After pacifying Lingnan Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he began to pacify the land of Baiyue in Lingnan area. In 2 19 BC, Qin Shihuang sent Tu Youyou as the general commander and Zhao Tuo as the deputy commander, leading 500,000 troops to pacify Lingnan. Tu Youyou was killed by local people for killing innocent people. Qin Shihuang re-appointed Ren Tao as the general, and together with Zhao Tuo led an army to pacify the crossing. After four years of hard work, Lingnan was finally successfully incorporated into the territory of Daqin in 2 14 BC.
Immediately, the Qin Dynasty set up Nanhai County in Panyu (now Guangzhou), with Ren Tao as the county magistrate, in charge of the politics, military affairs and supervision of a county, and administered Panyu, Longchuan, Boluo and Sihui counties. Longchuan's geographical position and military value are extremely important, so Zhao Tuo was appointed as Longchuan county magistrate. Zhao Tuo built a city in Longchuan. Zhao Tuo not only tried his best to prevent the Vietnamese from resisting, but also adopted the policy of "Harmony with China and Vietnam" to appease the Vietnamese. He persuaded soldiers to raise children locally, which promoted the assimilation between China and Vietnam. He also wrote to the emperor, demanding that the residents of the Central Plains be repatriated and moved to South Vietnam to spread the culture of the Central Plains.
After the death of Qin Shihuang, South Vietnam proclaimed itself emperor and Qin Ershi succeeded to the throne. Because of his tyranny, Guangwu was provoked by the Chen Sheng Uprising in 209 BC, and Qin Ershi's brutal rule was resisted. Feudal lords and heroes from all directions competed with each other, and the Central Plains fell into war. Then came the "Chu-Han rivalry" between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, and the Central Plains fell into chaos. In 208 BC, Nanhai County made Ren Tao seriously ill. Before he died, he called Zhao Tuo, then the magistrate of Longchuan County, and explained to him his plan to build the country by relying on the favorable terrain of Nanhai County, which is close to mountains and seas, to resist the invasion of the Central Plains uprising troops. Immediately sent a letter of appointment to Zhao Tuo, let Zhao Tuo as the commander of Nanhai County, and charged him that "Qin Fu has no way, the Central Plains is uneasy, Panyu, the mountain is dangerous, and the South China Sea is blocked for thousands of miles. There are quite a few people in China who complement each other. This is also the master of a country and can establish a country. " "Wuling is from the north to the ground, and Kyushu floats in the south." Surrounded by mountains and facing the sea (the ancient Pearl River was wide, called the sea) is the mountainous terrain of Guangzhou. North of Wuling, near Sanjiang; It is the offensive and defensive potential of Guangzhou. Zhao Tuo knows the essentials of Guangzhou's defense. In order to prevent the war in the north from spreading to the south and strengthen the control of Lingnan, he strictly sealed the four passes of Wuling-Hengpu Pass, Jipu Pass, Yangshan Pass and Huangxi Pass. Cut off four new roads-Jiangxi into Nanxiong Road in Guangdong, Hunan into Lianzhou Road in Guangdong, Hunan into Hexian Road in Guangxi, and Hunan into Jingjiang Road in Guangxi; Build three defense lines to defend Panyu: Lechang-Renhua-Nanxiong Line, Yingde-Qingyuan Line and Shimen Fort Line. The northern soldiers want to attack South Vietnam across the five mountains, and they can't reach Panyu without breaking through these three lines of defense.
Soon after Zhao Tuo died of illness, Zhao Tuo issued an order to the troops at the passes in Nanling, saying, "Steal soldiers, remove the main road and gather troops for self-defense." In order to prevent the invasion of the Central Plains uprising troops, they took the opportunity to kill the officials who were placed in Nanhai County by the Qin Dynasty and replaced them with their own cronies. After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, in 203 BC, Zhao Tuo rose and annexed Guilin County and Xiang Jun County. With the support of the local Han nationality and Vietnamese gentry, Nanyue State, with Panyu as its capital and covering an area of thousands of miles, was established, calling itself the "King of Nanyue Army", thus laying the foundation for Nanyue State's existence for 95 years. The territory of Nanyue is equivalent to the jurisdiction of three counties in the Qin Dynasty. It is bordered by Changsha, Fujian, Vietnam and Yelang in the north, east and west, and the South China Sea in the east and south, with a vast territory of "more than 10,000 miles from east to west". North to Nanling (now northern Guangdong, northwestern Guangxi and southwestern Jiangxi), west to Yelang (now most of Guangxi and Yunnan), south to South China Sea (now north-central Vietnam) and east to Fujian and Vietnam (now southern Fujian). The capital is Panyu, which is now Guangzhou.
Surrender to the Han Dynasty After years of fighting, Liu Bang established the Western Han regime and pacified the rest of the military forces in the Central Plains, including Xiang Yu. At this time, the central plains has been chaotic for many years, and the people's lives are difficult. Therefore, Liu Bang decided not to use military means to deal with South Vietnam. In BC 196, Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, sent doctor Lv Jia to South Vietnam to persuade Zhao Tuo to accept the title of Hanwang and be naturalized as the central government.
In BC 195, under the persuasion of Lu Jia, Zhao Tuo accepted the seal of Nanyue King given by Emperor Gaozu, surrendered to the Han Dynasty, made Nanyue a vassal state of the Han Dynasty, and paid tribute to the court. Since then, Nanyue State and the Han Dynasty have sent messengers to each other and exchanged ideas with each other. Liu Bang succeeded in making Zhao Tuo yield through peaceful means and did not become a hostile force in Hannan.
Since then, iron and other production resources and technologies in the Central Plains have been continuously introduced into South Vietnam, which has initiated social and economic progress. He attached importance to the introduction of Han culture and advanced production technology into the Central Plains, and integrated into the cross-border society, which enabled Lingnan production to develop and people to live and work in peace and contentment, set a great historical cause and became a great man. Starting from Ren Tao and Zhao Tuo, Lingnan acquired the symbols of human civilization-castles and characters, developed the iron smelting industry and entered a new historical period of social and economic development. In the history of China, many poems praising Zhao Tuo show people's reverence and nostalgia for him.
He also expanded Panyu City built by Ren Xiao, with a circumference of ten miles. Known as "Tuocheng", it became the central area of Guangzhou in later generations. He worked hard to coordinate ethnic relations and actively absorbed the culture of the Central Plains, which promoted the steady development of Guangdong's cultural economy at the end of Qin Dynasty and the beginning of Han Dynasty.
After the death of Emperor Gaozu, Lv Hou came to North Korea, began to have bad relations with Zhao Tuo, and issued a ban on the sale of iron and other items to South Vietnam in border areas. The relationship between Zhao Tuo and Lv Hou was once tense, and the contradiction between China and Vietnam intensified. Lv Hou immediately sent generals Long and Zhou Zao to attack Zhao Tuo, but because the soldiers of the Central Plains didn't adapt to the hot and humid climate in South Vietnam, they got sick one after another and didn't even cross Nanling. Zhao Tuo thought that Lv Hou might annex him through Changsha (another vassal state of the Han Dynasty, located in the northern part of South Vietnam, which now belongs to Hunan), so Zhao Tuo declared his secession from the Han Dynasty, calling himself the "Emperor of South Vietnam", sent troops to attack Changsha, and retreated after defeating several border counties in Changsha.
At this time, Zhao Tuo relied on his army to spread prestige in South Vietnam, and made Fujian, Ou and Luoyue all belong to South Vietnam through bribery, and the territorial expansion reached its peak. Zhao Tuo also began to give orders as an emperor and opposed the Han Dynasty.
In BC 179, after the death of Lv Hou, Liu Heng, the literary emperor of China, ascended the throne. He sent someone to rebuild the cemetery of Zhao Tuo's ancestors, set up grave keepers to offer sacrifices on time every year, and gave Zhao Tuo's cousins official positions and property. Then, under the recommendation of Prime Minister Chen Ping, Emperor Wen of Han appointed Lu Jia, who had been to South Vietnam for many times, as a doctor in Taizhong, and asked him to go to South Vietnam again to persuade Zhao Tuo to return to Han.
After Lu Jia arrived in South Vietnam, he told Zhao Tuo about his interest. Zhao Tuo was persuaded again and decided to get rid of the emperor's name and return to the Han Dynasty. Repaired his relationship with the central government and maintained the social stability of Lingnan. Until Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo surrendered to the Han Dynasty. Every spring and autumn, he sent people to Chang 'an to see the Han Dynasty emperor, and he accepted the orders of the Han Dynasty emperor like a vassal. But in South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo continued to use the emperor's name.
Zhao Tuo died in 137 BC (the fourth year of Emperor Jian Yuan) at the age of 100, and was buried in Panyu (now Guangzhou). After Zhao Tuo's death, his descendants inherited four generations of Nanyue kings. Until BC 1 165438, South Vietnam was destroyed by the Han Dynasty.
Nanyue State was founded in 204 BC, which lasted 93 years from Hanping Nanyue to 1 1 BC.
As a political measure, Zhao Tuo effectively controlled and practically ruled the vast territory of South Vietnam, and achieved success.
Politically, the county system is parallel, imitating the Han Dynasty system, the county system and the feudal system are parallel, and the central official system and the local official system are implemented to ensure effective political control and actual rule.
At first, Zhao Tuo established the South Vietnamese regime on the basis of "Chinese people complement each other" and "taking its party as a false guard", and was ruled by the Central Plains people. But if this continues, there will be conflicts of interest with local Vietnamese leaders, which is undoubtedly a threat to the South Vietnamese regime. Seeing this situation, Zhao Tuo noticed that local prestigious Vietnamese leaders were recruited to participate in political management in central South Vietnam. For example, Lu Jia, the leader of the Vietnamese people, was quite impressed by the Vietnamese people in Lingnan. Zhao Tuo appointed him as the Prime Minister of the Kingdom of South Vietnam and directly participated in handling the affairs of the Kingdom. Lv Jiaxiong was also named a general, and there were "more than 70 long officials" among the Lv Jiazong clan. In addition, the South Vietnamese royal family also absorbed many other Vietnamese to hold official positions in the army and political power. For example, Tian Jia, Chi and others sent by him, Zhao Ji's people, Xiang Chang's supervisor Weng, European generals Huang Tong, Hou Biqu, Jieyang county magistrate, etc. These people are all Vietnamese who hold official positions in South Vietnam in Historical Records or Hanshu. In addition, in places where the tribes of Yue are powerful, Zhao Tuo also adopted the practice of making the leader of Yue king, so that "all pheasants will keep the main people as before", for example, in Jiaotoe area, the king was sealed in the west.
Military policy Militarily, the system of general, left general and captain is established, which is divided into infantry, boat step and cavalry to effectively command and control the so-called "more than one million armored troops".
Economic Policy Zhao Tuo is the disseminator and promoter of advanced farming technology, well drilling irrigation technology and metallurgical textile technology in the Central Plains. He and the first batch of Central Plains officials and people who moved south spread the technology of plowing cattle and using iron farm tools to Lingnan, which greatly promoted the development of planting in Lingnan.
Economically, we promoted the use of iron farm tools and cattle farming, changed the previous "slash-and-burn" farming methods, developed a large number of rice, fruits, animal husbandry, fisheries, ceramics, textiles and shipbuilding, developed transportation and commercial foreign trade, promoted production development and social progress, and improved people's lives day by day.
He also sent officers and men to help people dig wells, repair canals and irrigate fields, thus promoting the improvement of productivity.
Cultural Construction Zhao Tuo is a cultural pioneer and great politician who developed the frontier, spread civilization and guided Baiyue tribe in Lingnan from primitive clan society to civilized times.
Culturally, the first is the use of Chinese characters. The Book of Guangdong says that "Cantonese characters began in Wei Tuo", and there are many Chinese characters in the unearthed cultural relics. Baiyue nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well, including Yue dance and China dance. There are also bells, bronze musical instruments and various decorative paintings and murals.
When governing South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo attached great importance to "changing customs with poetry", and paid attention to educating and inducing Vietnamese people with the advanced culture and ethics of the Central Plains, educating them to help the elderly and bring up the weak, and abolishing group marriage in the process of national integration. It also uses administrative means to promote Chinese characters and Chinese, and educates Vietnamese to "learn Chinese characters and manners", thus making "barbarians gradually see courtesy". Quickly promote the cultural development and social progress in Lingnan area.
Ethnic Policy In terms of ethnic policy, Zhao Tuo implements the policy of "harmony but difference", advocates intermarriage between China and Vietnam, respects Vietnamese customs, and promotes harmonious and integrated social development.
Intermarriage between nations is an important channel for harmonious ethnic relations and enhancing friendly feelings between nations. Zhao Zhengquan attaches great importance to this article. The Zhao royal family started from itself and took the lead in intermarriage with Vietnamese. For example, Zhao Qi Ying, the king of the Ming Dynasty, married Yue Nv, gave birth to Jiande and named him Hou Gaochang. Prime Minister Lu was the third king. In his clan, "a man is king and a woman is superior, and a woman is inferior." He even married Zhao Guang, the king of Cangwu, who was far away from Panyu. Therefore, intermarriage between Han and Vietnamese is more common. The South Vietnamese regime has been able to build a stable country for more than 90 years, which is also one of the important reasons for the marriage between China and Vietnam. This fact reflects the relatively harmonious relationship between China and Vietnam at that time.
The living habits and social customs of Yue people in Lingnan are quite different from those of Han people in Central Plains. If the Han people discriminate against the different customs of the Yue people, it will easily dampen the national feelings of the Yue people. So Zhao Tuo took the lead in respecting and observing the customs and habits of the Vietnamese people. For example, he publicly declared that he was an "old Man Zi", took off the orthodox official clothes of the Han people and adopted Vietnamese costumes.
According to a large number of written records and unearthed cultural relics, Nanyue is the foundation of Lingnan civilization. Zhao Tuo founded Nanyue State, which made the social economy of Lingnan develop by leaps and bounds, and made the social form of Lingnan leap from the scattered tribal rule in primitive society to the orderly development of feudal society, laying a solid foundation for future historical development.
Name of Family Members: Zhao Tuo ancestral grave, built by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and rebuilt as Zhao Tuo Park in 2006. There are 72 ancestral graves of Zhao Tuo in ZhaoLingpu Village, Shijiazhuang, which are very spectacular. The "Smoke Trees Bound Zhaoling" in "Eight Scenes of Deer Hunting" vividly reflects the scenery of Zhao Tuo ancestral graves in the past. Due to the long history, the ancestral graves in Zhao Tuo were seriously damaged, and now there is only one main tomb. The tomb is north-south, 50 meters long and 7 meters wide. The top of the tomb is saddle-shaped, and there is a tombstone of the Qing Dynasty, which reads "the ancestral grave of Zhao Tuo, the king of Nanyue in the Western Han Dynasty". 1956 was listed as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in Shijiazhuang, and 1982 was announced as the key cultural relics protection unit in Hebei province in July.
After Zhao Tuo's death, Zhao Hu, the second generation king of South Vietnam, arranged a funeral. Up to now, Zhao Tuo Mausoleum can still be preserved for a long time, leaving no trace. Zhao Hu, the second king of South Vietnam, really took great pains. According to the archaeologist's analysis, although Zhao Tuo's cemetery was selected during his lifetime, there were many illusions and mists during the actual burial, so that future generations did not know where Zhao Tuo's tomb was.
Guangzhou has also excavated some Han tombs, including some exquisite jade ornaments, which shows that the owner of the tomb is in a prominent position and was once suspected to be the tomb of a South Vietnamese king. Inferred from the jade sword ornaments unearthed in the tomb, the owner of the tomb should be male. But later, archaeologists concluded that this tomb may be the tomb of Zhao, the third owner of Nanyue State recorded in the literature, rather than the tomb of Zhao Tuo.
There are many documents about Zhao Tuo's tomb: "When he died, there were several tombs, and the funeral car came out of the four gates, so I don't know where the tombs are. However, on the Gepuzhang side, the ancient horse knows that there is a cloud:' The mountain covers the tomb and flows for generations'. Far from being wrapped in a golden mule, it is similar to a stone unicorn. I don't know when it will be solved, but I suspect its grave is not far away. Cai said, "As the old saying goes, the temple of understanding". Today, in the south of Pujian, there are thousands of families of the deceased, and people still call them Betty Wong Yi Family. " (From Fan Yu magazine) Ge Pujian is in Baiyun Mountain, Guangzhou. According to this record, Zhao Tuo's mausoleum is on Baiyun Mountain: "According to legend, Zhao Tuo, the king of Nanyue, was buried in Yushan, Guangzhou, and the mountain from Jilonggang to the patio and even the ridge was called the tomb." (Excerpted from Qu Dajun's "Guangdong Xinyu" in the early Qing Dynasty)
According to ancient records, Zhao Tuo lost his car when he was buried, and it was impossible to determine the exact location of his tomb. Over the years, there have been opinions about his tombs about the southwest, west, northwest, north and northeast of Panyu ancient city. The so-called Panyu Ancient City was built by Bu Zhi, the secretariat of the State of Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. It is located in the area south of Yuehua Road, north of Wen Ming Road, west of Cangbian Road and east of Jixiang Road.
Legend has it that in this tomb, Cui Wei saw several "gorgeous curtains" decorated with pearls and jade, which were very luxurious. Then he met four maids in ancient costumes, told him that this was the "Emperor's Xuan Palace" and gave him a treasure to let him go. After Cui Wei came out of the cave, he went to a Persian merchant to sell this treasure quietly. An "old Ren Hu" asked him, "Does Lang Jun have to go to the tomb of Zhao Tuo, the king of South Vietnam? Otherwise, it is not worth it. " The conference semifinals told me that it was the pearl of Yang, a Persian national treasure, which flowed into Lingnan during the South Vietnam period in the Western Han Dynasty and was buried by Zhao Tuo. He gave Cui Wei a large sum of money to buy a ball and then went boating.
Historical evaluation * * * once said that Zhao Tuo was "the first cadre to go south" and he was the first person to develop Lingnan. In 204 BC, Zhao Tuo established the Nanyue State, which is more than ten miles from east to west. Later, "Zhao Tuo was returned to Han", and Lingnan was formally incorporated into the unified territory of China.
From 2 19 BC, Zhao Tuo served as the deputy commander-in-chief of the 500,000-strong army that Qin Shihuang pacified South Vietnam until his death in 2 137 BC (the fourth year of the founding of Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), and participated in the management of Lingnan 8 1 year. In the meantime, because he has been carrying out the policy of "harmony, integration and gathering hundreds of Vietnamese", he has promoted the integration of Han and Vietnamese nationalities, brought the advanced culture of the Central Plains to the land of South Vietnam, and made South Vietnam develop better.
During the Chen Dynasty in Vietnam, Emperor Wu Shenzhe was granted the title of Emperor Wu Shenzhe, opening the way to heaven.
Taishi Gong Sima Qian said, "King Wei Tuo is arrogant. Decided by the early Han Dynasty, he was listed as a vassal. The dragon is worried that leaving the wet epidemic will benefit the arrogant. Ou Luoxiang attacked and South Vietnam wavered. Han soldiers came to the border, and babies entered the DPRK together. Later, he died and was recruited from his wife; Lv Jia is loyal, so there is no queen. The ship is arrogant and chaotic; Fu Bo fell into poverty, and more and more wisdom was cultivated. Every cloud has a silver lining. The difference between success and failure is like changing ink. "