Representative works include Gitanjali, Birds, Sand in Eyes, Four People, Family and the World, Gardeners Collection, Crescent Moon Collection, The Last Poetry, Gola, Crisis of Civilization, etc.
The life of the character
2. 186 1 Tagore was born in Kolkata, West Bengal, India on May 7th. His family belongs to the merchant landlord class and is a Brahmin caste. In the era of the British East India Company, he prospered and became the landlord of Chai Mingda. His grandfather and father are both social activists. At that time, they actively supported the Enlightenment and social reform in Bangladesh. His father was a philosopher and a religious reformer, and he had rich knowledge of the Vedas and Upanishads. He is full of nationalist tendencies. Because he is incompatible with the traditional customs in society, he is blessed by the forces of customs as an externalized person without caste. He has fourteen children, of whom Tagore is the youngest. It is in this family that there are many scholars and artists among siblings and nephews. As a result of growing up in such a scholarly family where Indian traditional culture and western culture blend harmoniously, Tagore was influenced by family environment since childhood.
As the youngest son of his parents, Robin Delanat was called "Rabbi" by his family and became the favorite child of every family member, but no one spoiled him. The little rabbi went to four schools in Calcutta. Although he doesn't like any of them, he received a good education under the supervision of his eldest brother and sister.
Tagore's achievements in literature first came from the influence of family environment. He attended Oriental College, Teachers College and Bangladesh College. However, he was free by nature, hated school life, and did not complete the formal study courses in school. His knowledge mainly comes from the advice of his father, brother and tutor, as well as his extensive reading. He was fascinated by poetry creation since he was a child, and began to write poetry at the age of thirteen, full of feelings of opposing colonialism and loving the motherland.
1878, he went to England to study according to the wishes of his father and brother, and studied law at first. But he didn't like law, so he transferred to London University to study English literature and western music. 1880 returned to China, specializing in literary creation. 1884, he left the city to manage the ancestral tenants in the country. He is familiar with the life of the lower class people here and observes the homeland and nature of the motherland. 190 1 year, in order to realize his educational ideal, he founded a school in Sanniktan near Popur, Bangladesh, and later developed into a famous international university.
After 1905, the national movement reached a climax, and the people of Bangladesh and all India rose up against the decision to split Bangladesh, forming a vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic movement. Tagore resolutely devoted himself to this movement, and enthusiastic patriots were indignant and wrote a lot of patriotic poems. However, it didn't take long for Tagore to disagree with other leaders of the movement. He disapproved of the so-called "direct action" of the masses to burn British goods and insult the British. He advocated doing more "constructive" work, such as going to the countryside to develop their own industries and eliminating poverty and ignorance. However, some people didn't accept his opinion, and he quit the movement because of disappointment. From then on, for a long time, he lived a secluded life away from the real struggle and immersed himself in literary creation.
19 15 years, he met Gandhi. This is a meeting between two giants in Indian history. He kept in touch with the Indian National Congress for a long time and attended its congress. However, his relationship with the Congress Party is always at arm's length. He has a sincere personal friendship with Gandhi. However, he did not agree with some of Gandhi's practices. These two extraordinary figures did not try to cover up their differences of opinion. At the same time, they always respect and support each other morally and socially.
19 16, Tagore came to Japan, and he had a lot of feelings about this dynamic new country. Later, he went to the United States from Japan and made many reports on "nationalism". He condemned "nationalism" in the East and the West. He has always had a bad opinion of the United States, and racial discrimination in the United States annoys him. American newspapers and detective agencies often cause him some trouble in public opinion and action. His subsequent visit to England was not pleasant. 1929, he traveled to Canada, went to the United States, and was detained by American immigration officials for questioning.
19 19, Amritsar tragedy happened, and the British army shot and killed 1000 Indian civilians. Tagore stood up in anger and wrote a righteous letter to the governor of India, protesting and giving up the title of "knight" given to him by the British king.
1924, he visited China. Since he was a child, he yearned for this ancient and rich eastern country and sympathized with the situation of China people. He wrote an article condemning the opium trade of British colonists. This visit finally realized his wish for many years.
1930, Tagore visited the young socialist country-the Soviet Union. He saw a magical world there, which made him very excited and excited. He wrote a book praising the Soviet Union, Russian Letters. Although he can't fully understand socialism, he yearns for this brand-new society and wants to move this magical world to the Indian people. His yearning for the first socialist country in the world has always been the same. In his 80th birthday article, he particularly emphasized and praised the achievements of the Soviet Union. Other people's attacks did not affect his good image in the Soviet Union.
A personal letter from Tagore.
1934, Italian fascist troops invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia), and Tagore immediately severely condemned it. 1936, a rebellion against the government of the Republic broke out in Spain. He stood on the side of the government of the Republic and explicitly opposed the perversion of the fascist leader Franco. 1938, German fascists invaded Czechoslovakia. He wrote to his friends there to express his concern and solidarity with the people of Czechoslovakia. 1939, German fascists flagrantly launched a world war. In response to the way of European friends, he wrote an article denouncing the unjust behavior of German "leaders". Tagore always hated fascism. However, he expressed infinite sympathy for the oppressed vulnerable groups. Especially for China, he always has a good impression and hope. He has always been a true and faithful friend of the people of China.
1941August 6, Tagore's ancestral home in Kolkata passed away peacefully, and thousands of citizens went to pay their respects.
Birds is one of the masterpieces of Tagore, an Indian poet, and one of the most outstanding poetry collections in the world. It includes 325 beautiful untitled poems. Day and night, streams and oceans, freedom and betrayal are all integrated in Tagore's works. Short sentences express profound philosophy of life and lead the world to explore the source of truth and wisdom.
backbone
Bing Xin (190010/0/0-0/5/2/999), formerly known as Xie Wanying, was born in Changle, Fujian. China poet, modern writer, translator, children's literature writer, social activist and essayist. The pen name Bing Xin is taken from There is a Bing Xin in the Jade Pot. [ 1]?
In the morning post of August 19 19, Bing Xin published her first essay "Hearing Feelings on 2 1 Day" and her first novel "Two Houses". [2]?
1923 Before and after studying abroad, he began to publish a series of communication essays with the general title "To Young Readers", which became the foundation work of children's literature in China. 1946 was hired as the first foreign female professor by Tokyo University to teach the course of China New Literature, and returned to China in 195 1 year.
1February 28th, 999 At 2 1 p.m., Bing Xin died in Beijing Hospital at the age of 99, and was known as the "old man of the century".
1920 "Superman" novels and essays collection Commercial Press
1922 "leisure" poetry and prose collection Beixin Bookstore
1923 The Commercial Press, the poetry collection of "Spring Water and Stars"
193 1 "The Past" newsletter Beijing Xinhua News Agency
1932 Bing Xin's novels, one of the complete works of Bing Xin, Beixin Bookstore
1932 "The Complete Works of Bing Xin-Bing Xin Prose Collection" Prose Collection Beixin Bookstore
1933 "Going to the Country" novel collection Beixin Bookstore
1935 Travel Prose Collection of Pingsui Railway Bureau
1935 "Dong Er girl" novel collection Beixin Bookstore
1943 "One of Bing Xin's Works-A Collection of Bing Xin's Novels" Ming Kai Publishing House
1943 "The Second Collection of Bing Xin's Works-Bing Xin's Prose Collection" Prose Collection Ming Kai Publishing House
1943 the third collection of bing Xin's poems-Ming Kai publishing house
1943 "About Women" Prose Collection Tiandi Publishing House
1945 "South Return" prose collection Beixin Bookstore
1954 bing Xin's novels and essays are selected from China international humanities publishing house
1956 Tao Qi's summer diary novel children's publishing house
1957 collection of essays on returning from the countryside Children's Publishing House
1958 "After the Return" Essays Writers Publishing House
1958 "Send Young Readers Again" Newsletter People's Daily, Childhood
1960 "spring when we wake up" prose collection Baihua literature and art publishing house
1960 "Little Orange Lamp" Novel, Prose and Poetry Collection Writers Publishing House
1962 "ode to cherry blossoms" prose collection Baihua literature and art publishing house
1964 "Picking Ears" Essay Collection Writers Publishing House
1978 novels and essays for young readers Ming Kai publishing house
1980 Collection of Essays and Novels by Yixian Baihua Literature and Art Publishing House
198 1 Children's Publishing House, the newsletter of Three Little Readers
198 1 children's publishing house, picking on children in many places
1982 on the creation of note beads People's Literature Publishing House
1982 "Bing Xin Lun Creation" paper Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House
1982 Selected Works of Bingxin Children's Publishing House
1983 Selected Essays of Bing Xin People's Literature Publishing House
1983 Selected Works of Bing Xin (1-2) Sichuan People's Publishing House.
1983 bing Xin's works (1-3) Shanghai literature and art publishing house
1987 "menstruation" novel collection Ming Kai publishing house.
1994 Complete Works of Bing Xin (1-8) Straits Literature and Art Publishing House
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1929 "Birds" poem Tagore, India-
193 1-09 The Prophet's prose poetry anthology Haji Ji Bolun Crescent Bookstore, a Lebanese-American poet.
1955-0 1 Indian Fairy Tales Collection India Ram Annard China Youth Publishing House
1955 "Gitanjali" poetry anthology Tagore People's Literature Publishing House, India
1955 "Indian Folk Tales" Story Collection Ram Annard Children's Publishing House, India
1958 Tagore's Selected Poems (translated together) Tagore Humanities Publishing House, India
1959 "Tagore's Drama" (4) The script is the same as that of China Drama Publishing House.
1965 Mahindra's poetry copy (co-translated) poetry anthology Nepali Mahend Writers Publishing House
198 1 Anton Buttigieg people's literature publishing house.
The life of the character
19001010.5, Bing Xin was born in Xie Jia Mansion in Fuzhou (now No.7, Yangqiao East Road, Gulou District), which is also the former residence of Lin Juemin, and was bought by Bing Xin's grandfather Xie Shuan from Lin Juemin's home. ? In May of the following year, the whole family moved to Shanghai.
1903, her father Xie was appointed as the battalion commander of the naval training camp and was responsible for organizing the naval school. She moved to Yantai with her father and spent eight happy and colorful years here. In Yantai, she began to study. During her initial study at home, she had been exposed to the famous China classical literature. At the age of seven, she read Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin. At the same time, I also read "Say No Series" published by the Commercial Press, including a piece of meat for the rest of my life by Dickens, a famous British writer, and other critical realism works in Kloc-0/9th century. ?
19 1 1 year (19 12[2]? ), enter Fuzhou Women's Normal School and start preparatory study.
19 13 moved to Beijing with his father and lived in Jianzi Lane, Tiesi Hutong. His father, Xie Laijing, served as the director of military science in the Navy Department of the Republic of China.
19 14 studied at Beiman Girls' Middle School, a Beijing missionary school.
19 18 entered the science department of Concord Women's University and began to aspire to be a doctor. Later, influenced by the May 4th Movement and the New Culture Movement, he transferred to the Department of Literature. He was elected as a student union document and took part in the student movement, so he took part in the work of the propaganda unit of the Beijing Women's Federation. During this period, he wrote a novel "When You Are Lonely and Poor", a collection of poems "Stars in Spring Water" and a short story "Superman".
In the morning post of August 19 19, Bing Xin published her first essay "Hearing Feelings on 2 1 Day" and her first novel "Two Houses". ? The latter first used the pen name "Bing Xin". Because the work directly involves major social issues, it will soon have an impact. Later, he wrote "Problem Novels" such as When You Are Lonely, Helpless and Poor, Going to the Countryside, and Autumn Rain is Coming, which highlighted the destruction of human nature by feudal families, the fierce conflict between the two generations in the New World and the pain brought to the people by warlords. ?
1August, 923, went to the United States to study by boat.
192 1 participated in the literary research conference initiated by Mao Dun and Zheng Zhenduo, tried to practice the artistic purpose of "for life", and published a collection of novels Superman and a collection of poems Stars.
Bing Xin was baptized in a priest's house and returned to the Lord when he entered yenching university and Yanda universities on 1923. After graduation, I went to Wellesley College in Boston to study English literature, majoring in literary studies. Before and after studying abroad, he wrote his travels and experiences in foreign countries and sent them back to China for publication, and collected them as To Young Readers, which was an early children's literature in China. In the same year, she won a scholarship from Wellesley Women's University with excellent results.
1926, she returned to China as a master of arts, and taught in yenching university, Beiping Women's College of Arts and Sciences, and China Literature Department of Tsinghua University.
She married Wu Wenzao on 1929, and after marriage, she went to Europe and America with her husband, extensively visiting Japan, the United States, France, Britain, Italy, Germany, the Soviet Union and other countries. For example, in Britain, Woolf, the pioneer writer of Bing Xin and stream-of-consciousness novels, had a long talk about literature and China.
From 1929 to 1933, he wrote Fen, Return from the South, Dong Er Girl and so on. I have also translated Syrian works.
Bing Xin and his wife and their three children.
Carol Ji Bolun's The Prophet. At the end of 1933, "Our Wife's Living Room" was written, which was suspected to allude to Lin and became a literary case-solving. ?
During the Anti-Japanese War, women were written under the pseudonym "man" in Chongqing, [1]? He also actively participated in the creative and cultural salvation activities in Kunming and Chongqing.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, 1949 to 195 1 taught in the New China Literature Department of Tokyo University and published some short articles in local newspapers.
195 1, [1] returned from Japan? During the Cultural Revolution, he was robbed of his property, entered the "bullpen" and was criticized under the scorching sun. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/970, Bing Xin was sent to the May 7th Cadre School in Xianning, Hubei Province for labor reform. It was not until 197 1 that Bing Xin and her husband Wu Wenzao returned to Beijing to accept the translation task. At this time, she cooperated with Wu Wenzao, Fei Xiaotong and others to translate the Outline of World History, World History and other works.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the motherland entered a new historical period, and Bing Xin ushered in the second creative climax in his life. From June 65438 to June 0980, Bing Xin suffered from cerebral thrombosis first and then fracture, but still insisted on writing. During this period, the published short story Empty Nest won the National Excellent Short Story Award. Later, he created masterpieces such as "Everything is Top Grade ……" and "Monks in the Distance". In prose, in addition to Three Letters to Young Readers, he has successively created four series of articles: As I Think, My Autobiography, About Men and Fu Jian's Miscellanies. The large number of works, rich content and unique creative style have made her literary achievements reach a new height and become a magnificent landscape in her later years. Nearly ninety years old, he published my request, my thanks and letters to readers.
From June 65438 to September 0994, Bing Xin was admitted to Beijing Hospital because of weak heart function. 1999 19 got worse on February 3, and died in Beijing Hospital at 9: 00 pm on February 28 of the same year at the age of 99. ?
Star array/group
(Bing Xin's poem)
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Stars is Bing Xin's first collection of poems. Poems were collected in Winter Solstice 20091965438+192164 in autumn 2009, originally published in Beijing Morning Post. The Stars was written by Bing Xin under the influence of the Indian poet Tagore's Birds. In her own words, it is a collection of "fragmentary thoughts". Generally speaking, they include three aspects.