Diversification of higher education structure
The diversification of higher education, from single structure to multiple structures, is one of the important trends of higher education reform in the world today. The development of modern economy puts forward new requirements for the reform of higher education, and the demand for talents in various countries is increasing day by day, which requires not only senior technical talents and management talents, but also a large number of intermediate technical talents. This requires higher education to establish a reasonable talent structure to meet the needs of modern economic development, reform the ivory tower structure of traditional higher education, and realize the diversification of educational structure types. This is manifested in various forms of running schools. In addition to expanding the original universities, we will vigorously develop short-term universities and junior colleges with different academic systems, so that all kinds of universities can coexist, with different training objectives and flexible teaching methods.
From the structural level of higher education in many countries in the world, the three levels of postgraduate, undergraduate and junior college are pyramid-shaped, among which short-term universities and junior colleges have been paid special attention in recent years and made great progress. For example, at present, the number of colleges or community colleges in the United States has grown to more than 1500, with 6.5 million registered students, accounting for more than 50% of the total number of American college students. It is the fastest-growing school in American higher education. German junior technical universities have also developed rapidly and become an important part of the higher education system. According to statistics, there are currently 850 junior technical universities in Germany, accounting for about half of the total number of institutions of higher learning. The number of short-term universities in Japan has increased from 270 with a population of1980.3 million to 625 with a population of1994/kloc-0.9 million. Short-term universities and colleges in various countries are famous for their clear training objectives, short academic system, low fees, strong regionality and easy employment, so they are deeply welcomed by the production departments of enterprises and the talent labor market, and promote the rapid development of their own scale and quantity.
Curriculum integration of higher education
The development of modern science, technology and production is characterized by integration, which is reflected in higher education. The so-called curriculum integration is to make basic education and professional education, applied research and development research penetrate and cross each other, with the aim of cultivating students to meet the needs of social development and have the skills to solve complex problems. Nowadays, the curriculum integration of higher education has attracted the attention of many countries. Due to a series of effective measures, the curriculum reform of higher education has achieved remarkable results.
In recent years, curriculum integration in the United States is mainly established in the form of government decrees. 199 1 year, the us government promulgated the plan for developing higher education and improving the quality of specialized personnel. According to the plan, "strengthening the independent working ability of specialized personnel in production and science and technology departments is the basic policy for the development of higher education in the direction of modernization." To this end, "it is required to break the original curriculum boundaries and framework, implement interdisciplinary comprehensive research, and create new comprehensive courses." For example, in engineering education, many universities in the United States pay attention to the service of engineering to society, and use engineering theory to solve the problems of modern city management and construction, environmental protection and economic development, thus establishing an unprecedented close relationship between engineering education and social science and natural science, leading to the emergence of many emerging marginal comprehensive courses. Such as environmental engineering, earthquake engineering, traffic engineering, commercial engineering, education engineering and so on. This kind of course breaks through the limitations of traditional professional fields, and its content is multidisciplinary and comprehensive.
The University of Tsukuba, Japan, has incorporated comprehensive science into its teaching plan and reorganized the course content to enhance the comprehensiveness of the course, which has attracted the attention of the international higher education community. Now, other universities in Japan have followed suit and vigorously reformed curriculum integration.
Integration of scientific research, teaching and production in higher education
The integration of scientific research, teaching and production is the product of the all-round development of higher education, science and economy in the world today. From a macro point of view, the establishment of a consortium led by higher education and closely integrated with scientific research and production will be a common mode of higher education reform and development in all countries of the world, and its emergence has its objective inevitability. The revolution of new technology and the rapid development of modern social economy reflect the guiding role of scientific theory in new technology and the promoting role of science and technology in the development of modern social economy. Universities are rich in talents and intensive in intelligence, which can best generate new knowledge and develop new technologies. Cooperation with enterprises can transform the potential productivity of universities into real productivity, which can greatly promote the establishment of emerging industries and the development of new technologies. Today, higher education must face the real social economy and serve the modern social economy, which has become the general trend of higher education reform in the world.
Nowadays, many countries are actively committed to the reform practice in this field, with universities as the main support and universities as the axis to establish teaching, scientific research and production consortia. The system of combining higher education, scientific research and production formed by the United States in Boston and California is two successful examples. One is the Boston area, which, with the help of Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Yale University, has jumped from a region dominated by traditional industries to a "scientific industrial complex" region; The other is California, USA. With the help of Stanford University, California Institute of Technology and University of California, it has become a world-famous "Silicon Valley" electronic industry base from the barren land of 100 years ago. Since the middle and late 1980s, with the development of national economy towards intensification, teaching, scientific research and production complexes have been further developed in Korea. Take "Daejeon Science and Technology Industrial Park" as an example, 38 consortia have been established here, including 2 1 universities, 13 scientific research institutes and design bureaus, more than 80 production enterprises and 100 experimental and production workshops. Other countries, such as Japan.