In the chapter on glyphs and synonyms reviewed by senior three Chinese system, many teachers may have encountered such troubles: although some words have simple meanings, they are written in various ways; Although some words have the same pronunciation and similar shapes, they have different meanings. In addition, the writing and annotations of these words in different versions of dictionaries are not uniform, which makes people feel that the knowledge system of these two chapters is rather chaotic. If some of these problems can't be explained clearly, it will not only affect students' cognition, but also affect students' learning mood. In view of this, the author tries to explain some of these problems.
1. What is a heterograph?
The general definition of "heteromorphic words" is words that coexist and use in society with the same pronunciation and synonyms but different writing forms. Most academic circles agree with this definition, but some scholars disagree. The main reasons are as follows: first, taking synonyms as the standard to divide heterographs will confuse heterographs and synonyms; Secondly, whether the pronunciations of some heterographs are different cannot be used as a standard for dividing heterographs. According to the above proposal, I think we can give the following definition of heterographs: words that coexist in society and have the same meaning but different writing forms. This not only distinguishes it from synonyms, but also makes the same pronunciation no longer a condition for judging whether it belongs to heterographs.
2. The reasons for the formation of heterographs.
Variant characters have existed since ancient times, and the causes of variant characters are very complicated. Generally speaking, there are several reasons: first, the meaning is similar, such as "talent/ability" (talent and material meaning are similar, but they are common); Second, radical assimilation, such as "wasp/ant" (horses are influenced by bees and written as ants); Third, synonyms for leave, such as "delay/delay" (Dan, leave, both common); Fourth, randomness and continuity, such as "confusion"; External interference, such as "mortar/mortar"; Sixth, motivation differences, such as "pupils/pupils" (writers understand things from different angles, leading to different writing).
3. The significance and present situation of the arrangement of variant words.
As can be seen from the above examples of heterographs, the existence of a large number of heterographs is one of the main reasons for the confusion of Chinese vocabulary. If we can't sort them out, it will not only bring difficulties to our Chinese learning, but also make our daily words lose their basis. Throughout history, from Zhou Xuanwang to Qin Shihuang, from Shuowen Jiezi in Han Dynasty to Zhengzi tablet in Tang Dynasty, governments and writers in different periods have made unremitting efforts for the standardization of Chinese characters. After the founding of New China, the Party and the state also attached great importance to the standardization of Chinese characters, formulated a series of principles and policies, and promulgated various laws and regulations. 200 1 12 19 The Ministry of Education and the State Language Commission jointly issued the First List of Variant Characters. According to the three principles of "universality, motivation and systematicness", the table sorts out 338 groups of heterographs which are commonly used in written language and have obvious tendency of public selection, and gives the recommended word forms for each group of heterographs. Although this arrangement is only a recommended trial specification, it has aroused good response in the society since its publication. The arrangement of these heteromorphic words provides a basis for the use of related words, facilitates the language life of the masses, and ends the chaotic use of some words to some extent. In view of this reaction, China Edition Collation Research Committee, China Newspaper Association, Variant Research Group of State Language Commission and Chewing Word Editorial Committee published the Second Batch of Variant Finishing Draft on August 5, 2003. There are 264 groups of variant characters compiled this time, but the recommended word forms of these variants have not been formally established and are currently in the stage of soliciting social opinions.
4. How to deal with abnormal words in teaching?
Since the existence of a large number of abnormal words is one of the main reasons for the confusion of Chinese vocabulary, students should be called upon to use the recommended forms of abnormal words as much as possible and use less non-recommended forms in normal teaching. However, in practice, the first batch of heterographs and the second batch of heterographs should also be treated differently. The state's highest language and writing organization has published the first batch of variant forms, and we should carry them out to the letter. The list of the second batch of variant characters has not been released by the relevant state departments, and should actively participate in the discussion, but it does not need to be resolutely implemented. Moreover, in the process of sorting out the list, there are still some controversial issues about the establishment of recommended word forms of some words, and some also involve some principled issues. For example, according to the main difference in meaning between "degree" and "Guo" in modern Chinese, this table recommends the idiom "secretly crossing Chen Cang". Although this arrangement strictly embodies the "motivation" principle of irregular text arrangement, it is a tampering with historical documents. How to organize these words needs further discussion. Different writing methods can be allowed in teaching.
5. The difference between homonyms.
Synonym is a very common concept in Chinese learning. As the name implies, words with similar meanings are synonyms. Some synonyms have the same pronunciation, so we call them homophones. Most homonyms have the same pronunciation and similar word forms. In linguistic research, the two are easily confused, but the difference between them is quite obvious when carefully distinguished. "Homophones" are homonyms with different meanings, and "homonyms" are synonymous premises. Homonyms carry different language meanings and functions and are irreplaceable, while homonyms can replace each other. For example, "engagement/engagement" is a synonym, while "formulation/formulation" is a synonym. Of course, due to the complexity of Chinese vocabulary system, some synonyms and heterographs may cross each other. For example, "commemoration" can be used to express the meaning of "remembering" for a long time. In this sense, they belong to heterographs. The first batch of heteromorphic words were sorted out in this sense, and the word form that recommended this meaning was "commemoration". On the other hand, the word "memory" can be used to express both "nostalgia" and "mourning". Therefore, the word "memorial" belongs to a group of variants of "memorial" in the sense of "remembrance" and belongs to the synonym of "memorial" in the sense of "memory and thinking". Although this arrangement of heterographs recommended standardized word forms in the sense of "nostalgia", it did not end the fact that they continued to be synonyms. (See Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary, page 6 17)
6. How to help students review homophones in teaching?
Among synonyms, the proportion of homonyms is not very high, but these synonyms are easy to be confused in normal language use because of the same pronunciation. In the college entrance examination questions, the frequency of such words is relatively high, so we must pay enough attention to them in teaching. In order to help students master these synonyms better, we usually sort out the differences of these synonyms from different angles in the review of senior three in the past, and then let students remember them. For example, we summed up the main differences between synonyms of "break" from two aspects: the focus of meaning and the object of application: "break" focuses on the suddenness of occurrence and is mostly used for floods, infectious diseases and so on; "Outbreak" focuses on the violence that occurs, and is mostly used for volcanic eruptions and major social events. Based on emotional color, this paper summarizes the main differences between synonyms of "communication/communication": "communication" is an open communication and a neutral word; "Goutong" is collusion in secret, which is derogatory. This paper summarizes the differences between synonyms of "must" from the grammatical function: "must" is an adverb and "must" is a verb. In my opinion, this meticulous combing not only digs and magnifies the differences between meanings to the maximum extent, and makes the meaning characteristics of synonyms more prominent, but also embodies the increasingly rigorous characteristics of modern linguistics, which is conducive to students' memory and language norms. It is both effective and necessary to use this method, and we can continue to use it.
7. Can you sort out the meaning of homophones?
When we sum up the meanings and usages of synonyms, we notice a phenomenon: some synonyms are quite different in some meanings, but some of them overlap each other. This phenomenon should attract our attention, because to a certain extent, this phenomenon is also a reason for the confusion in language use. In this chaotic situation, can we sort them out like heterographs? I dare not speculate on this, but I can definitely put forward some situations to discuss. Here I list two situations first:
The first case is that synonyms in the same group are covered in meaning. For example, in several groups of words, the first word has one meaning and the second word has two meanings, but both meanings have the same meaning as the first word. Matters needing attention similar to "being a guest" are: visiting relatives and friends; Precautions for "being a guest" ① are the same as "being a guest" ② Being a guest in a different place.
The second case is that each word in the same group contains multiple senses, but it also contains a common item. For example, the word "spread/spread/spread" mainly refers to the extension and expansion of plants like creeping weed; The meaning of "spreading out" mainly refers to spreading out around when the water is full; The meaning of "sprawl" mainly refers to the extension of mountains, rivers and roads to the distance. In these senses, the difference between them is clear, but if it is used to express the extension and expansion of other things, we don't know which word is better, so we have to choose it at will according to our personal hobbies, resulting in the situation that three of the six meanings expressed by these three words are repeated.
In the first case, I think it is completely possible to cancel the second word with the same meaning as the first word, so that the two words can bear a relatively concentrated meaning, thus making the ideographic function of the two words more reasonable and the pragmatic characteristics of the two words more obvious. But in the second case, how to deal with it, I really can't think of a more feasible scheme, so colleagues may wish to give valuable suggestions.
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