① Benxi Sakura is distributed in Fengcheng, Benxi and Kuanxun in Liaoning Province, and Ji 'an and Tonghua in Jilin Province. The main producing area is Benxi City, Liaoning Province, so it is also called Benxi Mountain Cherry. Sakura is a tall tree, a 30-year-old tree with a height of more than 20 meters. The crown is half open, the branches are thick, the growth is vigorous, and the fruit is early. The leaves are oval, with dark red nectaries on the petiole, large and dark green. It blooms in late April and matures in the middle and late June. The fruit is reddish purple or dark purple.
When Benxi mountain cherry is used as sweet cherry rootstock, we should first pay attention to selecting suitable varieties to avoid foot disease and root cancer. Because the disease resistance of different varieties of Benxi cherry blossoms is quite different. Benxi cherry can be divided into two types according to the size of the fruit and the softness of the branches. One kind is Benxi Sakura, with big fruit and soft branches. This type of Benxi cherry fruit is purple-red, rectangular, slightly sour in taste, soft in branches, good in grafting affinity with sweet cherry, and rarely full. The other kind is Benxi cherry with small fruit and hard branches, with small fruit, dark purple skin, round taste and slightly hard branches; Grafting with sweet cherry has serious foot disease and high tree mortality. The main reason of foot disease is that the growth of rootstock and scion is inconsistent, and the rootstock grows slowly, while the scion grows rapidly, resulting in the phenomenon of "foot" with thick top and thin bottom. The young tree period has little effect. After entering the full fruit stage, the trees often die of hunger because of the insufficient ability of the roots to transport nutrients to the trees. In recent years, grafting near the root can reduce the incidence of foot disease. Bridging can be used to treat foot diseases of cherry trees. Cherry is also prone to root cancer.
The advantage of using wild cherry as rootstock is that the seeds are propagated quickly and easily, and the grafting survival rate is high in the same year, which can generally reach 70% ~ 90%. Grafted seedlings and young trees grow sturdily and have strong cold resistance.
② Green-skin cherry, also called green-leaf cherry, is a variety of Japanese sweet cherry, which is also used in Dalian, Liaoning and other places in China. Green cherry is a small tree species with strong rooting and tillering ability. The branches are grayish green; There are two kinds of leaves, yellow-green or dark green, with thick serrated edges and needle-shaped tips; Petiole reddish.
Cherry tree with green skin is strong, with strong branches and long life. Strong grafting affinity with sweet cherry varieties and high grafting survival rate. Some Naong varieties with green cherry as rootstock are over 50 years old, and they are still flourishing and full of fruits.
Generally, plum blossoms are propagated by cutting, layering, ramets or seeds. The advantages of using it as rootstock are: easy propagation, high grafting affinity with sweet cherry, and good development of roots and aboveground parts in loose and fertile soil; As the rootstock of sweet cherry, the effect is better. Disadvantages are: soil that is not cold-resistant and barren; It shows obvious shallow root phenomenon on cohesive or sandy soil; Not tolerant of drought or wind; Under normal circumstances, premature aging often occurs; Low resistance to clubroot, root rot and purple feather disease. Therefore, the adaptability of green cherry is poor, and it is best to plant it in deep and fertile soil in coastal areas as the rootstock of sweet cherry.
(2) China cherry
① Grass cherry is a sweet cherry rootstock selected from China cherry in Yantai. Grass cherry is a shrub or small tree with a dark gray trunk. The tree body is thick, the crown is open, and the rooting and tillering ability is extremely strong. Self-pollination has strong seed setting ability, wide adaptability and relatively waterlogging tolerance, but its drought resistance and cold resistance are relatively weak. It is easy to survive by dividing plants or cutting propagation, and 4000 ~ 5000 rootstocks can be produced every 667 square meters every year. Grass cherry has underdeveloped taproot and developed fibrous root, which belongs to shallow root system and has aerial roots. Strong grafting affinity with sweet cherry varieties. The rate of seed emergence is high, and it enters the fruiting stage early. The disease resistance of seedlings is weak and the virus disease is serious. The ground is poorly fixed and prone to lodging in strong winds. Anti-root cancer is "stripped" in some areas of Liaoning and Hebei.
In recent years, grass cherry has been used as rootstock in most cherry producing areas. The seeds mainly come from Shandong. There are three kinds of grass cherries, namely big leaf grass cherry, middle leaf grass cherry and small leaf grass cherry. Plum leaves with large and thick leaves, dark green, long oval leaves, serrated edges and deep veins. Prunus macrophylla has few branches, strong branches and long internodes. Relatively speaking, the root system is deeply distributed, with fewer fine roots and more coarse roots, which has better land fixation. Strong resistance and long service life. The survival rate of grafting with sweet cherry varieties is high, generally reaching more than 95%. Branches are hard, direct cutting is not easy to survive, and there are aerial roots, which can be propagated by layering.
Cherry with big leaf grass is more resistant to waterlogging, but not to cold. During the period of 1994, a sweet cherry orchard in Xiying Village, Dalian Economic Development Zone suffered two consecutive days of rainfall, and the field water capacity was also supersaturated. Seven days after the rain, it was found that none of the sweet cherry trees with big leaf cherry as rootstock died of waterlogging, while the total mortality rate of other rootstocks was 43%. The sweet cherry tree with big leaf grass cherry rootstock grows vigorously and its crown expands rapidly. Sakura macrophylla rarely suffers from root cancer and has no small feet. In order to strengthen the ground fixation of root system, we can adopt the method of improving the grafting position, which can generally be grafted at 10 ~ 20 cm above the ground, so that we can cultivate the soil every year, promote the occurrence of tillering, increase the root quantity, enhance its ground fixation ability, and also play a role in cold resistance.
The main characteristics of middle-leaf cherry are similar to those of big-leaf cherry. The main difference is that the leaves of Prunus mume are rectangular, rough in surface, shallow in veins, dark green and serrated. The branches are a little soft. Thick roots are obviously less than big leaf plum. High affinity with sweet cherry varieties and high grafting survival rate. Branch cutting is not easy to survive.
The leaves of Prunus microphylla are small and thin, oval and dark green. There are many branches, thin and soft branches and short internodes. The root system of Prunus microphylla is shallow, with few thick roots and poor soil fixation. Prunus microphylla has weak growth potential, poor stress resistance and short life span. The grafting survival rate of sweet cherry varieties is obviously lower than that of big leaf grass cherry. Prunus microphylla has poor disease resistance and is prone to hairy root disease and virus disease. The advantages of Prunus microphylla are: high survival rate of cutting and fast propagation speed. Due to the above characteristics of Prunus microphylla, the sweet cherry tree with Prunus microphylla as rootstock has weak growth potential, poor stress resistance, high incidence rate and easy death, and the mortality rate of the tree can reach more than 85% after entering the fruiting period. Therefore, when using grass cherry to breed sweet cherry seedlings, it is best to use big leaf grass cherry and middle leaf grass cherry instead of small leaf grass cherry.
② Beijing Du Ying cherry is native to Haidian District, Beijing, and has good grafting affinity with sweet cherry. Grafted trees enter the fruiting period early, with high yield, long life, cold resistance, resistance to brown spot and root cancer, but not dwarfing. Cherry blossoms in Beijing can be propagated by cutting, layering, sowing and tissue culture.
(3) Wild sweet cherry
Mazzard cherry is a wild variety of sweet cherry, which is produced in Europe. The wild sweet cherry tree is tall and vigorous, and its shape is conical. The fruit is small, black, bitter and inedible. Wild sweet cherry has been used as the rootstock of sweet cherry in Europe for more than 2000 years, and it was used as the rootstock of sweet cherry in the United States in the18th century. At present, sweet cherry is also used in China, such as Beijing, Changli, Hebei, Dalian and Liaoning.
Wild sweet cherry is characterized by seed propagation, vigorous growth of rootstock seedlings and strong trees. Strong grafting affinity with sweet cherry and high grafting survival rate; Trees with wild sweet cherry as rootstock have high height, high yield and long life. Relatively cold-resistant, barren soil-resistant. It also performs well on cohesive soil; More resistant to root rot. Its main disadvantages are large crown, late entry into full fruit stage, shallow root system, and susceptibility to bacterial root cancer, resin disease and branch blight.
(4) Mahali cherry
Mahali cherry is the rootstock of sweet and sour cherry widely used in Europe and America. Originated in Central Europe. Mahali has at least two ecotypes, namely Caucasian Mahali and Central Asian Mahali. It is reported that there are three kinds of Italian Mahali cherries, namely light-skinned Mahali, dark-skinned Mahali and short Mahali. Mahali cherry was introduced to Dalian, Liaoning Province in the mid-1980s. At present, the pony Harry is mainly used in production.
Mahali cherry has a well-developed root system and is drought-tolerant, but not waterlogging-tolerant. It is more suitable for cultivation in light loam, but it does not grow well in cohesive soil. Mahali cherry leaves are oval, large and thin, and dark green in color. Because of the developed root system, good soil fixation and strong wind resistance, it is not easy to lodging. Mahali cherry has strong cold resistance and will not be frozen at -30℃. Although it is frozen at-16℃, it will not freeze to death.
The advantage of using Mahali cherry as sweet cherry rootstock is that it can be sown and propagated with seeds, and the emergence rate is high, but the germination ability of adventitious roots is poor, which is not suitable for cutting and layering propagation. Rootstock seedlings grow vigorously and can be grafted in the same year of sowing. Mahali cherry has strong grafting affinity with sweet cherry, but it is also reported that Mahali cherry is incompatible with some oriental sweet cherry varieties. The sweet cherry tree with Mahali as the rootstock in Dalian has the characteristics of early fruiting, high yield, large fruit, strong stress resistance and no nodule. Young trees grow vigorously, and gradually ease after fruiting, and the trees grow moderately and are semi-open.
When Mahali cherry is used as the rootstock of sweet cherry, we must also pay attention to the time and method of grafting, otherwise it will easily lead to low grafting survival rate. According to the research of Dalian Institute of Agricultural Sciences, the best grafting time in Dalian is when the rootstock buds are exposed in spring, and the grafting survival rate in summer and autumn can reach as high as 90% within 4 ~ 5 days around July 27th. However, the survival rate of conventional grafting method is only 27% ~ 36% under conventional conditions. The reason is that the epidermis of Mahali cherry is very thin, and there is a great difference in epidermis thickness between Mahali cherry and scion variety when budding, so it is difficult to survive.
SL64 was bred from Mahali cherry seedlings in France. The grafting affinity of SL64 with sweet cherry varieties is strong, resistant to wind, adapted to sandy land, dwarfed and highly productive.
(5) sour cherry
Maoba acid is a sour cherry variety, which is the main rootstock for cultivating sweet cherry seedlings in Yantai City, Shandong Province. When the seedlings propagate, the root system is developed, the taproot is thick, the fine roots are many, and the fibrous roots are few and short. The grafting affinity with sweet cherry varieties is very strong, and the grafted plants grow vigorously, with high yield and long life. In heavy soil, trees grow short and are prone to root cancer.
China Academy of Agricultural Sciences Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute introduced Italian semi-dwarf cherry rootstock CAB on 1988. CAB belongs to sour cherry, with developed root system, high germination rate and branching rate, good grafting affinity with sweet cherry, basically no "big and small feet" phenomenon, and more roots and tillers. CAB is suitable for propagation by tissue culture, root cutting and tillering, but the survival rate of hard branch and green branch cutting is not high.
(6) Colt
It is the first semi-dwarf rootstock of sweet cherry bred by crossing sweet cherry and China cherry in Lin Dongmao Experimental Station, England, and the grafted tree is only 60% ~ 70% of Qiao Hua rootstock F 12/ 1. Courte has strong tillering and rooting ability, developed root system and strong wind resistance, and is easy to carry out cutting propagation or tissue culture propagation, and can also adopt layering and ramet propagation. Courte and sweet cherry varieties have strong grafting affinity and high survival rate. The interface healed well. Cote and scion varieties have the same growth and development, and there is no "big foot" or "small foot" phenomenon. The sweet cherry varieties with Cote as the rootstock entered the fruiting stage early, the flower buds differentiated early, the fruit quality was excellent, and they were early-maturing and early-abundant. Kurt's weakness is that he is prone to root cancer; Poor drought resistance, suitable for growing in relatively humid soil, not suitable for planting in shady and dry irrigated plots, and not suitable for planting in continuous cropping plots with sticky soil and poor air permeability.
(7) gisela 5
Originated in Germany, it is the hybrid offspring of sour cherry and gray-haired cherry. Developed root system, strong cold resistance, antiviral disease, compatible with most sweet cherry varieties. It is a dwarf rootstock widely planted in the world, and the grafted tree is only 30% ~ 60% of Qiao Hua rootstock F 12/ 1. It can induce early flowering and early fruiting, and begin to bear fruit 2 ~ 3 years after grafting. Generally, cuttage and tissue culture are used for propagation.
(8) gisela 6
Originated in Germany, it is the hybrid offspring of sour cherry and gray-haired cherry. Developed root system, strong cold resistance, antiviral disease, and compatibility with most sweet cherry varieties. Not as short as gisela, but it is waterlogged and drought-tolerant. Generally, cuttage and tissue culture are used for propagation.
(9)IP-C system
This is a common dwarf rootstock of sweet cherry and sour cherry, which was cultivated by Pitesti-Marasin Fruit Research Institute. The cherry tree with it as its rootstock grows moderately weak, bears fruit early and has higher yield than the garden rootstock. Sweet cherry with IP-C 1 as rootstock can generally form flower buds in the second year after planting.
IP-C 1 has strong waterlogging resistance. According to the experiment, the sweet cherry grafted on IP-CI still behaves normally after 4-5 days of continuous excessive watering, while the sweet cherry grafted on F 12/ 1 rootstock has 20%-30% plant death.
IP-C 1 can be propagated by cutting, layering and tissue culture.
(10) General Motors System
It is a dwarf rootstock of sweet cherry, which was bred by Grandien-Mani/Jean-Bloom fruit and vegetable experimental station. Among them, GM611has good grafting affinity with most sweet cherry varieties, and the grafted varieties have small crown, moderate growth, early fruiting, high yield and excellent fruit quality. Strong cold resistance and root fixation. Sweet cherry trees with GM611as rootstock should be pruned in time to prevent the tree from aging and achieve the goal of sustainable growth and fruiting. GM611can be easily used for green branch cutting. GM79 has good grafting compatibility with most sweet cherry varieties. Grafted trees are short, open, with few branches, good ventilation, early fruiting, high yield and good fruit quality. GM79 is relatively frost resistant.
(1 1) cherry rootstock 1
It was bred by distant hybridization between China plum and Zolushka cherry varieties from orlov fruit and berry experimental station of the former Soviet Union. It is a rootstock with good compatibility with sweet cherry and sour cherry. The outstanding advantage of this rootstock is its extreme cold tolerance. It is reported that the aboveground part can resist the cold of -40 ~-30℃ without freezing injury, and can resist the low temperature of -20 ~- 15℃ after the weather gets warmer. Its roots grow well at-14 ~- 12℃. Cherry rootstock 1 is also relatively resistant to coccidiosis. Cherry rootstock 1 can be propagated by cuttings, and the rooting rate can reach 90% and the seedling rate can reach 60%. However, layering propagation and hardwood cutting have poor effects. Cherry rootstock 1 can also be propagated by seeds. There are about 12000 ~ 16000 seeds per kilogram. The stratification treatment time before sowing is 2 ~ 3 weeks. Because the seeds of cherry rootstock 1 are very small, the soil cover should be shallow when sowing, which is generally 1.5 ~ 2 cm.
(12)M×M series
It was bred by 1978 Mahali cherry seedlings in Oregon, USA. Among them, M×M4 has dwarfing effect, early fruiting and high yield; M×M60 and M×M79 are semi-dwarf rootstocks, which have strong grafting affinity with sweet cherry varieties and high and stable yield.
According to the current development status of sweet cherry in China, the cultivation of sweet cherry has great development potential and market demand in China. Compared with the developed countries in the world, the cultivated area and yield of sweet cherry in China are quite different, and the yield per unit area is also very low. In order to develop sweet cherry into an efficient fruit tree as soon as possible, the problems existing in current production must be solved, among which dwarf rootstocks with strong stress resistance and nodule resistance are urgently needed. According to relevant sources, the existing Laiyang dwarf cherry is a promising cherry rootstock, which should be well utilized. In addition, cherry rootstocks with better performance in production include Prunus mume, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus tomentosa and wild sweet cherry (Mazzard). Cherry rootstocks imported from abroad should be compared in many aspects, well developed and utilized, and can also be used as candidate resources for cultivating cherry rootstocks. Self-cultivation of cherry rootstocks suitable for different conditions, introduction of foreign excellent rootstocks to ensure the development of sweet cherries in China.