1. Widespread opening of Sunday schools
178 1 year, Robert Rex, a missionary who is enthusiastic about the education of poor children, founded a class to teach religious knowledge on Sundays, mainly recruiting poor children, especially child laborers, to attend religious ceremonies every Sunday, learn religious articles and learn some superficial knowledge of reading and writing. The teachers are educated women, and their assistants are sent by the parish priest to patrol. Running a school for three years has achieved remarkable results. 1783, Rex wrote an article in a magazine, detailing the learning situation of this class and the purpose of running this class, and named it Sunday school. This kind of school gathers poor children on Sundays, which can not only prevent and reduce the disorder of social order, but also use religious propaganda to shape children. The upper class thought it was a good strategy to improve society through education, so they followed suit and developed rapidly. Later, the "Sunday School Association" was established, requiring each parish to have at least one. /kloc-In the late 20th century, with the opening of a large number of regular primary schools, Sunday schools are decreasing and limited to religious education.
2. The emergence and development of Bell-Lancaster system.
Bell-Lancaster system, also known as "tutorial system", is a teaching organization form founded by British missionaries Bell and Lancaster in British colonies India and Britain respectively. Teachers teach "tutors" who are older and have good grades first, and then they transfer them to other students to take the place of teachers. With a tutor as an assistant, a teacher can often teach hundreds of students in a classroom. Tutorial system has many advantages: (1) saving money. Replacing teachers with tutors will greatly reduce costs. (2) provincial teachers. (3) Expand the scope of the educated. (4) It helps to cultivate children's self-management ability. Tutorial system is highly valued by the society because of its obvious advantages. Tutorial system is very popular in Britain from 18 10 to 1830. The tutorial system also spread to France. 1809 the tutorial system was introduced to the United States, and Lancaster personally went to the United States to promote the tutorial system. However, the teaching method of tutorial system is boring and mechanical, which can not guarantee the quality of education. After 1840, the tutorial system gradually weakened.
3. Provisions on primary education in the Factory Law
1833, Britain promulgated the first factory law, which not only stipulated the working hours of child workers every day, but also stipulated that male and female child workers working in factories should spend two hours every day in compulsory education during working hours to learn basic literacy, religious knowledge and moral education. This regulation is mandatory and factory owners must abide by it. The promulgation of the Factory Law is another development of British primary education, and it also lays the foundation for the promulgation of the Primary Education Law in the future.
4. 1870 "Primary Education Law" was promulgated.
/kloc-In the second half of the 0/9th century, the British capitalist economy developed more vigorously, and economic competition required more workers to receive education. The political election system also requires voters to have certain cultural knowledge, and the working class began to fight for the right to education in the struggle. All these make the rulers realize the importance of primary education in national life. If primary education is still regarded as a purely religious charity, the government will not directly control it, which is unfavorable to the development of the country. Therefore, in 1870, Congress officially promulgated the Primary Education Law (also known as the Foster Act).
The Law on Primary Education stipulates that:
(1) The state continues to subsidize education and set up public schools in areas lacking schools.
(2) The whole country is divided into school districts, and the elected "Academic Affairs Committee" is responsible for supervising the education work in this school district.
(3) Each school district has the right to implement compulsory education for children aged 5-12.
(4) schools established or managed by churches are recognized as national educational institutions.
(5) The general teaching in schools is separated from religion. All schools receiving public subsidies are not allowed to force students to study specific religious teachings. General religious teaching must be arranged in the first or last class, so that students can choose to attend or not attend classes.
The promulgation of the Primary Education Act has promoted the great development of primary education in Britain. 1880 after primary education was officially made free, the enrollment rate of school-age children reached 90%, and public schools were established in various places. Therefore, the promulgation of the Primary Education Act marks the formal formation of the British national education system.