I. Connotation of "Virtue" and "Happiness"
"Virtue" simply refers to people's quality and sentiment, and refers to a subjective moral spirit and moral quality. When it comes to "virtue", we can't help but talk about "Tao". Tao is the way people walk, the law in the philosophical sense, the rules and norms in the ethical sense. Morality is the dialectical unity of "Tao" and "virtue". But talking about "virtue and happiness" here is more about "virtue". "Virtue" and "virtue" are interlinked, and the two words can be trained with each other. "The virtuous get it." In Shuo Wen Jie Zi, Xu Shen interprets "virtue" as "what you get from others outside, what you get from yourself inside". The so-called "external gain from people" means to establish the principle of good faith in our hearts, and on the basis of correcting our mental cultivation, we will practice it and let the principle of good faith in our hearts guide and restrain our behavior. The so-called "from the inside out" is not only to reflect on yourself, but also to correct your mentality and let your heart have a good character. After the Spring and Autumn Period, "virtue" tends to develop in the direction of internalization, paying more attention to people's hearts and morals. What is happiness? Happiness is the great happiness of life, a long-term or great happiness, and a psychological experience in which the needs, desires and goals of great significance to life can be realized. The inner experience of happiness is the subjective form of happiness; The perfection of survival and development is the objective essence of happiness; The satisfaction or realization of the main desires, needs and life goals between them is the objective standard of happiness. Happiness is also the unity of subjective and objective. It is not only a subjective psychological experience, but also has its objective content, that is, the satisfaction of main needs and the perfection of survival and development. Happiness is also the unity of absoluteness and relativity. It is not only different according to different subjects, but also has its universal consensus and satisfaction to the general needs of subjects. There are four different ways to combine the two different categories of "virtue" and "happiness": virtue without happiness, virtue without happiness, and virtue without happiness. The first and second types are obviously what everyone wants to see, so we won't discuss them. However, the inconsistency between "virtue" and "music" should be seriously considered.
Second, the reason analysis of the inconsistency between "virtue" and "happiness"
(A) subjective reasons
First of all, the concept analysis of happiness shows that happiness is the unity of subjective form and objective content. The inner experience of happiness is the subjective form of happiness; It is the objective content of happiness to realize the important needs, desires and purposes of life, so as to achieve some perfection of survival and development. Happiness is subjective and depends entirely on subjective feelings: as long as a person feels happy, he is happy; As long as it is unfortunate, it is unfortunate. For example, a farmer will feel very happy as long as his wife and children are warm on the kang. A millionaire is unhappy if he feels that his billionaire goal has not been achieved. The subjectivity of happiness is manifested in people's different understanding of the phenomenon and degree of inconsistency between "virtue" and "happiness" Aristotle, a famous ancient Greek philosopher, believed that virtue is happiness, happiness is virtue, and "virtue" and "happiness" are consistent. Since different people have different understandings of "virtue" and "happiness", is there an objective basis for our discussion of "virtue" and "happiness"? Yes That is happiness and its objectivity. Efforts should be made to create objective conditions for happiness, so that "good people are rewarded". Secondly, happiness is not only the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, but also the unity of relativity and absoluteness. Relativity of happiness means that different people or the same person have different happiness at different times. For example, a hungry person thinks that a bowl of rice is happiness, but once his wish is satisfied, he will feel that it is not happiness. So happiness is relative. But love and spiritual happiness are what everyone needs, absolute happiness and universal happiness. Relative happiness, that is, special happiness, is relative because it meets the special needs of the subject. Absolute happiness refers to the happiness that people's universal needs are met. This kind of happiness is the same for any subject and will never be different for different subjects. It can be seen that absolute happiness is the premise and foundation. Constantly developing the economy to meet the people's growing material and cultural needs has satisfied the absolute happiness of the people. But we should also strive for freedom and be happier. Because happiness is subjective and relative, people have different understandings of happiness and different standards of measurement, so the deviation between "virtue" and "happiness" is not as great as expected. Of course, the inconsistency between "virtue" and "happiness" is still widespread, and we can also analyze it from the social environment.
(b) Social and environmental reasons
First of all, China is in a period of social transformation, from a planned economy system to a market economy system, which has caused changes in people's moral concepts. People are increasingly pursuing "happiness" and ignoring "virtue". In the market economy, people pay attention to individuality, efficacy and interests, strive to pursue and affirm their own material interests, and treat interests with different scales in the moral field, which leads to complex social moral conditions. Under the traditional society or planned economy system, the way people obtain and control the means of subsistence and the way of employment, leisure, entertainment and consumption are generally monotonous. The establishment and gradual improvement of the socialist market economic system has broken the original mode of life, people's quality of life has been significantly improved, life content has become richer and richer, life styles have become more diverse, and people's spiritual life has developed in a diversified direction. In this way, non-moral reasons can easily overcome moral reasons and lead to the utilitarianism of people's value choice. Second, the socialist reform is imperfect, the law lags behind, and the system is lacking, so there is no strong support for the unification of Telford and Telford. The phenomenon of "those who do good suffer, those who do evil gain" is staged on the big stage of life: honest people are conscientious and obscure, while those who exploit the market by hook or by crook are soaring. Our country is still in the underdeveloped stage of socialism, and the civilization level of the people is still very low. At this time, a perfect legal system is urgently needed. The legal system is not only the support and guarantee of morality, but also the promotion of social justice. It explains what people should and should not do from one side. Law is the most basic morality and the bottom line of morality. Strict laws can effectively crack down on crime and support justice. Thirdly, the influence of western ethical culture, people's diversified values and different understandings of morality are also one of the reasons for the inconsistency between "virtue" and "happiness". With the opening to the outside world and the opening of the country, the values, moral goals and lifestyles of western countries have been brought in with their capital and technology, and have had an impact on some people in China. Some people blindly admire the dross of western moral thoughts such as extreme individualism, money worship, hedonism and pragmatism, and their moral orientations are diversified. Some people even think that "happiness" is "virtue". Diversified value orientation leads to the confusion of people's moral values. In the pattern of moral pluralism, there are both destructive and constructive factors; There are both potential crises and hopes. Under the restriction and function of different conditions, this situation can develop in different directions, thus leading to different results, which requires correct guidance.
Third, measures to promote harmony between Germany and Switzerland.
The relationship between "virtue" and "happiness" is the basic problem of ethics. Many famous philosophers in the world have made active explorations. Kant, a famous philosopher in modern Germany, once put forward three conditions for the harmony between virtue and morality: immortality of soul, existence of God and freedom of will. Buddhism in China advocates karma, reincarnation of good and evil, and religious belief. In fact, both of them are pinning their hopes on the afterlife and the other side of the world. Putting the happiness of this life in the afterlife is tantamount to deceiving yourself. Happiness is in your own hands, and fate needs to be changed by yourself. In the real world, we should objectively analyze human factors and environmental factors that are contrary to fortune and fortune, and explore how to achieve happiness in this life, instead of pinning our hopes on the distant future.
First, give strong support to "the consistency of virtue and happiness" in the system. System is the guarantee for the benign operation of a society, and it is also the guiding standard of the whole social atmosphere. Deng Xiaoping once said, "A good system can make bad people unable to do anything at will, and a bad system can make good people unable to do good things fully, or even go to the opposite side." If people firmly believe that evil is rewarded with evil, then no one dares to do evil easily; If doing good always ends badly, who else will want to do good? The reason why we often see the deviation between morality and happiness in our daily life has a lot to do with the poor guidance of the system. The reason why a hero "bleeds and tears" and "glory for a while, pain for a lifetime" lies in the determination to be brave, the imperfect reward mechanism and the imperfect social security system. To truly realize the unity of morality and welfare in real life, there must be a fair and reasonable system as the backing. Justice is the primary value of social system, just as truth is the primary value of ideological system. Under a just system, individual happiness is distributed according to their own virtues: the nobler the virtue, the more happiness they get; The worse the moral character, the less happiness you share. It's not that the system didn't give him happiness, but that he chose to stay away from happiness. With the rigid system as a guarantee, virtue and happiness have a unified realistic basis for rewarding and punishing good and evil through the system. Taking "doing a good job" as an example, the government should establish and improve the reward and protection mechanism for doing a good job, and provide institutional guarantee for the future life of those who do a good job: for example, legislate for doing a good job, safeguard the basic rights and interests of those who do a good job, and let them get their due returns; Strengthen the construction and management of the courageous foundation, ensure that the courageous funds are earmarked for special purposes, and provide strong economic backing for the courageous cause; Formulate a follow-up service system for doing good deeds, improve the long-term security system, and let the heroes rest assured forever.
Second, supervision by public opinion is one of the powerful means to ensure the harmony between morality and welfare. Obviously, the system is an external clause recorded, but public opinion is an intangible clause engraved in the hearts of every citizen. Compared with the system, public opinion has stronger adaptability, and the system may have loopholes and imperfections, but public opinion is pervasive. As an external social evaluation force, public opinion can have an omnipresent influence on social atmosphere and individual morality: it plays an important role in creating a moral atmosphere of "promoting good and restraining evil" and realizing the unity of morality and happiness. For example, the news media, as one of the means of public opinion supervision, denies that people without virtue must have virtue by condemning immoral behavior and praising moral behavior, and at the same time sets an example for those with virtue to stimulate the public's moral enthusiasm for pursuing justice, thus forming a social atmosphere of doing everything except evil and keeping fit, and forming a social atmosphere of "harmony between morality and happiness".
Thirdly, it is also an important condition to educate the people and cultivate moral people through various forms. For example, citizens' sense of justice is the source of strength to deal with injustice. A citizen with a sense of justice can clearly understand what is an infringement on his rights and interests and dare to use legal and moral weapons to safeguard his legitimate rights and interests. The reason why an official can "corrupt" the former and succeed the latter, and the reason why underworld organizations can run rampant in one side for more than ten years is, to some extent, the lack of citizens' sense of justice. No matter whether corruption is directly related to itself or not, it is a violation of social public interests and citizens' legitimate rights and interests, because the big cake of social wealth is established, and corrupt elements occupy a part without paying any labor, and every citizen's share of the cake is very small. In addition, their bad influence on the whole social atmosphere will make everyone suffer. Therefore, everyone has a responsibility to condemn injustice. And most citizens have the mentality of "nothing to do with themselves, hanging high" and "why should I care if others don't care", allowing evil to breed and spread, which actually encourages the arrogance of criminals. In a place, if the public has a strong sense of justice and rights protection, criminals will not dare to be presumptuous. A good social atmosphere is created by everyone. Everyone strives to be a person with "virtue", which naturally creates a good guarantee for "harmony between virtue and happiness".
In the period of social change, the old moral concept seems to be out of date, while the new moral concept and ethical order have not yet been established, and the whole society has fallen into a moral vacuum. Rebuilding people's moral beliefs or moral beliefs has a long way to go and requires our unremitting efforts. "Harmony between life and happiness" is not only people's beautiful wish, but also people's legitimate pursuit. It is not far away to continuously improve the moral quality of citizens, create a fair and just social environment, and realize the "harmony between morality and welfare".