Preface of the first batch of special-shaped words sorting table

This specification specifies the recommended usage of morphemes in Chinese written language.

This specification is proposed by the Language Application Management Department of the Ministry of Education.

This specification is examined and approved by the Standardization (Standard) Examination and Approval Committee of the State Language Committee.

This specification is issued by the Ministry of Education and the State Language Committee for trial implementation.

The drafting unit of this specification: China Chinese Newspaper Association.

Main drafters of this specification: Li Xingjian, Ying, Xie Zhibin, Sun Guanggui, Zou Yuhua, Zhang Yuquan, Xi Fengqi, etc. Cao Xianzhuo, Fu Yonghe, Gao Gengsheng, Su Peicheng and Ji Hengquan served as consultants. Relevant personnel from Changde Teachers College in Hunan, Weifang College in Shandong and Changsha Teachers College in Hunan participated in the research and development.

—— The State Language and Literature Committee of the Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China (PRC). This specification is a recommended test specification. According to the working principle of "active and steady, step by step, different treatment, sorting in batches", 338 groups of abnormal words (including words and fixed phrases) which are commonly used in written language and have obvious tendency of public selection are selected as the first group for sorting, and the recommended word forms of each group are given.

This specification is applicable to written Mandarin, including Chinese teaching, press and publication, dictionary compilation and information processing. The first batch of variant forms (195565438+released by People's Republic of China (PRC) Ministry of Culture and China Language Reform Commission on February 22nd).

Chinese Pinyin Scheme (approved by the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress of People's Republic of China (PRC) on February, 2002 1958+0 1).

Pronunciation table of words with different pronunciations in Putonghua (issued by the State Language Commission, the State Education Commission and the Ministry of Radio and Television on February 27th, 1985).

Summary of Simplified Chinese Characters (1986 10/0/0 approved by the State Council and reprinted by the State Language Committee)

List of Common Words in Modern Chinese (State Language Committee, State Education Commission1released on October 26th 1988 65438+)

List of Common Words in Modern Chinese (1988, issued by State Language Commission and Press and Publication Administration on March 25th, 2003)

Gb/t16159-1996 basic rules of Chinese pinyin orthography 13. Different forms of the same word.

Homophones (in this specification, the sound, rhyme and tone are exactly the same) and synonyms (in this specification, the sense, color and grammar are exactly the same) that coexist in written Mandarin.

Two variants of a Chinese character.

Words that are homophone, synonymous and written differently from the prescribed regular characters. This specification refers to the first batch of variant characters that have been eliminated.

3 Word form (word form/vocabulary form)

This specification refers to the writing form of characters.

4 corpus (Corpus)

This specification refers to the language materials used in written Mandarin for word frequency statistics.

3.5 word frequency (word frequency)

The frequency of the same word in a certain number of corpora is generally expressed by the frequency or coverage of the word. This specification refers to the number of times a word appears. The appearance of heterographs in modern Chinese has a historical development process, involving many aspects such as form, sound and meaning. The arrangement of heteromorphic words should be considered comprehensively. Based on reality, respect history; We not only pay full attention to the systematicness of language, but also acknowledge the special situation in the development and evolution of language.

3. The universality principle of1

According to scientific word frequency statistics and social investigation, the commonly used word forms are selected as recommended word forms. Taking the principle of universality as the first principle of sorting out variant characters is determined by the established social attributes of language. According to many surveys, more than 90% of common abnormal words gradually show significant differences in word frequency in use, and the vast majority of words that conform to the principle of universality are consistent with the principle of motivation. Even if the etymology or motivation of a few words with high frequency are not completely consistent, once they are established, the choice of society should be respected. For example, "Be respectful 24- be respectful 0" (numbers indicate word frequency, the same below), from the source, "be respectful" appeared earlier, but the meaning of this idiom changed in the process of circulation, from "must be respectful" to "very respectful", and the motives were different. Judging from the current frequency of use, "respectfully" is universal, so "respectfully" is the recommended word form.

2. Incentive principle

Some unconventional words are rarely used, or there is no significant difference in word frequency, so it is difficult to determine the choice according to the principle of universality. Therefore, from the perspective of the motivation of word development, a more reasonable word form is recommended in order to understand the meaning and facilitate the use. For example, "Guijie 1- Guijie 2", "Jiejie" and "Jiejie" are cognate words, both of which have the meanings of "warning" and "vigilance" in ancient times, so both words are etymological. But in modern Chinese, "remonstration" means warning, "remonstration" means exhortation, and "remonstration" means persuasion with words. The morpheme meaning of "admonition" is more in line with the meaning of words, so "admonition" is the recommended word form.

3. System principle

Vocabulary is very systematic, so the consistency of words used in the same morpheme series should be considered when sorting out heterographs. Such as "waste 0- waste 0| waste 3- waste 3", it is difficult to determine the choice according to the frequency of use. However, in the same series of variant words "luxury 87- luxury 17", the former has obvious advantages, so the whole series decided to take the word form containing "luxury" as the recommended word form.

The above three principles are only the three main points in the choice of variant characters, and each group of words needs comprehensive consideration before deciding on the choice.

In addition, a number of nonstandard characters (that is, variant characters or simplified traditional characters that have long been abolished by the state) are popular in society, resulting in confusion in the use of written language. This time, some influential columns are selected as appendices, and the nonstandard text forms are definitely eliminated. During the development of this table, based on all the works of People's Daily 1995-2000, the word frequency of variant words is counted and analyzed, and manual intervention is carried out one by one to eliminate the error of computer statistics as much as possible. Some variant words are also used as corpora of People's Daily 1987 to 1995 and 65438+. At the same time, refer to reference books such as Modern Chinese Dictionary, Chinese Dictionary, Cihai, Xinhua Dictionary, Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary and articles on discussing variant characters.

Each group of heterographs is preceded by a dash with the selected recommended word form. Individual questions that need to be explained in the table are attached to the table in the form of comments.

The entries in this table are arranged in alphabetical order, and homophones are arranged from less to more according to the number of strokes.

The nonstandard words listed in the appendix are put in brackets, and the eliminated variant and simplified characters are marked with "*" in the upper left corner. A

Hold it.-Press NaàNNA.

Notes-Case "ànyǔ"

Everything is thriving-everything is thriving. B: if I -j: x: and n: ɡ

Louvered window b m: Iyechuen

Ban Bai-Ban Bai, Bai Bai bānáI i.

The variegated class refutes bānó

Spore-spore

Bodyguard-bodyguard b m: obi ā o

Nanny-Nanny, Nanny B m: om incarnation

Generation after generation of bèifèn

Duty-duty

Stroke-stroke

Respect-respect, respect, respect, respect, respect.

Editor's Note-Editor's Note biānzh an

Lentils-Lentils, lentils and crocodiles are all BIM: ND U.

logo-logo biāoz hi

Sideburns-sideburns

Inheritance-Inheritance bǐnɡchénɡ

Patch-patch, patch bǔdinɡ

Attend-attend new york University.

Sad and miserable c: Ndà n

Differential pool-differential delay chāchí

Blend-blend ch ā nhuo ( 1)

Adulteration-Adulteration chānjiǎ m: m:.

Stimulant-stimulant

Eradicate-eliminate ch dragon nchú

Wandering around.-If Qian Yang

Car trunk chēxiānɡ

Thoroughly and thoroughly

Meditation-Meditation Zen and ②

Satisfied-take care of your heart.

Composition-composition chénɡfèn

Very clear. Very clear.

Waste-waste-waste

Planning-planning

Raise a horse

Hesitated for a moment.

Give advice-give advice on painting.

Gasping, shh, shh, chum: NX, X.

Porcelain-porcelain

Give-give the incarnation of cìyǔ incarnation.

Crude brine c ū l incarnation

Partner-partner, partner dādànɡ

Strike up a conversation-take a stand and answer questions.

Answer-answer dá f

Dai Xiao-with filial piety.

Worry-worry d ā NX and n

Worry-worry about d ā ny instead of u.

Delay-delay dānɡe

Indifference-indifference

Indifferent to nature

Bad luck.-Bad luck

Waist-Waist Dι Hu (3)

Put all your eggs in one basket-carving, carving disadvantages diāobü

Fading carving zero diāolínɡ

Oroto Cave in Falling Carving Land

Thanks to the withered carving of diāoxiè.

Ups and downs-ups and downs

Luo-Luo di Ji ā o

Wyndell dichinson-Brad Diesch

Reminder-Ding Ning Dοnπnπnπ

Order-order děnɡdān⑤

Subscriber-subscriber

Engagement.-engagement

Order-Order No.

Subscribe-Subscribe to Dì n ? Yu è.

Bucket-Bucket, Bucket, Bucket and Bucket

Stay.-Take a walk.

Interesting children-interesting children in combat

One-man show-one-man show dú jimm: ox √.

Dragon boat Festival-duānwǔ du ā NW incarnation

Huang Er-Huang Er (Huang Er) and Huang Er (Huang Er).

Two-hearted-two-hearted è rx and n

Fermentation-fermentation method

Thought-provoking fārén-shēnxǐnɡ

Reproduction -fányán fány m:n

Give the order.-pay.

Weight-weight fènliànɡ

Share-share

Extra money

Molecular-molecular fè nz ǐ 6

Anger.-Anger

Colorful-colorful

Wind paralysis-crazy paralysis fēnɡtān

Crazy.-crazy

Sharp edge-sharp edge

Serve-Fu Shi, Fu Shi.

Surrender.-Surrender

Confess.-Confess

Fight back-fight back-fight back.

Incidental meeting-fu hui fu hui

Reply—Reply to the letter.

Make the same mistake-repeat it.

Intervention-doing things with others.

Caution-Warning for ɡàojiè

Honest and frank-straight, straight, straight, straight.

Compliment-polite, but not ? n ? wei

Sketch-checkmark

Hook-Hook is not Wu Lin.

Lonely-lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely, lonely.

Live up to the time of being alone.

Antique-Gu Dong ǒ d ǒ n ǒ

Share-share division

As thin as wood.-as thin as wood.

Correlation-correlation

Dazzling u ā n c m: I

In the final analysis-in the final analysis, u and n-jiedǐ

Discipline-discipline u and discipline

Ghosts Cry Wolf-Ghosts Cry Wolf-Wuken Lan Hao

Go too far.-Go too far

Toad frog

Ambiguity-including Hu Hanhu

Implicit inclusion hánx

Poor Han Chen

Qi-Qi Hé cm: I

Shh, shh, shh.

Sensation-cause a sensation in ɡ and ɡ.

Carry forward-carry forward

Red is neither red nor red.

Macro Theory-Macro Theory hónɡlùn

Grand Plan-Grand Plan, Grand Plan hónɡtú

Great wish-Great wish hónɡyuàn

Grand goal-Grand goal hónɡzhǐ

Hongfu-Hongfu hónɡfú

Body odor-Hu odor

Butterfly-Hu Die Hudier

Confused.-Confused

Amber-Amber H ǔ pò

Flower of mischief

Draw a fist-open a fist, fight a fist

In a trance-suddenly Hu m: n h ū

Reflect-reflect Hu y and n

Purulent? Pustuous Huns

Fish in troubled waters-fish in troubled waters

Partner-fire partner huǒbàn

Smart-smart j: and Lin

Anger-anger j and fè n

Plan.-Plan

Commemoration-in memory of Jeanne

Send to-send to j and y

Jacket-Jacket jiākè

Guest-guest Jiābιn

Harness-harness Ji Yan

Posture-Posture Jishi

Dowry-wedding dress jiàzhuɑnɡ

Concise-concise Ji m: nlià n

Pride and luxury-pride and luxury JiāOsh- Yi Ni

Horn gate-foot gate thistle gate

Cunning-Cunning Ji m: Ohua

Heel toe Ji:oɡēn

Beggar beggar

Wonderful-wonderful j and n ɡ c m: I

Reconciliation-integration

Collection -jijíjijí

Sit down.-sit down.

Role-foot color juésè

Ke period -ke period kqι

Carey-Carey Kireri

Characterization-characterization of kéHuà.

Rich man-rich old Ku

Uneven blue rays and blue rays

Brilliant-rot, rot, rot

A mess-a mess, lánɡjí

Hammer-the head of the wolf and the head of the ring

Exhausted Leyju

Black-Lebanese black

Coherent connection liánɡuàn

Connect-connect liánji.

Continuous-continuous cotton

Conjugate-conjugate

Connect-Connect Jet Li.

Lianlian-Lianlian

Chapter after chapter

Trip.-trip? Put Li in Qi 'an.

Bright-liáoliànɡ

Dazzling

ω d and ω n

Lin Qihe

Strolling-Ber Ber

Linger on, linger on

Slave-follower, rolls for grain? Louulu

Reckless-reckless

Video-video, video.

A beard-a beard

Loneliness-falling into the desert, falling into the desert

Paralysis-paralysis má bí

Leprosy -máfēnɡ Leprosy Association

Measles-measles

Bumblebee-wasp mm m m: f ē n ɡ

Carelessness-Hu carelessness

Threshold-threshold mé nk m: n

Waste of money-waste of money

Lian Mian-Lian Mian Milan

Shy? Mi Nan: NTI Male: Male

Imitation-imitation

fuzzy-Mohu mo Hu

Simulation-imitation mónǐ

Imitate.-Imitate Moses

Friction-friction

Get ready-get ready móqun-cāzh m:nɡ

Suffering-Magic Difficulty mónàn

Pulse-pulse-pulse

Plan-Plan móuhuà

ordinary

careless

Infighting-infighting

Concise-condensed nínɡliàn

Jeans-Jeans Ducks Reverse Dynamics Ducks

Button ni ǔ k? u

Pickpocket-pickpocket

Intertwined-roots are intertwined. Pan ɡ n-Kujiye

Occupy, occupy, occupy.

Panqu-Panqu pá nq

Panto-Panju Panto

Rock-Rock and Rock School Poetry

stumble

Wandering around-beside Emperor pánɡhuánɡ

Dai yue and the stars-the moon and the stars: p and x and nɡ-dàiyè.

exhausted

Drifting-drifting piāobó

Drifting-drifting piā oliú

Drift-drift piāolínɡ

Wandering-drifting Pio 'ao

Out of nothing-empty Pí n ɡ k not n ɡ

Hint-link Qin Lián

Gaunt- banana extract.

Clear-clear question: and nɡ cut

Emotional pheromone qí n ɡ ù

Boxing.-Boxing

Admonish-Admonish

rare

Hot-hot shout rèhū

Hot-hot shout

Enthusiasm-enthusiasm is not there.

Talent-talent network

solar eclipse

Sit down.-Sit down

Color-color selection

Take killing one as an example-killing a policeman. shāy:and-jǐnɡbǎI

Shark sand fish

hawthorn tea

Sampan-sampan sh ā nb m: n

Not the north.

Luxury-luxury

Shen Xue-Shen Xue

look-shénchi shéNC m:I

Wet boh sh: and l ū l ū

Assorted ten kinds

Take it.-take it off. Sh is not UF ú.

First seat.-first seat

Bamboo slips-bamboo slips

Double spring-double spring shuānɡhuánɡ

Thinking-thinking s and wé i

Die hard Rowen-die hard Rowen s ǐ x and n-t ā di

Be down-to-earth.

Beet shield

Take risks.-take risks. tünɡuüXi m:n

Completely transparent

Image-image tú xi à n

Pass the buck-push the Committee and appoint Wei.

Toys-dolls

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Pass the buck-pass the buck.

A dirty mess-a dirty mess

Indifference-indifference to π' s middle class

Give me peace-there is no peace.

Needless to say, I'm not here.

Colorful-colorful w ǔ c m: I-b and nf ē n

Five strains and seven injuries-five tuberculosis and seven injuries

Polyp-lymph node nuclei x and rü u

Rare-rare x and h \u n

Strange-strange x and q

Few-I hope there are fewer x and sh m: o.

Rare-rare x and x

Rare-rare x and y

Move-move x and Dò n ɡ

Washing-washing

Xi 'an Hui-Xi 'an Hui Xi.

Sweet and pure Xi

Lentinus edodes-Perilla orientalis Xi ā n ɡ?

Appearance-Appearance π xi

Chic-Xiao Sa xi ā os m:.

Make a mountain out of a molehill-make a mountain out of a molehill Xi

Uninstall-uninstall Xi

Nonsense-nonsense on and off xü nk ǒ u-kā ihé

Sleepy-relaxed x and n are not n

Xiuwai Bell Club-Xiuwai Xihuizhong

Preface-Preface

Preface-recitation

Admonish-Admonish Xu Renjie

Conquer-Conquer yāfú

rhyme

Opium yuppies

Dulcimer-dulcimer yánɡqín

Either this or that.

Eat midnight snack-disappear at night.

Make the final decision-a croquet y and Chuídìn y and n.

All my emotions-all my emotions y and π n m: or

Skirts-skirts y and j and n

Y and y in clothes and Zhuó

Never look back, never look back.

Erotic rain-heavy rain y? ny incarnation

Surplus-Surplus yínɡyú

Image image y ǐ n ɡ Xi n

Afterglow-afterglow yüHu and

Fishing gear-fishing gear

Fishing net Fishing net North

Attend the meeting-before the meeting

With odor-pre-odor yùwén

Yushou-Yushou

Get ready.-Get ready, Yubei I.

Original-Yuanlai Yuanlai

Raw coal-meta coal yuánméi

Original-original, round book, YuáNYUán-bīn-bΟ n

Reason-reason yuánɡù

reason-reason YuáNYU

Eclipse-eclipse yuèshí

Crescent Moon-Moon Bud yuèyá

Kidney bean-cloud bean

Miscellaneous-Miscellaneous

Make persistent efforts-make persistent efforts to sharpen Zaiji Zairi.

Newly cut new ZH m: nx and N

Tossing and turning-exhibit ZH m: nzhu m: n

Tremble

Account book-account book zhànɡběn ⑩

Compromise-compromise zh zh not nɡ

So, at the end of this zhème,

Serious eight hundred-serious eight pendulum Zhen ɡ j and n ɡ-b ā b m: i.

Sesame sesame zh: m?

Car crack-branch solution, branch solution and crack

Cut to the chase-cut to the chase, cut to the chase.

Tell me what to do.-tell me what to do.

Give to the poor.-Give to the poor

Wandering around-around Zhunyou

Decoration-decoration zhuānɡhuánɡ

Diligence-Cultivating Z and Z

Posture-Posture Z and Z √ sh √.

Watch out.-Watch out.

On your own.-on your own.

Evidence-zu ǒ zhè n ɡ Zuo Zheng

To annotate ...

① "Doping" and "doping" are divided into two parts: "Doping" means mixing and "doping" means supporting.

(2) "Shen" was originally a vulgar style of "Shen", and later "Shen" became a common word, coexisting with "Shen", forming many special-shaped words, such as "Shen-Shen | Zen | Shen-Shen". Now "Shen" is read only as shěn, which is used for surnames. Shenyang's "Shen" is a simplified word for "Pi". It means "sinking" and its extended meaning. Now it is generally written as "Shen" and read chén n n.

(3) Examination and approval of pronunciation table of words with different pronunciations in Putonghua. The word "waist back" is read only as dτHu, not as dτHu.

④ In ancient times, "fade" and "carve" were commonly used, and "fade" was eliminated as a variant of "carve" in 1955. 1988 "modern Chinese common character list" confirms "Wei" as a standard character, indicating "Wei" and its extended meaning.

⑤ The ancient Chinese characters "Ding" and "Ding" have different pronunciations, and only after they evolved into homophones did they become common in the sense of "advance and agreement", forming a number of heterographs. However, in recent decades, the word "order" has undergone subtle differentiation in this general sense: "order" refers to the agreement negotiated by both parties in advance, but it is not fixed; "Fixed" focuses on determination and does not change easily. Therefore, some synonyms have been differentiated into synonyms, but the "sequence-sequence" listed in this table is still identical synonyms and should be standardized according to the principle of universality.

⑥ This word refers to people who belong to a certain class, stratum, group or have certain characteristics, such as "landlord | knowledge | advanced |". The "molecule" opposite to the denominator, the "molecule" composed of atoms (pronounced as fēnzǐ) and the "member" who receives money and gives gifts (pronounced as Fē NZI) have different pronunciations and meanings, which should not be confused.

⑦ The word "Lian" in Lianmian Zi and Lianmian Ci cannot be rewritten as "Lian".

⑧ The words "expectation" and "expectation" were very common in the sense of "prior agreement" in ancient times, so more than 20 groups of unconventional words such as "preparation-preparedness | prevention-preparedness | expectation-expectation" were formed. Now this meaning has been completely borne by "pre". However, considering that Lu Xun and other famous artists are used to using "Yu" and their works have far-reaching influence, a set of explanations is listed.

Pet-name ruby "quiver" has two pronunciations. When reading zhàn, it means that people tremble and are interlinked with "war". read

When chàn, the main object vibrates slightly, which can also indicate that people are shaking. For example, "tremor" can be used for both objects and people. It is difficult for zhàn and chàn to know when to read, and it will inevitably bring some difficulties to pronunciation to write "quiver" uniformly. Therefore, it is advisable to standardize the word form according to the habitual pronunciation of most people at present, so as to stabilize the pronunciation and avoid mixed reading. For example, "shake, shake, shake, shake" read more chàn and write more "shake"; Words like "thriller, cold war, fight, panic, cold war, chill" are used to reading zhàn more and writing "war" more.

Attending "Zhang" is the differentiation word of "Zhang". The ancients often wrote accounts on cloth and hung them up for preservation, so they called daily accounts "accounts". Later, in order to separate from the curtain, a pictophonetic word "account" was created to indicate that it was related to money. After the coexistence and use of "Zhang" and "Zhang", dozens of groups of heterographs have been formed. Both "Zhang" and "Zhang" in the Summary of Simplified Chinese Characters and the Modern Chinese General Character List are accepted, which shows that they advocate differentiation. The two words are divided as follows: "account" is used to record the entry and exit of money and goods, debts, etc. , such as "account books, reimbursement, loan and repayment"; "Curtain" refers to the shelter made of cloth, yarn and silk, such as "mosquito net, tent, green gauze curtain (figurative usage)" and so on. Conflict (* conflict)

Arrive at dǐwǔ

Wyndell dichinson (* blood) Diesch

As if (like * Buddha, * beard * beard) f m: n ɡ f ú

Fly in the sky.

Atmosphere (* Langwei) fēnéI

Trap ?Uxià

Haohao (Haohao Miao) hà omi m: o

Red Fruit (Red Fruit) Hong ɡ ɡ He

Hútònɡ Hu tong

Life (mouth) húkǒu

puncture vine

Guy(* guy)Jiā huo