1. "New Education" of Westernization Movement and the Input of Modern Western Education
In the 65438+60s of 2009, some big bureaucrats and warlords in the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty, such as Yi, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo, etc. Holding the real power to suppress the people's military and political affairs, I can't compete with the western ships and guns when I see the ancient bows, arrows, knives and guns in China. In order to suppress the domestic people's revolution and resist foreign aggression, he actively advocated learning from the West and promoting the so-called Westernization Movement of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth". In education, they advocate learning from western science and technology and establishing "western learning" to train scientific and technological talents. They put forward the slogan of "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the use". Shipbuilding, weapons and other factories have been established in various places; Schools of foreign languages, ship administration, machinery and military affairs have been established one after another; And send international students to study in Europe and America. This is called "new education". This is the beginning of establishing modern schools in China. In the "new education", in order to suppress the uprising and resistance struggle, the Westernization School hired foreign officials in Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuchang and other places, abandoned the traditional riding and shooting, and instead trained the new Lu Haijun. In this way, gymnastics as a sport first appeared in the training process of a new army. But gymnastics at this time is mainly British military exercises, including parades, assassinations, wars and tactics. In the "new education", Westernization School also set up some military schools for military needs. For example, Beiyang Naval Academy, Tianjin Military Equipment Academy, Guangdong Lushi Academy, Guangdong Naval Academy, Fujian Ship Administration Academy and so on. These military schools employ foreign instructors in accordance with foreign military schools. In addition to some modern military disciplines, the military academy also offers physical education class, which is called gymnastics class. For example, in Beiyang Naval Academy, "students are taught English and grammar translation ... pushing, testing and rushing. If you are worried about your weakness, give him a gun and let him learn the pace; The mast of a tree allows you to learn to rise and fall. "To improve your skills through ups and downs is to practice your strength." From this perspective, the military and school education of the Westernization School was the beginning of the introduction of modern western sports into China. In a sense, the Westernization Movement played a positive role in the spread of modern sports in China.
2. The educational thought of the Reform Movement and the formation of modern sports thought.
1894 After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894 and China's fiasco, imperialist countries tried to carve up China. In this situation, some intellectuals with capitalist ideas, such as Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Yan Fu, want to imitate Japan's Meiji Restoration and make improvements in politics, economy, culture and education. This is the so-called Reform Movement or Reformism. During the Reform Movement of 1898, some imperial edicts on education were promulgated one after another. Such as: (1) organizing Shi Jing University Hall. (2) Make all the governors, governors, generals and academies in Shengzhou and counties become schools in Manabu Nakanishi. Voluntary schools and social schools donated by local governments will also learn from Manabu Nakanishi. (3) All books that should be read by primary and secondary schools are still compiled, promulgated and followed by official bookstores. (4) Establish agricultural schools, tea schools, sericulture schools and medical schools. (5) Send people to study abroad. It can be seen that the reformists advocate using the "new learning" of the western bourgeoisie to improve the "old learning" of feudalism, and advocate starting with "western learning", organizing societies, setting up schools, and developing people's wisdom. Although the Reform Movement of 1898 failed only for one hundred days, its educational thoughts had a far-reaching positive impact on the future school education. They put forward the idea of developing sports from the perspective of progressive modern education, expounded sports thoughts, and promoted the formation of China's modern sports thoughts. Among the reformists, Yan Fu was the pioneer of China's first systematic introduction of western capitalist cultural thoughts. He founded Yi Tong School in Beijing and Fudan University in Shanghai and has been engaged in education for 20 years. He translated Spencer's book Moral Education, Intellectual Education and Physical Education into Persuasion. He was the first reformist to spread the moral, intellectual and physical education of western capitalism in China. Yan Fu believes that improving China society, striving for self-improvement and protecting Zhong Baoguo should mainly start from three aspects: "Today's politics should be unified in three aspects, one is to drum up people's strength, the other is to enlighten people's wisdom, and the third is to promote new people's morality", even though the top three countries are "strong blood and physical strength, strong intelligence and consideration, and strong morality and righteousness". The "inspiring people's strength" in his three policies of self-improvement and species protection is to make the people have strong physique and "strong flesh and blood". He believes that to have a strong body, on the one hand, we should "practice physical strength" through sports and other labor, on the other hand, we should pay attention to hygiene. Kang Youwei attached great importance to education in his reformist thought. He believes that "there is a shortage of talents in China today, so there is no need to give lectures" and that "education is the most important thing if you want to make a difference in the world and open a new world in China". Kang Youwei's educational thoughts and sports thoughts are mainly reflected in his book Great Harmony. He believes that school education in Datong society should be divided into four levels: nursery, small academy, middle school and big academy. Education at all levels should cultivate talents with all-round development in morality, intelligence, physique and aesthetics, and put forward the goals, tasks, courses and educational measures of schools at all levels. He attached great importance to physical education. In Datong Book, he systematically and comprehensively put forward the theory and proper measures of physical education and health in schools at all levels. For example, in the nursery, pay attention to diet, rest and keep fit; In a small college, "gymnastics is suitable for swimming, autumn dryness, jumping wood and along the pole"; In middle school, "gymnastics tastes boating in the garden"; In colleges and universities, "universities also emphasize gymnastics, so as to be energetic and strong." This shows that Kang Youwei expressed his sports thoughts on the basis of the educational thought of paying equal attention to morality, intelligence and physique. Datong Book not only puts forward the earliest comprehensive, systematic and bourgeois education system in China, but also embodies Kang Youwei's systematic school physical education thought. Liang Qichao, who studied under Kang Youwei, emphasized the importance of school education, and even thought that "everything is organized by schools" for the sake of national prosperity. He believes that "moral education, intellectual education and physical education are indispensable things in education". It holds that the task of school education is to cultivate "new people" with all-round development in morality, intelligence and physique. He also believes that "martial arts" is one of the characteristics of new citizens, so he attaches great importance to the spirit of martial arts and school sports. In his book On Wushu, he discussed the importance of Wushu from the perspective of the survival of the country and the nation, and thought: "The vitality of martial arts people depends on the country, and civilization depends on the country. ..... If the founders did not have militaristic nationals and iron-bloodism, they would have civilization, wisdom, people and vast territory, and they would not be able to stand on their own feet on the stage of fierce competition. " Liang Qichao's sports thought is an integral part of his education to save the country and patriotism. In a word, the bourgeois reformists were the first representatives to accept modern western educational thoughts and sports thoughts. With the aim of "saving the nation for survival", they discussed and advocated sports from the perspective of education, and initially formed China's modern sports thought. This thought has greatly promoted the wide spread of modern sports, the rise of school sports and the development of Wushu in China.
Zhang Boling, with his legendary life, became a pioneer in measuring modern education in China. In the past 50 years, Tianjin Nankai Middle School, Nankai University, Nankai Girls' Middle School, Nankai Primary School and Chongqing Nankai Middle School have been established successively, and a complete education system in Nankai has been built with lifelong efforts.
The Pioneer of Modern Education in China
April 5th in Tomb-Sweeping Day is the birthday of the famous educator Mr. Zhang Boling. I reposed my "heart sacrifice" with my clumsy Long History of Zhang Boling. It seems that Hua Song has quietly communicated with this educational philosopher.
With his legendary life, Mr. Zhang Boling became a pioneer in measuring modern education in China. From the end of Qing Dynasty, he stepped onto the three-foot platform, founded new education, opened the way, passed through Beiyang Warlords and the Republic of China, and finally the founding of New China. In the past 50 years, Tianjin Nankai Middle School, Nankai University, Nankai Girls' Middle School, Nankai Primary School and Chongqing Nankai Middle School have been established successively, and a complete education system in Nankai has been built with lifelong efforts. At the beginning of running a school, Zhang Boling made unremitting efforts to make Nankai a "private school" with its fierce spirit, open cultural mentality, the educational goal of "co-prosperity of East and West" and its unique school-running concept of abiding by faith. Nankai is famous for its lofty school-running concept, excellent school spirit, gathering of famous teachers and talented people. A large number of politicians, scientists, artists and industrialists such as Zhou Enlai, Wu Dayou, Chen Shengshen, Cao Yu, Ye Duzheng, Liu Dongsheng and Zhang Zhongmou have emerged in Nankai. Liang Qichao once said: "Nankai is one of the vitality of our education." Sun Yat-sen also praised: "Nankai is a world-famous good school." Hu Shi called Zhang Boling "the creator of modern education in China". American educational circles commented on Zhang Boling: "In the past 50 years, it is a symbol of national self-confidence to devote oneself to education and revitalize China with firm belief and unshakable will." . Zhang Boling was awarded honorary doctorates by Columbia University and the University of California.
After the reform and opening up, the country solemnly commemorated the anniversary of Zhang Boling's birthday 1 10 in Nankai University, reiterating that his life was a life of progress and patriotism. He is very successful in running education.
Unswerving educational belief
Zhang Boling was an educational agent in the old days. Under the complicated and turbulent social conditions, the national strength is weak and the people are struggling. The vitality and destiny faced by education are different from today. In particular, if Zhang Boling wants to run private education and support an institution of higher learning independently without government investment and taxpayer supply, capital is the top priority. 1934, Zhang Boling wrote a report to the Nanjing Ministry of Education, lamenting the limited financial resources of private schools. "In the past fifteen years, I have been tired again and again." Zhang Boling's good friend Si Tuleideng said that as the president of yenching university, I have a number of potential sponsors in the United States, but Zhang Boling does not have these conditions. I am well aware of the difficulty for Zhang Boling to establish a private university in China. Zhang Boling also said that during the most difficult time in Nankai, Balitai (where Nankai University is located) was shrouded in a gloomy cloud, and even every small tree seemed to be crying to me. In fact, it is not without "tricky" methods to overcome the difficulties in running a school. For example, expand enrollment quotas, raise tuition fees, or sell diplomas and open a "back door", and Nankai will immediately transfer. But the educator's conscience made him determined not to do anything that would damage the reputation of the school. Zhang Boling is such a person, optimistic and enterprising, making progress despite difficulties. Every time I encounter setbacks, I always say, "Never mind, fall, get up, fall again, get up again." Beiyang government asked him to be the education chief, and Zhang Xueliang asked him to be the mayor of Tianjin. He politely refused to work, but he still led Nankai forward unswervingly.
1937, Japan invaded China on a large scale, Nankai was bombed, the campus was occupied by the Japanese army, and teachers and students were scattered. Faced with such a tragic situation, Zhang Boling said sadly, as long as the whole country resists Japan, where will Nankai be destroyed? Drive south again after the war. At that time, the Central Daily published an editorial: "The 62-year-old man, who had painstakingly managed the university for 34 years, was once destroyed. His attitude was to' build a new life for Nankai', which is the Nankai spirit." For the first time, this big newspaper erected a monument for an educator.
A firm belief in education is the spiritual motive force for Zhang Boling to achieve his goals and achieve great cause. The firm educational belief comes from the persistent expectation and unswerving determination for the future and destiny of the country and the nation. As early as the end of the 1920s, he said that what I worked hard day and night hoped was that in the next twenty or thirty years, a chapter would appear in the history of the world, which was called "the rise of new China consciousness". Zhang Boling's whole history of educational struggle is based on this.
Spread love for education on campus.
School is Zhang Boling's second life, and students are his spiritual sustenance. When he came back from other places or abroad, he didn't go home to see his wife and children first, but went to school to see his teachers and classmates first. Usually at school, he doesn't plunge into the office, but often goes for a walk in the dormitory and classroom, or talks with students. The weekly "self-cultivation" meeting will give lectures to students as usual, from state affairs to personality cultivation, from the history of Nankai University to the spirit of school motto. I often stay with students on weekends, or watch students rehearse plays, or stand among students to watch football games. Freshmen can remember students' names quickly when they enter school. Before Nankai Middle School was full of 1000 students, Zhang Boling could almost name the students and knew everyone's situation like the back of his hand. He will pay special attention to students with special skills or financial difficulties. He showed concern and care for students' study and life. A smile, an exhortation and an understanding convey not only warmth and encouragement, but also life secrets that students may not learn in class. Of course, his love for students is more reflected in creating an all-round cultural atmosphere for students. Nankai is famous for its numerous student associations and colorful extracurricular activities. As Zhou Enlai said, education in Nankai is free and vivid. Nankai education at that time was not the current "exam-oriented culture", but mobilized students' interest in learning through various forms and channels, encouraged students to participate in social activities, and cultivated students' adaptability in all aspects.
Xia Mianzun once said in The Education of Love that education is love. Without love, education will be a backwater. Zhang Boling's love for students is an inexhaustible pool of water.
Always put teachers in an important position
Zhang Boling is a professional headmaster, and he is a teacher. He knows that teachers, especially excellent teachers, play a vital role in a school. In the early days of Nankai University, he clearly stated that "the most important thing in a university is a good teacher". He is a friend of the teacher, respects the teacher, treats the teacher well, lets the teacher be the master of the house and participates in the school management. Later, Zhang Boling further suggested that universities are places where scholars gather to study, and the greatest strength to attract students is good professors. To this end, all departments in Nankai require considerable academic leaders, "only those who are selected must be enriched", and they constitute the core of the faculty. At the same time, it is emphasized that the selection and introduction of talents should adhere to the standard of "equal emphasis on learning and learning, equal emphasis on academic qualifications and academics", rather than "attaching importance to talents and neglecting kung fu". Zhang Boling's view on teachers has influenced the construction of several generations of teachers in Nankai, and formed a good fashion of attaching importance to the selection and training of outstanding young scholars in Nankai. Wu Dayou, a famous physicist, published an article in memory of Zhang Boling in Taiwan Province in his later years, in which he especially talked about Nankai's experience of "using Bole's ability to learn talents, appointing young scholars, and making it grow constantly and achieve great success in teaching and research environment", and thought that Nankai had indeed made great achievements in this respect. The so-called "teaching and research environment" is nothing more than respecting the law of talent growth and creating a relaxed and free academic atmosphere. Too many utilitarian colors are not conducive to the healthy growth of young scholars. Innovative talents are hard to appear now, and the problem may lie in talent orientation and educational values.
Emphasize the "three noes" concept of running a school
The most important embodiment of the spirit of independent universities is the characteristics of running schools. Zhang Boling attaches great importance to starting from its own resources, highlighting characteristics and excellent products, insisting on giving priority to adapting to and guiding social needs, and building a platform with distinctive discipline characteristics and innovative talents. He does not blindly compare with others, is not greedy for perfection, sticks to the bottom line of running a school, controls the scale of development, enrolls students according to his ability, and never seeks to expand enrollment, open a "school shop" or sell diplomas. He publicly stated the "three noes" proposition of running a school: first, impartiality-adhere to the correct direction of running a school; Second, it is not private-honesty is the foundation, and the school is established with sincerity, not taking running a school as the door to getting rich, and not taking running a school as the rank of inauguration officer; The third is truth-no hypocrisy, no deception of students, no deception of society. The thought of "three noes" is not only the principal's personality, but also the school discipline. Nankai relies on this "settling down" and this.
Zhang Boling's spirit and achievements in running a school are well recorded in his Long History of Zhang Boling. In order to present a comprehensive and three-dimensional Zhang Boling to readers as much as possible, the author has been buried in that pile of old papers for many years, searching for everything day and night. Not only obtained a large number of books and periodicals, but also excavated a large number of files, including more than 3,000 unpublished letters from Zhang Boling; Not only did I pursue Zhang Boling's domestic footprint, but I also went to Columbia University to investigate the anecdotes of Zhang Boling studying in the United States, and I also got a lot of valuable oral historical materials from my alumni. On this rich basis, through analysis and research, we will eliminate the false and retain the true, and strive to be true, objective, accurate and reliable. The Chronicle of Chronicles has also made some attempts in style, increasing the detailed excavation and analysis of historical truth, restoring the historical context of the times where genealogists lived, and integrating historical materials and historical knowledge to highlight the information function and academic function of Chronicles.
Chronicle may become a real resource for understanding Zhang Boling and a treasure house for learning Zhang Boling's school-running spirit. Facing the current trend of "entertaining interpretation" of historical figures, it may be a good sobering agent to read a book like Chronicle patiently.