1) Understand that diabetes is a lifelong disease and must be treated for life. 2) Understand the importance of dietotherapy and master the specific measures and requirements of dietotherapy. 3) Understand the significance of physical exercise and master the specific methods and precautions of exercise. 4) Patients who need insulin therapy should be taught the correct injection method and observe the adverse reactions after injection. 5) Patients who take oral hypoglycemic drugs should understand the importance of taking drugs on time and according to dosage, and observe the adverse drug reactions. 6) Understand the inducement and clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis, avoid mental stimulation and various stresses, and prevent infection. 7) Teach patients to use the blood glucose meter and the method of self-measuring blood glucose, and understand the requirements of treatment and control, and go to the hospital for review regularly. 8) Understand the causes and clinical manifestations of hypoglycemia, and master the methods of prevention and self-help. 9) Pay attention to personal hygiene and foot care. 10) to make patients and their families understand the influence of emotional and mental stress on the disease.