Imperial academy, also known as Guo Zi School or Guo Zi Temple, was the central official school after the Sui Dynasty in ancient China and the highest institution of learning in the ancient education system in China.
In the early years of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty, it was decided that Guo Zi Temple would administer Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Schools, Calligraphy and Arithmetic. In the 13th year (593), Guo Zi Temple no longer belonged to Taichang, and became an independent educational management institution, renamed Guo Zi School. In the third year of Daye (607), he was renamed imperial academy, and there was a man in prison who offered a drink and was in charge of education. There is one master book and one official school, such as Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Schools, Calligraphy and Mathematics. All public schools have quotas for doctors, teaching assistants and students. According to Dr. Sui Shu Guanbai Xia Zhi, "There are five people in Guo Zi, attending Imperial College and four courses, and two others are studying books and calculation". Teaching assistant: "Guo Zi has five people, imperial academy and four subjects, and two others are doing books and calculations". Student: "Guo ziyou 140 people ...". Xue and imperial academy coexist, and they are schools of Confucian classics that specialize in the study of Confucian classics.
In the first year of Wude (6 18), Guo Zi School was established in the Tang Dynasty, with 300 students, all of whom were aristocratic children and 24 teachers. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), the Tang Dynasty renamed Guo Zi School as imperial academy, and at the same time became an independent educational administrative institution. There is a toaster in the prison, who is the highest-educated officer. A teacher, a master book, responsible for students' academic performance, student status and other specific affairs. In the Tang Dynasty, imperial academy's name was changed to Si Chengguan and Cheng Junjian, and it was renamed in the first year of Shenlong (705). According to "Old Tang Book": "Six studies are transferred to imperial academy." The so-called six studies are Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Books, Law, Calligraphy and Arithmetic.
Imperial college/college
There were Guo Zi, imperial academy, Four Schools, Fa, Shu and Shu in imperial academy in the Tang Dynasty. Differences between schools are related to students' educational status (that is, their fathers and grandfathers). Learning, imperial academy and Sihui are for the children of bureaucrats in grade three, grade five and above grade seven, while law, calligraphy and arithmetic are for the children who are under grade eight and below. In addition, students of Guo Zi, Prince Edward and Sihui learn Confucian classics, while students of law, calligraphy and arithmetic learn specialized techniques. There are 300 students from Guo Zi, 500 from Imperial College of Technology, four subjects 1300, 50 from Law, and 30 from Calligraphy and Arithmetic. The school age is 14 to 19, and the legal age is 18 to 25. In the second year of Emperor Longshuo's reign (AD 662), imperial academy was established in Luoyang, the eastern capital, and was called "two prisons" with Chang 'an imperial academy.
Imperial College, Chief Executive, offers wine to the country and presides over government affairs. The branch consists of deputy director, Cheng (supervisor), main book (handprint) and clerk. There are doctors, teaching assistants, classical scholars, direct teaching and other academic officials in charge of teaching. After students from Guo Zi, Imperial College and No.4 School enter the school, they should study in different subjects according to whether they will be admitted to Jinshi or Mingming Jing in the future. Confucian classics are divided into three categories: The Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan are great classics, The Book of Songs, Zhou Li and Yi Li are classics, and The Book of Changes, Shangshu, Biography of the Ram and Biography of Gu Liang are minor classics. Those who pass the three classics, one for each of them; Those who pass the five classics, all the great classics pass, and the rest are one; The Book of Filial Piety and The Analects of Confucius should be mastered. This is basically consistent with the examination requirements of Jinshi and Mingjing. Every year, the school recommends people who take the imperial examination to the Ministry of Rites. If you don't do well in school, you can't be recommended for many years, or you fall behind for many years after being recommended, you will often be expelled from school.
Most of the scholars and people who enjoyed fame in the early Tang Dynasty were second-class supervisors. The examiner also intends to reinvent himself in the choice. It's a shame that the two supervisors of Jinshi were not born. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, once ordered that all juren in the world should take make-up exams. However, after the Anshi Rebellion, due to political chaos and financial difficulties, the school turned from prosperity to decline, and the number of students was less than one-third or one-quarter of that of the old society. The entrance qualifications of imperial academy and the four subjects had to be lowered, and the proportion of students and apprentices who applied for the imperial examinations was greatly reduced.
Four subjects
In the 19th year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (495), Liguozi, Taixue and Simen primary schools were founded in Luoyang. The four courses start here. During the Northern Qi Dynasty, there were four primary schools, which were transferred to imperial academy, with 20 doctors, 20 teaching assistants and 300 students, teaching students the Five Classics. There were 5 doctors, 5 teaching assistants and 360 students in Sui Dynasty. The 13th year of Emperor Wendi ended in 593. Tang Mizhi, who was transferred to imperial academy, has six tutors and six teaching assistants. There are four students, 1,300 students, 500 men above grade seven and Hou Bozi, and 800 descendants of Shu Ren. Song also set it. Also known as "Four Gates Pavilion".
Students at school enjoy meals, but they should "bind" their teachers. The so-called "bundle", that is, "bundle", is a gift given by students when they first meet their teachers. This kind of etiquette is said to have been implemented in Confucius' time, but it was not until the Tang Dynasty that it became an explicit provision. The weight of the gift depends on the nature of the school. Guozixue and imperial academy each sent three silks; Learn two horses in four courses; Learn one from others. In addition to silk, there are wine and meat, and the quantity is uncertain. When giving gifts, a certain payment ceremony will be held to bring the relationship between teachers and students closer.
law
It refers to the law that preaches and annotates the written law with law as the main body according to the principles of Confucianism. It not only explains the law with words and logic, but also expounds some legal principles, such as the relationship between courtesy and law, the boundary between interpretation and respect for classics, the relationship between provisions and legal significance, the relationship between written law and conviction and sentencing, the combination of leniency and severity in criminal law, the retention and abolition of corporal punishment, the change of criminals' names, litigation and prison management. Yu Dingguo and Du Yannian in the Western Han Dynasty, and Guo Gong and Chen Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty. From generation to generation, decrees were passed down, and hundreds of students were enrolled. Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, the masters of Confucian classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty, both commented on Han Law. Zhang Fei and Du Yu of the Jin Dynasty also commented on the Jin Law and explained the legislative principles and legal application. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, private notes were gradually replaced by official notes. A Brief Introduction to the Laws of the Tang Dynasty in 652 AD is a model of this kind of official annotation.
Law was first established by Ming Di in the Southern Song Dynasty in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Wei Ji, the minister, wrote to Ming Di, saying that "a hundred miles of officials should know the law". Ming Di founded legal education, established a doctor of law, and taught legal litigation knowledge to officials at all levels. This is the beginning of the establishment of China's jurisprudence, breaking the situation of the unification of Confucian classics and academics.
Legalist school belonged to Dali Temple in Sui Dynasty, which belongs to vocational education. The Tang dynasty was brought into the management of the central official school, and the corresponding imperial examination was "Faming", and its students could take the Faming exam. After that, he was awarded the position of Eight Product Officer.
By the Tang Dynasty, the law was fashionable and out of date. Nevertheless, the law is still developing well. Legalists in the Tang Dynasty were one of the six official schools in the central government, either affiliated to imperial academy or Dali Temple. Doctor of law, from eighth grade, teaching assistant, from ninth grade. The doctor of Imperial College is in the sixth grade. Four PhDs, seventh grade. Bai Juyi said in On the Disadvantages of Criminal Law that at that time, the court "despised the law and the judge", and the law was not a discipline. Han Yu's "On Dai Zhailang, a student after a rural examination" said: "Students can learn classics or be literate. As for the micro-students, learn the law and recognize the symbols. " Tang Wuzong Huichang granted amnesty to the southern suburbs for five years, stipulating that "the punishment should be punished by the Ministry, and the law should be straight in Dali, and the stranger should be charged according to the law." Among them, "straight law" means legal professionals. As technicians, their promotion is restricted. People born in the Ming dynasty are hard to get promoted, far less than those in Jinshi. It can be seen that as a professional education, under the cultural and educational policy of respecting saints and worshipping Confucianism, the status of law is far lower than that of Confucian classics.
In the second year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong, an imperial edict was issued in June: "Those who can learn one method instead of two elegance, if they are all proficient in their duties and righteousness, will be reduced from their original colors to become officials on the same day. Those who can learn a small sutra at the same time and keep the righteousness will be punished according to the Ming Sutra. " Starting from Tang Dezong, those who should know the law can get better treatment if they can pass the law.
There are four forms of law in Tang Dynasty: criminal law, order, style and form. Law, that is, criminal law, including criminal litigation and civil litigation; Order, that is, the provisions of the national organization system; Ge is a variety of laws and instructions issued by the emperor that state organs must abide by temporarily; Type, is the official document procedures and rules of the activities of state organs, with the nature of administrative law. In the Tang Dynasty, the Ming and French subjects in the imperial examinations were all decrees.
The rulers of the Tang Dynasty implemented the policy of "ruling the country by Confucianism from abroad and ruling the country by law from within", and the Imperial Examination established the Law Department to promote scholars to learn the law, so that future officials could better enforce the law. By the end of the Tang Dynasty, officials were corrupt and perverted the law, and the law became a dead letter.
calligraphy
Schools that trained calligraphy talents in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Selected Records of the New Tang Dynasty: "Zhushuxue: The three-body stone sutra is limited to three years old, the storytelling is limited to two years old, and Zilin is limited to one year old." Selected Records of the History of the Song Dynasty: "Scholars are familiar with Zhuan Xu, Li and Cao, and they know Shuowen, Zishuo, Erya and Dialect, as well as the meanings of The Analects of Confucius and Mencius."
mathematics
China ancient school for training astronomy and mathematics talents. Located in the capital. Tang belonged to imperial academy, and Song was founded in Chongning for three years (1 104), and then merged into Taishi Bureau. I have studied some books on arithmetic, such as Sun Tzu's Art of War, Five Cao Arithmetic, Nine Chapters Arithmetic, Island Arithmetic and Zhou Bi Arithmetic. In the Qing Dynasty, it was called the Arithmetic Museum. In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), six officials and four officials from Han Dynasty were elected, making Qin Fen a science and education center. In the twenty-five years (17 13), an arithmetic hall was set up in Changchun Garden. Qianlong four years (1739) transferred to imperial academy, called imperial academy a mathematician. There are sixty Manchu, Mongolian and Han Eight Banners and Han students. Students from Manchu, Mongolian and Han armies all took entrance examinations from the Eight Banners Official School. Chinese students are selected by imperial academy Institute of Mathematics from,,, and.
There are also Wenguang Pavilion, Chongwen Pavilion and Hongwen Pavilion.
Guangwenguan
A supplementary school in imperial academy during the Tang and Song Dynasties. In the 9th year of Tianbao (750), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty set up a doctor and teaching assistant in imperial academy, who was responsible for teaching the students of imperial academy Xijinshi, which was soon abolished. Xian Zongyuan and Chu, Xijing Wenguang Museum had 60 students, and Dudong Wenguang Museum had 10 students.
In the Song Dynasty, there was also a Wenguang Pavilion. Anyone who takes an examination of imperial academy must first make up the students in Wenguang Hall, so as to take the examination. The children of city officials and tourists from all over the country entered the library in various forms, reaching more than a thousand people, but only a dozen or twenty people attended the lectures on weekdays. In the seventh year of Zongyuan (1043), the number of students and apprentices increased to 2,400, and Shao Shengyuan was abolished (1094).
Chongwenguan
In the 13th year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (639), Chongxian Pavilion was established, which was directly under the jurisdiction of the East Palace. In the second year of Shang Yuan (675), in order to avoid the name of Prince Li Xianming, it was changed to Chongwen Pavilion, where a bachelor was in charge of classics and taught students. Let the school bookkeeper be responsible for collating classics. The 20 students are all selected from the royal family and the children of senior officials in Beijing.
Hong Wen Pavilion
In the fourth year of Tang Wude (AD 62 1), the Xiuwen Pavilion was located in Menxia Province. In nine years, Emperor Taizong acceded to the throne and was renamed Hong Wen Pavilion. Collect more than 20 million books. Set up a bachelor's degree, responsible for proofreading books and teaching students' apprentices; In case of institutional evolution and etiquette in North Korea, you can participate in the discussion. Set up a proofreader, responsible for proofreading classics and publishing right and wrong. Establish a museum owner and consulate general affairs. There are dozens of students, all children of the royal family and senior officials in Beijing, with bachelor's degrees in Confucian classics and historical calligraphy. In the first year of Tang Zhongzong Shenlong (AD 705), the Prince Li Hongming Pavilion was changed to Zhao Wen Pavilion. In the seventh year of Xuanzong Kaiyuan (AD 7 19), the Hong Wen Pavilion was still changed. Because students are born in noble families, they don't specialize in economics. After kaiyuan, they were given an examination according to the example of imperial academy, but their positions were halved.