A: Educational measurement is an activity process that quantifies the observed educational phenomena or the attributes of educational objects according to certain rules and scales. According to the scale of measurement, it can be divided into: named (class) measurement, sequential measurement, distance measurement and proportional measurement. (1) named measurement, also known as classification measurement and category measurement, is the identification of the nature or category of things. The categories used in classified measurement must be mutually exclusive and detailed. Measurement only classifies variables according to completeness and exclusiveness, and the order is meaningless. Such as gender, religious sect, political party and place of birth. Statistical analysis suitable for named measurement belongs to hierarchical statistical analysis, such as calculating percentage, contingency correlation, chi-square test, etc. In statistical analysis, the number itself is of little significance, what matters is the frequency of occurrence. ② Sequential measurement, also called rank measurement or sequential measurement, is to determine the rank or order of the measured object. Sequential measurement is one level higher than category measurement, and it has the meaning of quantitative difference (high and low order). The measurement process is logically arranged according to the attributes of variables, and different attributes represent the relative degree of variables' characteristics. Such as social class, conservative degree, alienation and knowledge and culture level. In addition to the rank statistical analysis suitable for name measurement, statistical analysis can also be used, such as median, percentile, rank correlation coefficient, Kendall harmony coefficient and rank variance analysis. ③ Distance measurement, also called interval measurement, is the measurement of the difference or interval distance between the measured objects. Distance measurement is higher than sequence measurement, which not only reflects the high and low order, but also can add and subtract the results. Generally, on the basis of recognized standards, the actual meaning between variable attributes is expressed by standard spacing. Distance measurement commonly used in educational research is standardized intelligence test, such as the IQ score difference between 100 and10, and the IQ score difference between 1 10 and 120 should be considered as little difference. Mean, standard deviation, product-moment correlation coefficient, test, test, etc. , widely used in research, can be used for the analysis of equidistant measurement results. ④ Proportional measurement, also called proportional or ratio measurement, is the measurement of the proportion or ratio relationship between the measured objects. Compared with the fixed distance measurement, the fixed ratio measurement improves one level, which can not only reflect the high and low order, but also add and subtract the related values, and further multiply and Divison the related values. Absolute zero distance measurement is a fixed ratio measurement. Such as age and number of marriages. In statistical analysis, in addition to all the statistical analysis techniques mentioned above, geometric mean and relative variance can also be used. Among these four kinds of measurements, category measurement is qualitative, and the latter three are quantitative. Fixed-distance measurement and fixed-ratio measurement have higher levels than fixed-class measurement and ordered measurement, because the former two contain the characteristics and functions of the latter two, and the fixed-ratio measurement also contains the characteristics and functions of fixed-distance measurement, so it is the highest level of the four kinds of measurement.