Meaning:
Refers to mental workers with college education or above whose core job is to create, explain, disseminate or apply knowledge.
Object:
Engineers, technicians and representatives of other technicians, doctors, lawyers, artists, teachers, scientists and most staff are intellectuals.
Trend:
As a political concept and a relatively independent social stratum, intellectuals will exist for a long time, and eventually disappear with the high development of productivity and the disappearance of differences between workers and peasants, between urban and rural areas, and between mental and physical labor.
Source:
The concept of "intellectuals" comes from the west. According to some scholars' research, there are two concepts about intellectuals in Europe. As far as English is concerned, one is the intelligentsia and the other is the intelligentsia. The former word comes from Russia and was put forward by Russian writer Boborykin in 1860. It refers to a small number of people who introduced German philosophy into Russia in 1930s and 1940s. "Intellectuals" refer to a group of people who are well-educated, critical of the status quo and rebellious. They have formed a unique class in society. The latter was widely used by some French scholars after the Dreyfus incident. This word refers to a group of outstanding writers, professors and artists who criticized politics and became the center of social consciousness at that time.
Question 2: What do you mean by intellectuals? Why do I feel like a fool to learn from them? The New Concept of "Intellectuals"
There have always been different ways to understand and treat the so-called "intellectuals". The most typical definitions we have seen so far are mainly the following two:
One is the definition of sociology. The popular way of understanding in China in recent decades belongs to this category. 1989 edition of Ci Hai defines intellectuals as "mental workers with certain cultural and scientific knowledge". Such as scientific and technological workers, literary and art workers, teachers, editors, journalists and so on. On the basis of social surplus products and class differentiation, intellectuals are not a new class, but belong to different classes. "
There are several theoretical problems with this definition. First, apart from "certain cultural and scientific knowledge" and "mental work", there are no other special provisions for the expression of its conceptual connotation. In other words, all "mental workers with certain cultural and scientific knowledge" should belong to "intellectuals". However, in the following extension, special restrictions were made, and officials, professionals, military strategists, entrepreneurs and businessmen with considerable academic qualifications were carefully omitted. Are they "mental workers" or "intellectuals"? If we ask this question, we will be inspired by the next point; Second, the ultimate goal of this definition is obviously to determine the "object" nature of intellectuals. It is to explain what kind of object "intellectuals" are from the perspective of social managers. Because of this, it does not need to include these managers themselves; Moreover, within the framework of thinking with class and class struggle as the latitude and longitude, this division will inevitably ultimately come down to the class attribute of intellectuals. Obviously, this definition has strong practical significance and practical operability.
But in this way, the inconsistency between the extension and connotation of the concept is more prominent, and the understanding of intellectuals is more complicated. For example, what standards should be mastered for "certain scientific and cultural knowledge"? In 1950s, people with middle and high school education could be called "intellectuals". In the 1990s, the "intellectuals" in people's minds should have at least a college degree. Obviously, if a rising tide lifts all boats, with the popularization and improvement of education, "intellectuals" will gradually lose their special significance because of the continuous expansion of the ranks or the generalization of concepts. However, if "a rising tide lifts all boats" is just to keep "intellectuals" in the minority forever, what is the basis and significance of this artificial maintenance? For another example, whether the criteria for division are based on academic qualifications or occupations will inevitably lead to contradictions. Over the years, a large number of people with certain academic qualifications have engaged in non-professional technical occupations (except science and technology, literature and art, etc.). For many years, some even became direct manual workers in factories and rural areas. However, they are still treated differently and continue to be called "intellectuals" or even "intellectual cadres". At this time, although the concept of "intellectual" only has the significance of academic background, it has some special significance in psychology and policy.
All these indicate that the scientific reliability of this definition needs further demonstration.
The other is the definition of cultural sociology. This is a way of understanding from the west, especially Europe. The Concise Encyclopedia of Britain explains: "The word' intellectuals' first refers to a class of the middle class in the19th century. Influenced by modern education and western ideas, some people are dissatisfied with the backwardness of the country and the autocracy of the tsar, and have established their own cores in the fields of law, medical care, education and engineering, including some bureaucrats, landlords and officers. " "Westerners often call intellectuals' social conscience' and think that they are defenders of basic human values (such as rationality and fairness). On the one hand, intellectuals criticize all unreasonable phenomena in society according to these basic values. On the other hand, we strive to promote the full realization of these values. ..... An "intellectual" in this sense must first be a person who specializes in certain knowledge and skills ... But if all his interests are always within his professional scope, then he still does not have sufficient conditions to become an "intellectual". According to the general understanding of western academic circles, the so-called "intellectuals" should not only devote themselves to professional work, but also deeply care about all matters related to public interests in the country, society and even the world, and this concern must go beyond the personal interests of individuals (including small groups to which individuals belong). "
Understanding intellectuals as "consciences" in society breaks through the external model of "education plus occupation" and focuses on some people's special achievements in culture and morality. & gt
Question 3: What do you mean by intellectuals going to the countryside? Why are you doing this? What does educated youth mean?
A large number of junior high school graduates don't have that many jobs.
However, the country will continue to develop education, so we can only arrange this part of the people to go to the countryside.
Similar to the fact that college students can't find a job now, they will continue to study in graduate school.
Question 4: What is an intellectual and what is a knowledgeable person? It is a relative concept, but at present, in China, intellectuals refer to people with higher education and academic qualifications. In the revolutionary era, intellectuals going to the countryside may have a broader meaning.
Question 5: What is an intellectual? It is generally believed in domestic academic circles that intellectuals are brainworkers with high educational level, who mainly create, accumulate, disseminate, manage and apply scientific and cultural knowledge, which is distributed in scientific research, education, engineering technology, culture and art, medical and health care and other fields, and is the main body of China's "middle-income class". As a political concept and a relatively independent social stratum, intellectuals will exist for a long time, and eventually disappear with the high development of productivity and the disappearance of differences between workers and peasants, between urban and rural areas, and between mental and physical labor.
With regard to the definition of intellectuals, the mainstream view abroad is that those who have received special training, mastered specialized knowledge, made a living from knowledge, took mental work as their profession and have a strong sense of social responsibility are the main body of the "middle class" abroad.
(1) Intellectuals are one of the four major workers in China society: workers, peasants and soldiers and intellectuals, that is, intellectuals are mental workers and professional and technical workers. Teachers, doctors, engineers and scientists are all typical intellectuals.
(2) Intellectuals are ancient literati or the modern continuation of ancient literati. The ambition of ancient scholars was to take the world as their own responsibility, share their worries for the country (emperor) and the people, and the emperor did treat them with courtesy and respect. From this perspective, there are no intellectuals in modern China society.
(3) In modern society, there are still people who like to pretend to be intellectuals, or regard intellectuals as honorifics, generally referring to people with higher academic qualifications and more reading.
(4) The name of intellectuals' contempt is smelly Laojiu, which is reflected in the low political and economic status of intellectuals in the Yuan Dynasty, the Cultural Revolution and later periods.
(5) Non-Party intellectuals refer to mental workers with high cultural expertise among contemporary social workers, whose special occupation is the creation, accumulation and dissemination of cultural expertise. Intellectuals are a historical category, and they are a class of social mental workers formed in a specific historical stage due to the lack of social division of labor and the popularization of culture, education and technology.