deep thinking.

The influence of Kant's philosophy on later generations is twofold. For Fichte, Schelling and Hegel, he was the pioneer of German philosophical revolution and played a positive role. But in the 1960s, the German bourgeoisie used the speculative lofty ideals of Kant's philosophy to deal with the proletarian revolutionary movement. At this time, there was a call for "returning to Kant" or even "to understand Kant, we must surpass Kant", with the aim of explaining Kant from the standpoint of complete idealism. This is how the Second International Revisionism and Neo-Kantianism emerged. At the end of 19, voluntarists, positivists and pragmatists of different schools also accepted the certain influence of Kant's philosophy. Marx and Engels exposed and commented on Kant's idealism. On the eve of the October Revolution, Lenin systematically analyzed and criticized Kant's philosophy. In recent decades, Kant's philosophy is still an important subject in western philosophy, which has great influence.

Nietzsche (1844-1900) thinks that he is the successor of Schopenhauer, which is correct; However, he is making a promise.

Schopenhauer is superior in many places, especially the consistency and clarity of his theory. Schopenhauer's unique oriental style

Reading ethics seems to be incompatible with the metaphysics of his omnipotent will; In Nietzsche's view, will exists not only in metaphysics.

First, it is also ranked first in ethics. Although Nietzsche is a professor, he is a philosopher of literature and art, not an academic philosopher.

Scientist. He did not create any new special theory in ontology or epistemology; His importance lies in ethics above all.

Face, and secondly because he is a keen historical critic. Next, I will talk about his ethics and him almost completely.

Criticism of religion, because it is this aspect of his works that makes him influential.

His life is simple. His father is a Protestant priest, and his upbringing has a strong religious color. He is studying at the university.

He is excellent in studying classical literature and linguistics. Even before he got the degree of 1869, barzel University offered it to him.

He accepted the position of professor of linguistics. His health has been poor, and he has had a rest for some time.

I took some sick leave and finally had to resign on 1879. Since then, he has lived in Switzerland and Italy; 1888 Tajing

God was delirious until he died. He admired Wagner warmly, but he argued with him again, nominally.

The argument is about Pa Zival, because Nietzsche thinks Pa Zival is too Christian and full of lost spirit.

Yes After the argument, he denounced Wagner and even accused him of being Jewish. However, one of his

The general view is still very similar to that revealed by Wagner in The Ring of the Nibelon. Nietzsche's superman portrait

Siegfried, but he knows Greek. It may seem strange, but it's not my fault.

Nietzsche is not a conscious romantic; In fact, he often severely criticizes romantics. Zai Zai

In a sense, his view is Greek, but he ignores orpheus's theory. He admired philosophers before Socrates.

Scientists, except Pythagoras. He is closely related to Heraclitus' thought. Aristotle said.

"Elegant man" is very similar to Nietzsche's so-called "noble man", but on the whole, he thinks that Greece after Socrates

Philosophers are inferior to their predecessors. He can't forgive Socrates' humble origins; He called him "Roturil"

(civilians) ",and accused him of corrupting the aristocratic youth in Athens with a democratic moral prejudice. Especially Plato,

He was condemned by Nietzsche for his interest in enlightenment. But Nietzsche is obviously not willing to condemn him, so for the sake of the original.

I trust him, and I suggest that maybe he is not sincere, but only advocates virtue as a means to maintain the order of the lower class.

Yes Nietzsche once described Plato as "the great Calestro". He likes Democritus and Ebinur Lake.

Kourou, but his love for the latter seems unreasonable, if this is not explained as actually admiring Lucretius.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, his evaluation of Kant is very low. He called him "La Rousseau's moral fanaticism".

Crazy people. "

Although Nietzsche criticized romantics, many of his views came from romantics. His views and worship

Aaron's view is a kind of aristocratic anarchism, so it is not surprising that we see him praising Byron.

He deliberately has two sets of irreconcilable values: on the one hand, he likes ruthlessness, war and aristocratic arrogance; another

On the other hand, he likes philosophy, literature and art, especially music. Historically, these values were in the Renaissance.

The period used for coexistence; Pope Julius II not only fought for Bona, but also appointed Michelangelo. Maybe he can.

The kind of person in power that Nietzsche wanted to see. Although there are some important differences between Nietzsche and Machiavelli,

It is natural to compare Nietzsche with Machiavelli. Speaking of differences: Machiavelli is a person who handles practical affairs.

His views were formed by close contact with official affairs, which was in harmony with his times; He is neither pedantic nor decent.

Department, his political philosophy is difficult to form a coherent whole. On the contrary, Nietzsche is a university professor, and he is basically a scholar.

Wu is a philosopher who consciously opposed the dominant political and ethical tendencies at that time. However, the similarities between the two people.

Point deeper. Nietzsche's political philosophy is similar to that in A Mirror of a Nation (not about Roman history).

Of course, it has been completed in detail and applied to a wider range. Nietzsche and Machiavelli both hold a power-oriented and intentional attitude.

Anti-Christian ethics, of course, Nietzsche is more frank in this respect. Napoleon is Caesar to Nietzsche.

Borgia vs Machiavelli: A great man is defeated by a small opponent.

Nietzsche's criticism of various schools of religion and philosophy is entirely motivated by ethics. He praised his idea (on this point)

Perhaps it is correct) a certain temperament that only a few noble people can have; In his view, most should be extreme.

The means by which a few people gain a sense of superiority should not be considered as their independent right to ask for happiness or welfare. He mentioned ordinary people,

Habitually called "shoddy", if their suffering is necessary to produce great men, he thinks so.

No objection. Therefore, from 1789 to 18 15, all the importance of this period was summarized in Napoleon:

"The French Revolution enabled Napoleon to appear, which is its legitimate reason. If all our civilizations collapse in chaos.

The result will be this kind of reward, and we should hope for chaos and collapse. Napoleon realized nationalism, which is

The reason for the latter. "He said that almost all the great hopes of this century came from Napoleon.

He likes to express his views by counter-reasoning, so as to shock conservative readers. His practice is to press

Use the words "good" and "evil" according to their usual meaning, and then say that he prefers "evil" to "good". he

BeyondGoodandEvil is actually trying to change readers' views on good and evil.

Law, but except in some cases, it claims to praise "evil" and belittle "good". For example, he said to pursue

It is wrong to regard the victory of good and the elimination of evil as obligations; This is the British view, that is, "John Stu"

Art Muller that idiot "typical stuff; He has a particularly vicious contempt for Mill. About muller,

He said:

"He said,' What's right for one person is right for another'; You don't want others to treat you.

Don't do what you do to others. These words make me hate this man's rudeness. This principle is willing to put

All communication between people is based on their relationship, so every action seems to be giving.

Give us a cash reward for what we have done. This assumption is despicable to the extreme:

Think, I, De, Xing, Dong and you, De, Xing, Dong, Zhi, Zai, Jia, Shang, you.

Look, it's a matter of course. "

True virtue, contrary to traditional virtue, is not possessed by everyone, but should always be the characteristic of the aristocratic minority.

This virtue is neither useful nor prudent; It separates those who own it from others; it

Hostility to order is harmful to inferior people. Higher people must struggle with ordinary people and resist the democratic tendency of the times, because they are besieged on all sides.

On all sides, there are mediocre people joining hands and plotting masters. "Everything is indulgent and softened, and' people' or' women'

All the above are conducive to universal suffrage, that is,' bad' people rule. "fascinating.

Tao is Rousseau, because he makes women very interesting; Followed by Harriet Beecher Stowe and slaves; then

He is a socialist who fights for the workers and the poor. All these people should resist it.

Nietzsche's ethical thought is not self-indulgent in any sense; He believed in spartan discipline,

For major goals, there are both the ability to give people pain and the measures to endure it. He appreciates the power of will most.

He said: "I test it according to the degree of resistance a will can make and the degree of pain and suffering it can endure."

It is powerful and powerful, and I know how to make full use of it. I don't have to blame the sin and pain of living.

Bitter, but with hope, I hope that one day life will become more sinful and full of pain than before. "He thinks sympathy.

Is a weakness that must be resisted. "Our goal is to achieve that huge, great, sexy, capable and powerful: communication.

Self-disciplined people also shape the future by eliminating millions of inferior workers, but they can avoid seeing the reasons.

The resulting pain is unprecedented and often collapses. "He predicted with some ecstasy.

There must be an era of great war; We don't know whether he will be happy if he lives long enough to see his prophecy come true.

However, he is not a national admirer; Not that kind of person. He is a passionate individualist and

People who believe in heroes. He said that the misfortune of an entire nation is not as important as the suffering of a great individual: "all this."

Some disasters of Wang people do not sum up except in the feelings of the strong, the powerful and the powerful. "

Nietzsche was not a nationalist, nor did he show excessive appreciation for Germany. He wants an international domination competition,

Ask them to be the masters of the whole world: "A huge new noble society based on the most stringent self-training is

The will of powerful people with philosophical thoughts and autocratic monarchs with artistic talent will leave a mark on future generations. "

He is not a clear anti-Semitic, but he thinks there are so many Jews in Germany, and then

If too much cannot be assimilated, Jews should not be allowed to continue to flow in. He hates the New Testament, but he doesn't hate the Old Testament.

He talks about the Old Testament with the highest praise. To be fair to Nietzsche, we must emphasize that with his universal ethics.

There are many modern developments in the view of reason, contrary to what he clearly expressed.

Two applications of his ethical thought deserve attention: first, his contempt for women; The second is his attitude towards Christianity.

Ruthless criticism.

He is never tired of scolding women. In his quasi-prophetic book Zarathustra, he said

Us Spake Zarathustra), he said that women are still far from friendship; Are they still cats, birds, or

It is a cow. "Men should train for war, and women should train for soldiers' entertainment. The rest are fools.

Stupid. If we can believe his most powerful epigram on this issue: "Do you want a woman? Don't forget.

Your whip ",you know that soldiers' entertainment must be a different kind of entertainment.

Although he always despises women equally, he is not always so fierce. In Will to Power (WilltoPo

Wer), he said: "We are interested in female sexuality, just as we are interested in beauty, delicacy and exquisiteness.

I like animals that have fun. What a pleasure it is to meet animals whose hearts are only dancing, nonsense and gorgeous costumes.

Things! They have always been the joy of every nervous and deep male soul. "However, even if these beauties are just

Women can only be found in manly men when they are honestly controlled; They just need one.

Any independence is intolerable. "Women have too many reasons to be ashamed; Women are so pedantic,

Shallow, rural, small pride, impudence, hidden recklessness ... so far, it's really because of men.

Fear, fear has a good control over these constraints. "He said in" the other side of good and evil ",where he again

He said that women should be treated as property like orientals. His abuse of women is a self-evident fact.

What comes out is neither supported by historical evidence nor by evidence of his personal experience; About women, he

Personal experience is almost limited to his sister.

Nietzsche opposed Christianity because it made people accept what he called "slave morality". Put his comments on the French nation.

It is a wonderful thing to observe the debates of French philosophers before the Great Revolution. French philosophy

Es claims that Christian teachings are untrue; Christianity teaches people to obey what people think is God's will, but they have self-esteem.

People should not bow to any advanced forces; The Christian church has become an ally of the tyrant and is helping democracy.

Political opponents deny freedom and constantly squeeze the blood and sweat of the poor. Nietzsche did not care about Christianity or any other religion.

Metaphysical truth or not; He is convinced that no religion is actually the truth, so he is completely unaffected by religious society.

To evaluate all religions. He agrees with philosophes and opposes obeying the imaginary god's will, but he wants to put it.

The will of the secular "autocratic monarch with artistic talent" replaced the will of God.

Except this superman, obedience is justified, but obedience to the Christian God is not. The Christian church is about violence.

June's democratic politics of allies and enemies, he said, is the opposite truth. According to him, the French Revolution and society

Spiritually speaking, Marxism and Christianity are basically the same, and he also opposes all these for the same reason: that is, whether he is in office or not

He doesn't want to treat everyone equally in any way.

He said that both Buddhism and Christianity deny that there is any fundamental value difference between one person and another.

In a sense, they are all "nihilistic" religions;

But of the two, Buddhism has received much less criticism. Christianity is depraved and full of rotten excrement.

Composition of; Its motivation lies in the resistance of the rough makers. This resistance was initiated by Jews and was dishonest.

Sao Paulo's "sacred epilepsy" was brought into Christianity. "The New Testament is a very humble and contemptible category.

The gospel of mankind. "Christian faith is the most deadly and fascinating lie in ancient and modern times. There has never been a celebrity.

Similar to the Christian ideal; For example, think about the heroes in Plutarch's Who's Who. Christianity, so

It should be condemned because it denies "pride, distant sadness, great responsibility, high spirit and brilliance."

Animal nature, instinct of war and conquest, passion, revenge, anger, debauchery, adventure and deification of knowledge. this

Everything is good, but it is called bad by Christianity-Nietzsche advocates this.

He said that the purpose of Christianity is to domesticate people, but this is wrong. The beast has a certain brilliance, put it.

Tame and you lose. Dustin Tuyev maintains a better friendship with criminals because they have more self-esteem. Nietzsche

I hate confession and atonement very much. What does he call these two things? Eoliecirculaire (circular stupidity) This is very difficult for us.

Get rid of the concept of human behavior: "We are the heirs who cut our conscience alive and nailed ourselves to the cross for two thousand years."

There is a very touching quote about bhaskar, because it sets Nietzsche and Christ against each other.

The reason for teaching is the best:

"What are we against in Christianity? What is opposed is to destroy the strong and defeat them.

Their spirit should take advantage of their tired and weak moments to turn proud self-confidence into anxiety and conscience distress;

In contrast, it knows how to poison the noblest instinct and make it sick until it reaches its strength and power.

Qi turned against himself-until the strong died of excessive inferiority and self-sacrifice: the kind that made people not

Bhaskar is the most famous example of cold chestnut death. "

Nietzsche wanted to see what he called "noble" people replace Christian saints, but "noble" people were by no means.

A universal type of person, but a sovereign aristocrat. "Noble" people sometimes do cruel things.

Do what the common eye thinks is a crime; He will only admit his obligations to people who are equal to him. He will protect art

Homemaker, poet and all those who are proficient in a certain skill, but he belongs to the kind of person who only knows how to do something.

It is necessary to be a member of a higher class to protect these people. From the example of soldiers, he will learn to fight death with him.

The doctrine of fighting for maintenance is linked; Learn to sacrifice most people and take your career seriously, and time waits for no one; Learn to be harsh

Discipline; Learn to show tyranny and cunning in war. He will realize the role of cruelty in aristocratic superiority:

"Almost all our so-called' higher education' is based on the sublimation and strengthening of disability, forbearance and sex."

"Noble" people are essentially the embodiment of the will to power.

How should we treat Nietzsche's theory? How real is this theory? What's the use?

Is there anything objective in this? Is it just the patient's power fantasy?

It is undeniable that Nietzsche has always been among people with literary and artistic accomplishments, although not among specialized philosophers.

Have a great influence. It must also be admitted that it turns out that his prediction of the future is better than that of liberals or socialism.

The author's prediction should be close to correct. False, for example, he thinks it is just a symptom of a disease, a disease of the modern world.

Must be very popular.

However, he still has many things that are just megalomaniacs and must be ignored. Speaking of Spinoza, he said, "One."

The disguise of this sick hermit exposed the timidity and fragility of many people! "Exactly the same words can also be used to say that he has.

Since he did not hesitate to say this about Spinoza, it was used to say that he was more reluctant. Obviously, he is wearing his own white.

In the Japanese dream, it is not a professor, but a soldier; The people he worships are all soldiers. His evaluation of women and every man.

His evaluation, like his own objectification of women's feelings, is obviously a kind of fear for him.

"Don't forget your whip"-but nine out of ten women want to get rid of his whip, and he knows it, so

He avoided women and used harsh words to soothe his wounded vanity.

Nietzsche condemned Christian love because he thought it was the result of fear:

I was afraid that others would hurt me, so I convinced him that I loved him. If I were stronger and braver,

I will publicly express my contempt for him. In Nietzsche's view, a person sincerely holds universal love.

Obviously impossible, because he has almost universal hatred and fear, and he likes to show this hatred and fear.

Disguised as an old man's indifference. His "noble" person-daydreaming himself-is completely lacking.

People who lack compassion are ruthless, cunning and cruel, and only care about their rights. King Lear said when he was going crazy:

I have to do this-

I don't know what it is yet-

But it will become

Terror all over the world.

This is the epitome of Nietzsche's philosophy.

Nietzsche never thought that the desire for power he gave superman was itself the result of fear. Not afraid of others

Some people feel that there is no need to suppress others. He who conquers fear does not have Nietzsche's "artistic autocracy"

Jun "the crazy nature of the Nile king, the Nile king tried to enjoy music and slaughter, but their hearts were filled."

Full of fear of the inevitable palace coup. I don't deny that the real world is very similar to Nietzsche's nightmare.

This part is also the result of his theory; But this did not reduce the horror of nightmares.

It must be admitted that there is also some Christian ethics, and Nietzsche's cool comments can be used fairly and reasonably. bathtub

Karl and Dostoevsky-in Nietzsche's own example-have some despicable qualities. Eager hope/persistence

Skanska sacrificed his brilliant mathematical wisdom for his god, so he gave him a kind of barbarism, that is Pascal.

The infinite expansion of Joel's morbid mental pain. Dostoevsky's retreat from Yevsky and "legitimate pride" are impossible; He wants to commit a crime,

In order to repent, in order to enjoy the pleasure of repentance. I don't want to discuss how much fair blame this deviant behavior can get.

Christianity, but I have to admit that Nietzsche and I feel the same way, thinking that Dustin's frustration with Yevsky is despicable.

Yes I also think that some nobility and pride, even some self-righteousness, are the elements of the best character;

Virtue rooted in fear will not be appreciated.

There are two kinds of sages: born sages and sages out of fear. Natural sages have a spontaneous love for human beings;

He does good deeds because they make him happy.

On the other hand, a sage out of fear is like a man who doesn't steal because of the police. If there is no fire in hell or

The idea of revenge on others forced him to do evil.

Nietzsche can only imagine the second saint; Because his heart is full of fear and hatred, his spontaneous love for mankind lies in him.

It seems impossible. He never imagined that there was a person with superhuman dauntless and stubborn self-esteem.

Heart, or don't give people pain, because he has no desire to do so. Who would have thought that Lincoln did what he did?

Because of fear of hell? However, in Nietzsche's view, Lincoln was despicable and Napoleon was great.

It is also necessary to examine the main ethical issues raised by Nietzsche, that is, should our ethics be aristocratic?

Or in a sense, all people should be treated equally? According to what I said just now, this question means the same thing.

The meaning is not very clear, so obviously the first step is to clarify the problem.

We must first distinguish aristocratic ethics from aristocratic politics, rule and ethics. Believe bentham

The person who holds the principle of the greatest happiness of the majority has democratic ethics, but he may think that the aristocratic regime.

Can best promote the happiness of ordinary people. This is not Nietzsche's view. He believes that the happiness of ordinary people is not a part of goodness itself.

Points. Everything that is good or evil in itself exists only in a few superior people; What happened to the rest is not enough.

Light and heavy.

The following question is: How do you define several experts? In fact, such people have always been victorious or

Hereditary aristocrats, and aristocrats, at least in theory, have always been descendants of the victorious clan. I think Nietzsche will accept this.

Definition. "Without a good background, there will be no morality," he told us. He said that the aristocracy was always at first

Quite a battle, but every step of human progress is attributed to the aristocratic society.

I don't understand whether Nietzsche regards the superiority of nobles as innate or caused by education and environment. If it is the latter, then

It makes no sense to exclude others from the advantages they are equally entitled to.

So I assume that he thinks that the victorious aristocrats and their descendants are physically superior to the people they rule, just as people are superior to their families.

Domestic animals are superior, but to a lesser extent.

What do you mean by "top student in biology"? When explaining Nietzsche, it refers to people who belong to the superior clan.

People and their descendants are more likely to become "aristocrats" in Nietzsche's sense: they will have more will.

More strength, more courage, more power impulse, less sympathy, less fear and less gentleness.

We can now describe Nietzsche's ethics. I think the following words are a fair evaluation of his integrity.

Winners of wars and their descendants are usually superior to losers in biology.

Therefore, they should have full authority and act entirely for their own interests.

There is also the word "get" to consider. What is "yes" in Nietzsche's philosophy? Be a bystander

From the author's point of view, Nietzsche's so-called "what he wants" is what Nietzsche wants. With this explanation, Nietzsche

This theory might as well be described more simply and honestly with the following sentence: "If I lived in Pericles' time."