Zhou Xing's thorough method should be both tribute and help. Based on the three generations of tax service system, this paper analyzes two systems of ancient mineral field system. Eight of them owned wells in the public domain and those laws that needed help should be implemented in Xia and Shang Dynasties. The practice of "nine husbands are wells and no public fields" began in the Zhou Dynasty. The eight wells system was still used in the aid areas of the Zhou Dynasty, but the public and private fields were changed to 100 mu. However, in the co-developed areas, part of the original commons was given to others, so there was a system of nine husbands for wells. In ancient times, the land exchange system (that is, the rotation system) was implemented. Generally, there are 100 mu of hard-won land, 200 mu of easy land and 300 mu of easy land. The minefield system mentioned above, implemented in hard-won places, is typical. As for how to divide one easy place, another easy place and so on. , it is impossible to infer that there are five ditches and five wipes between the mine fields to divide the land for production. Well-field system evolved from the original clan commune land public ownership, and its basic feature is that the actual cultivators have no ownership of the land, only the right to use it. Land should be regularly and evenly distributed within a certain range.
Because of the different understanding of the social nature of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, different families have different understanding of the nature of Jing Tian system, either considering it as a state-owned land system under slavery, a rural commune system under slavery, a landlord land system under feudalism, or a family commune system or a rural commune system under feudalism. But the basic consensus is that there is a transition from public ownership to private ownership in mine field organization, and its existence is based on public ownership of land to a certain extent. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the system of eight families sharing wells and raising commons was more open. After the week, the elements of "nine husbands for wells" and "private ownership" increased, which can be regarded as private fields occupied by cultivators. In the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was a land transaction between nobles, and personal private ownership of land at least appeared among nobles. Thus, from top to bottom, it further developed into the individual private ownership of land by the actual cultivators.
Well-field system was implemented in the Zhou Dynasty, not only as the salary unit of governors and officials, but also as the calculation unit to control the people. Land under the Jing Tian system is not allowed to be bought or sold, and it can only be inherited by the same surname according to the patriarchal clan system. The agricultural society that cultivates mineral fields also belongs to the Lord class together with the land, and it is forbidden to leave the land and change jobs for life.
The so-called "ore field" is a square field with a certain planning, mu area and boundary. A square field with a length of 100 step and a width of 100 step is called a "field", and the mu area of a field is 100 mu, which is the "husband", that is, the land cultivated by labor. The mine field planning in different areas is inconsistent. In some places, the decimal system is adopted, and in some places, a nine-square-meter field is called a "well". Because putting nine square fields together happens to be a "well" shape, the name of the minefield comes from this. The area of a well is one square mile; One hundred wells are square miles, called "success", which can accommodate 900 laborers; Ten thousand wells are square miles, which are called "tong" and can accommodate ninety thousand laborers.
There are irrigation canals of different sizes between fields, fields, fields, fields and fields, which are called Sui, Gou, Yan and Yue. Parallel to the passage, there are longitudinal and transverse passages, which are called paths, tunnels, roads and roads. The size, depth and width of various channels have certain specifications.
Western Zhou rulers at all levels divided ore fields into three categories. They each keep the best part of it (that is, the flat land by the river with the back mountain facing the sun) for themselves in the form of thousands and tens of thousands of pieces, which is called "commons". Because of the large area of the commons, it is also called "Datian", which drives slaves to grow cakes collectively. Distribute the suburban land near the city to ordinary workers living in the same family as the rulers and cultivate them in units of fields. These people are called "China people" because they live in a "country" (that is, a city). China people pay no taxes, only military taxes and military service. They usually pay a small pot of rice and a bundle of grass to the state every year as military expenses. When you are a soldier in wartime, you prepare your own weapons, food and military supplies. China people have the right to be a soldier and receive education, so they are also called "scholars" or "scholars". Their education is mainly military training and learning etiquette. These people are ordinary people in society. On the surface, they are not exploited, but self-reliant workers. However, predatory wars were very frequent in society at that time. They often fight and their fields are barren, so they are bankrupt and in debt. After winning the battle, the plundered land and wealth will be owned by the ruler. If you lose the battle, you are still in danger of being captured and enslaved. Therefore, the status of China people is volatile.
The feudal Lord gave Shu Ren, who lived in the wild, barren land far from the city. Shu Ren is also called "Savage" because he lives in the wild. The lords looked down on them and thought they were the stupidest, so they also called them "self-protection". Shu Ren has no rights, only the obligation to cultivate mines and other handymen for the Lord. They have to work in the Lord's land every year, and then they are allowed to cultivate a small piece of their own land as a minimum living. Therefore, the opposition between "state" and "wild" in the Western Zhou Dynasty is both urban-rural opposition and class opposition.
Spring has come and the busy farming season has begun. A large number of Shu Ren people were all driven to the main "public domain". At dawn, the officials appointed by the Lord (and Chang) sat at the entrance of the village to count the number of workers. The same is true at night. As early as winter, when Li Zai was preparing for farming, every two people were paired according to the physical strength and age of the labor force, which was called "coupling". Two people working together in pairs is called "coupling". This planting method is called "coupled farming". There are thousands of laborers on the public land of the Grand Lord. They worked under the supervision of Tian Guan ("Tian Tuan"), and sometimes the slave owners themselves ("great-grandchildren") personally went to the fields to supervise. In autumn, the harvest of the Lord's field is like an island and a hill. Thousands of warehouses and tens of thousands of boxes should be prepared for collection. During the slack season in winter, the common people have to repair the house, mow the grass, rub the rope and other chores for the Lord; Women must pick mulberry, raise silkworms, spin silk, make clothes for slave owners and sew fur robes, and work from day to midnight. The Lord was afraid that they would be lazy, but he also gathered them together, which not only saved the lights, but also facilitated supervision. [Edit this paragraph] The disintegration of the well-field system In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the well-field system gradually disintegrated. The material factor contributing to this change is the improvement of productivity level. The use of ironware and the popularity of Niu Geng were the signs of productivity improvement at that time.
The use of iron in China began in Shang Dynasty. In 1970s, an iron-edged copper cymbal was unearthed in Rongcheng County, Hebei Province and Pinggu County, Beijing. According to scientific appraisal, the blade is forged by meteorite heating. Such ironware is naturally rare. Around the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were more ironware. Therefore, there is a poem in The Book of Songs Qin Feng, which is written by Qin Xianggong (777-766 BC). The use of iron to describe the color of horses was not allowed until iron became a common thing. Around the early spring and autumn period, there were iron farm tools. "Strange Words of Mandarin" records that Guan Zhong suggested to Qi Huangong: "Cast swords and halberds with US dollars to try dogs and horses; Evil gold is used to cast hoes to test loam. " "Yuan" refers to bronze and "evil gold" refers to iron. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a sentence in the inscription of Qi Zhong, which was the first word of iron. It can be seen that the scale of iron smelting by the government at that time was quite large. It is no wonder that by the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, ironware had been widely used in Qi. "Guanzi Neptune" records: "Today, iron officials say that women must have a needle and a knife, and ... the tiller must have a shovel." According to archaeological findings, there are iron bars and pieces unearthed from Chengqiao in Liuhe, Jiangsu, iron knives unearthed from Longdong in Changsha, iron cans unearthed from Zhiziling in Changsha, iron knives unearthed from Changde, and several iron cans and iron knives unearthed from Chu Tomb in Changsha, all of which can be identified as the late Spring and Autumn Period. This shows that in the late Spring and Autumn Period, iron was also used in southern China.
Niu Geng also originated in Shang Dynasty. There is a "plow" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. It can be seen that plowing with oxen was invented in Shang Dynasty. In Guoyu Yujin, it is mentioned that Fan and China Bank use ancestral temples to sacrifice their fields. His disciple Sima Geng was named, and Ran Boniu was named Geng. There was a Hercules named Niu Geng in the State of Jin. Cattle were associated with agriculture and were used as names, which reflected that Niu Geng method was widely popularized in the Spring and Autumn Period. The use of ironware and the popularization of Niu Geng have brought convenience for people to open up vast mountains and build large-scale water conservancy projects. Cultivated land area and agricultural output have increased substantially. The development of agriculture makes it possible for small-scale production and small-scale peasant class characterized by self-employment to become the social foundation. The collective labor form of well-field system is out of date, and the decentralized, unified and one-family feudal economic form is emerging.
As early as the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, some nobles forced the people to reclaim the vacant land outside the mine field in order to extract the surplus labor of the people. The land reclaimed in this way cannot be square, nor can it have a certain acre of land. It is private property, which is kept secret from the government and does not pay taxes. This is called private land. The inscription on Gui in the period of the Duke of Zhou recorded that four horses were exchanged for 30 mu of land, which is proof, because the commons are not allowed to be exchanged. By the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the existence of private fields was quite remarkable. There are also many records of fighting for farmland and exchanging land. The inscription on the Sanskrit disk in Zhou Liwang describes that the Maya invaded the cities of the diaspora and were defeated, so they used two fields to compensate the diaspora. Zhou Liwang also has two bronzes, one from Ding and the other from Ding. The former is about you. You gave you Wei Mu from other places, but you Wei Mu didn't pay him, so it became a lawsuit. The latter describes that Zhang changed fields with eight towns and Liang changed fields with five towns, all of which were successful. The nobles' desire for private land is increasing day by day. When they were captured by Zhou Youwang, they even tried to take public land for themselves. Zhou Wang once again took the commons from the nobles as before, which caused strong dissatisfaction among the nobles. The Book of Songs Daya Zhanmao recorded the complaints of the nobles at that time: "People have soil fields, but you have them; People have people, you take it back. " In the Spring and Autumn Period, the use of ironware and the popularity of Niu Geng increased the number of private fields dramatically. The governor and the doctor became rich. Zhou Wang can't invade their fields at will. In 7 12 BC, King Huan of Zhou took Zheng's land. In exchange, he got Su Qiu's land in Ji Wang. Conflicts and lawsuits between nobles for land are also emerging one after another. In 580 BC, Dr. Jin went to compete with Zhou for fields. In 574 AD, Jin took five fields in Yiyang, but he competed with Changyu for fields. In 533 BC, man and Jia competed for Yantian; In 528 BC, Duke Xiang of Jin and Yong Zi competed for farmland and so on. All these events show that the land system is undergoing profound changes.
Opening up and cultivating a large number of private fields requires a lot of labor. However, the method of slavery can no longer arouse the enthusiasm of producers. He xiuzhu in the biography of the ram said: "the people at that time refused to do their best in the public arena." As a result, some nobles who adapted to the new situation changed their exploitation methods in order to attract labor. For example, the state of Qi levied taxes on the people to fight small battles, and lent them grain to fight big battles. The Han, Wei and Zhao in the state of Jin bought people's hearts by expanding the land area without increasing taxes. In this way, the slaves fled from the public to the private door and "returned like water." Feudal dependence resulted from this. The "clan", "hermit", "Meng Bin" and "private disciple" recorded in the Spring and Autumn Period all refer to these escaped slaves. Although their status is not free, they are different from ordinary people. They can occupy a small amount of means of production and independently operate agriculture and household sideline related to agriculture. They are the forerunners of feudal peasants. The escape of slaves made the public interests of some countries "arrogant". Beautiful and Jie Jie (The Book of Songs Qi Feng Fu Tian) has become a wasteland. The well site system can no longer be maintained.
According to Zuo Zhuan, in 594 BC, Lu implemented the "initial tax mu", officially abolished the well field system, recognized the legitimacy of private fields, and levied all taxes. In 548 BC, the State of Chu ordered Yin to rectify the farmland system and "pay taxes according to the amount" depending on the level of land. Later, countries followed suit. Originally, the purpose of these reforms was to maintain the old order, but because they acknowledged the facts to a certain extent, they backfired. A gap has been opened in the well site system. The gap is opened one after another, and the collapse of well site system is an inevitable trend.