On the basis of educational practice, Confucius created the method of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, and as an educational principle, it runs through daily teaching and educational work. He is the first person to teach students in accordance with their aptitude in the history of our country, and it is also one of the important reasons for his successful education (but the proposition of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" was not put forward by Confucius, and Zhu's Annotation to the Analects of Confucius in the Southern Song Dynasty said: "Confucius teaches students in accordance with their aptitude". )

The premise of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is to recognize their individual differences and understand their characteristics. Confucius understood students in two common ways. First, by talking. Confucius said, "If you don't know what you are talking about, you can't know who you are." He talked purposefully with students, individuals and groups. For example, once I consciously asked Luz a hypothetical question: "If the road is not good, I will float on the sea with a fork. For me, what is the reason? " Lutz didn't say anything, but acquiesced in happiness, while Confucius said, "You are bold, you are more than me, and you have nothing to learn." Second, individual observation. By observing students' words and deeds in many ways, he examines students' spiritual world from the outside to the inside: to "listen to their words and observe their actions", to judge only from their performance in public, it is still one-sided, and to "settle for second best and keep their privacy"; It is not enough to judge only by temporary behavior, but also to "look at what it is, what it is, and what it is for", that is, to pay attention to what the students do, observe the road he takes, and examine his emotional tendency, so as to thoroughly understand a person's ideological outlook. He has accumulated a lot of experience in examining people, and thinks that different things and different situations can examine people's ideological quality.

(B) the combination of learning and thinking, unity of knowledge and action

In teaching, Confucius regards "learning and knowing" as the fundamental guiding ideology. His "learning and knowing" means that learning is the only means to seek knowledge, and knowledge is obtained from learning. Learning is not only an indirect experience of learning words, but also a direct experience through sight and hearing. Both kinds of knowledge are needed. He put forward "erudite in literature" and "eager to learn from the ancients", emphasizing the indirect experience of ancient culture and political knowledge accumulated by predecessors. He also put forward that "those who listen more and choose the good, go with it and learn more."

Confucius attached importance to learning and thinking, Zhang Xuesi, and combined thinking with learning. When discussing the relationship between learning and thinking, he said: "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous." Oppose thinking without learning, and oppose learning without thinking. Confucius said: "I try not to eat for a day and stay up all night." It's useless to think, it's better to learn. "

Confucius also emphasized that learning knowledge should be "used" and applied to social practice. He asked the students to be careful in what they say, to be diligent in what they do, and to pay more attention to their actions.

From learning to thinking, this is the learning process summarized by Confucius, that is, the education process, which basically conforms to the general cognitive process of human beings. This thought had a far-reaching influence on the later teaching theory and practice.

(3) Enlightening and inducing, step by step

Confucius said, "No anger, no anger, no anger, no anger, no anger, no anger, no anger, no anger." Anger and resentment are the manifestations of internal psychological state in the external expression of color. That is to say, in teaching, students should first think seriously, think for quite a while but still can't figure it out, and then inspire him; Although I have thought about it and understood it, I can't express it in proper words. At this time, I can enlighten him. Teachers' inspiration is based on students' thinking. After inspiration, let students rethink and gain further understanding. There are three teaching methods commonly used by Confucius, namely, from shallow to deep, from easy to difficult; Can compare, push yourself and others; Knock at both ends and attack heresy.