Academic planning is to solve the problems of what to learn, how to learn, what to learn and when to learn for college students, so as to ensure their successful completion of their studies and lay a good foundation for successful employment or career development. For college students, how to guide students to carry out scientific and appropriate academic planning, design, management and supervision has become a realistic problem that school education administrators have to think about.

Keywords: academic planning, teaching management, student management

First of all, the questions raised

Academic planning is a brand-new concept put forward in recent years. Some scholars call it life planning, or career planning. It is called student career planning in the United States and entrance education in Japan [1].

As early as more than 30 years ago, Harvard University began to study the academic planning of college students, and Japan, Britain and other countries also attached great importance to guiding college students' academic planning. At home, Zhang and others have done a lot of research and discussion in this field and achieved certain results.

At present, no matter under the management mode of "academic year system" or "credit system" in colleges and universities, the management of students in schools mostly focuses on ideological and moral education, mental health education, class team building, community management and so on. Although some well-known universities, especially undergraduate colleges, have begun to incorporate academic planning into daily teaching and student management, some schools even regard academic planning as an important part of freshmen's entrance education, and have made certain achievements in teaching and activities. But,

Since then, students are usually in a state of confusion and helplessness about what to learn, how to learn and when to learn, which affects students' mastery of knowledge and ability training, and is not conducive to students' all-round healthy development and the solution of employment and job selection problems. On the other hand, it violates the training goal of university education, can't really meet the needs of the future development of society and individuals, and trains needed talents for the society, resulting in a waste of educational resources.

Second, the meaning of academic planning

College students' studies refer to all the activities of college students in the higher education stage, which is a learning stage in a broad sense. It includes not only the study of scientific and cultural knowledge, but also the study of ideological, political, moral, professional, organizational and management capabilities, scientific research and innovation capabilities [2]. Planning has two meanings in Xinhua dictionary. One is a nominal meaning, which refers to a comprehensive long-term development plan; The second is to plan the meaning of words.

College students' academic planning refers to the academic arrangement and planning related to career goals. Specifically, it means that college students determine their career goals through in-depth analysis and correct understanding of their own characteristics (personality characteristics, ability characteristics) and the future needs of society, and then determine the direction of academic development, and then make academic development plans in combination with their actual conditions (economic conditions, engineering life conditions, family conditions, etc.). ) [3]. In other words, academic planning is that college students solve the problems of what to learn, how to learn, what to learn, and when to learn, so as to ensure their successful completion of their studies. Lay a solid foundation for employment or career development.

Third, the way to scientifically guide academic planning.

As the old saying goes, everything is established in advance, and if it is not planned, it will be abolished. The "advance" here is equivalent to the meaning of planning, which has both the nominal characteristics of planning and the oral meaning of planning, implementation and execution. College students' academic planning should also be carried out in these two aspects, which should not only guide scientific academic development planning, but also pay more attention to the implementation of planning and integrate academic planning into practical teaching and management. Therefore, the author suggests to carry out the work from the following aspects:

1. unify thoughts and deeply understand the significance of guiding academic planning.

Harvard University in the United States made a survey of students at that time 30 years ago, and found that 27% students did not make academic plans, 60% students had vague plans, 65,438+00% students had short-term academic plans, and 3% students had clear long-term academic plans. After 30 years of follow-up investigation, the results show that almost all the people in the first group live at the bottom of society and struggle in the shadow of failure; The first kind of people basically live in the middle and lower classes of society. They don't have too many ideals and ambitions, and they only know how to survive all day. Most of the third kind of people have entered the self-dominated class, and they live in the middle and upper classes of society; There is only a fourth kind of person. For decades, he has been trying to achieve the goals he set. Be aggressive and indomitable, and eventually become a millionaire, industry leader or elite. From this perspective, it is of great significance to guide college students to make scientific academic planning as soon as possible [4].

The study of college students' academic planning is to help students better establish their academic goals during the whole university period, not to lay a good foundation for career planning. Making a good academic plan for college students can stimulate young college students' enthusiasm for active learning, improve the efficiency and quality of college life, prepare for social work, and help colleges and universities improve their management concepts. Effectively guide junior college students to recognize themselves and understand the market, and make their own academic plans with the help and guidance of the school.

Therefore, teachers and administrators of schools must fully realize the significance of carrying out academic planning guidance, and seriously carry out academic planning guidance in their usual teaching and management work.

2. Improve the system and promote the institutionalization and standardization of academic planning guidance.

The guidance of academic planning is a systematic and long-term work, which cannot be accomplished overnight. Schools should constantly establish and improve the relevant systems and regulations for academic planning guidance. To provide organizational and institutional guarantee for the guidance of academic planning, it is necessary to ensure that there is a special person in charge of this work in the institution, and there is a "law" in the system.

Schools, relevant departments and departments (hospitals) should have a set of specific systems and regulations applicable to academic planning guidance, and clarify the specific responsibilities, scope of work, work essentials, guidance methods, implementation rules, academic planning evaluation, teachers' work requirements and other specific systems, regulations and requirements. So as to scientifically guide, gradually standardize and form a system.

In addition, the school should set up a team of academic planning teachers directly led by the school, which is mainly composed of educational affairs, student affairs office, heads of departments, and directors of teaching and research sections. Responsible for the guidance of this work. At the same time, the class teacher, counselor and professional teacher are combined step by step in an orderly manner, and the academic planning work is carried out in depth from the aspects of teaching arrangement, teaching operation and student management.

3. Specific implementation, academic planning guidance in teaching and management.

The guidance of academic planning is to help college students solve a series of practical problems such as "what to learn, how to learn, what to use and when to learn". These problems often occur in students' specific study and life process. Therefore, the guidance of academic planning should be reflected in the usual teaching and management work.

On the one hand, schools should put forward specific and feasible requirements for students' academic planning, and suggest that academic planning be divided into three levels: short-term (one semester), medium-term (one year) and long-term (the whole university stage). And urge students to complete their academic plans, and remind students to modify and adjust their plans at any time in order to better complete their studies.

On the other hand, we mainly focus on students' ideological management, cultivate students' quality and ability from the perspective of non-professional knowledge, let students know their actual situation, strengthen the study of comprehensive knowledge, and guide students to expand their knowledge, expand their ability and cultivate compound talents from multiple angles and levels.

Finally, professional teachers should strengthen professional guidance for students' academic planning in professional teaching classes, not only imparting knowledge within a reasonable range, but also making efforts in professional development, and strengthening guidance and expansion from both vertical and horizontal latitudes. Help students not only deeply understand professional knowledge, but also make achievements in related fields, and finally cultivate a versatile "broad and profound" student.

4. Keep pace with the times and promote the long-term and effective development of academic planning.

While emphasizing all aspects of the school to strengthen the guidance of academic planning, we should also pay full attention to students' participation. Only with the active participation of all teachers and students can academic planning guidance be effectively carried out. Therefore, we should properly combine the pragmatism and retreat of academic planning guidance and carry out our work effectively.

At the beginning of college entrance, college students should do a good job in academic planning education. The purpose of college students' entrance education is to focus on academic planning, strive for the cooperation of parents as much as possible, create and strengthen public opinion propaganda on academic planning through mainstream media such as campus network and campus radio, and carry out education and training on academic planning through effective forms such as class team activities and community activities. Regularly or irregularly carry out various levels of academic planning appraisal activities to help students complete their own academic planning and guide students to carry out scientific and effective academic planning.

Four. abstract

On the one hand, academic planning can effectively help college students enhance their self-discipline and self-management ability, enhance their learning enthusiasm and initiative, guide them to be positive, improve themselves, help them position themselves, effectively guide them to study, and lay a solid foundation for future employment; On the other hand, academic planning can also promote the improvement of management system and management level in colleges and universities, and truly cultivate new college students who can adapt to the market and society.

Learning is the foundation of college students, and it is the knowledge, ability and quality system that college students should concentrate on mastering. Study hard and you will have a good job and a good career.

(A) An important feature of the university: I think, therefore I am.

Standing at the gate of the university campus, students must think about their studies. An important feature of learning is that I think, therefore I am.

What should I do after entering the university? Some college students are confused about this. Still an old saying goes: the bounden duty of college students is to study, and the university is a paradise for learning. Life may be long, but only a few years in college can make people fully free to study, and it is hard to find after this stage. After taking part in the work, you are either in the mood or have time. Therefore, you must not learn something that is temporarily useless, or you don't like this major and don't study it. Students should set their own goals according to social needs, social development trends, personal interests, specialties and majors during their college years. And according to the established goals, do a good job in practical career planning. Then, according to the established plan, make preparations early and put them into action.

2) Establish a correct academic outlook

College students' learning refers to all activities centered on learning in the stage of higher education, which is a learning stage in a broad sense. It includes not only the study of scientific and cultural knowledge, but also the study of ideology, politics, morality, business, organizational management ability, scientific research and innovation ability.

Concept is the forerunner of action. To complete college studies well, we must first establish a correct academic outlook. The so-called academic view is the attitude and understanding of the majors and courses studied, which greatly affects the study, life and even life prospects of college students. There are various misunderstandings in dealing with academic problems among contemporary college students, such as too narrow understanding of academic meaning, too high expectations of academic life, too inaccurate positioning of academic roles, or too high expectations of careers, which leads to poor academic performance or even neglect of academic work. To this end, we should correctly handle the following four relationships:

First, correctly handle the relationship between study and major. If you attach importance to your studies, you should learn what you deserve, cultivate your professional interests, organically unify your hobbies with the needs of the country and the requirements of social development, master professional knowledge, professional skills and related abilities, and cultivate your professional quality.

The second is to correctly handle the relationship between study and career. During the study period, we should consciously learn professional knowledge, cultivate professional skills and exercise professional ability in order to be invincible in the future competition.

Third, correctly handle the relationship between study and career. Connect one's present study, future career and future career. In the process of study, I fully realize the significance, role and development prospect of my major in national construction and social development, and I am determined to devote myself to it and fully realize my life value in my work.

Fourth, correctly handle the relationship between study and employment. Employment and study are closely related. Employment is the orientation of learning, and learning determines employment. Taking employment as academic orientation is conducive to the choice of college students' professional application, the adjustment of academic objectives, the change of learning methods, the expansion of learning extension and the improvement of comprehensive quality. At the same time, employment also constitutes an important symbol to measure academic achievements. If you want to have a good career, you must have a strong dedication to work, extensive and profound professional knowledge, strong communication and coordination skills, good psychological quality, strong physique and innovative spirit, which are all cultivated in the process of completing college studies.

(c) University life begins with academic planning.

College students' academic planning means that college students set academic goals for the whole college period according to their own conditions and constraints, and determine the direction, time and action plan to achieve academic goals. In other words, college students solve the problems of what to learn, how to learn and when to learn, so as to ensure that they can successfully complete their studies and lay a good foundation for successful employment or career development. For college students, only by designing their academic plans as soon as possible, clarifying their academic goals and improving their quality advantages can they seize the opportunity and succeed in the fierce competition in the future.

1, good academic planning can enhance self-discipline and self-management ability.

Without academic planning, our time and energy are easily wasted and scattered, our life is careless, our mentality is negative and neglected, and we are easily caught in trivial matters unrelated to our studies, wasting our good time in college and wasting our youth. And academic planning can make us understand that everything we do now is part of achieving our future goals, so as to attach importance to and grasp the present, concentrate time, energy and resources, and choose our studies.

2. Good academic planning can enhance the initiative of life and study.

An effective academic planning can guide us to know our personality, existing and potential resource advantages, make a comparative analysis of our comprehensive advantages and disadvantages, establish clear academic development goals and future career ideals, evaluate the distance between personal goals and the present situation, learn to use scientific and effective methods, take practical steps and measures, continuously improve our academic competitiveness, and realize our academic goals and career ideals. From the beginning of freshman year, students should be clear about their own learning development direction and work hard for their own goals during college, instead of thinking about what they really want to do after graduation, and change the passive situation from "asking me to learn" to "I want to learn".

3. Good academic planning can promote college students' positive and self-improvement.

Academic planning is the foundation of our efforts, and it is also a spur to ourselves. With the realization of each specific goal of academic planning, we will feel more and more fulfilled, and our way of thinking and mentality will change in a more positive direction. Good academic planning provides us with a clear picture of finishing our studies, and gives us a clear and thorough understanding of the process of realizing our studies, so as to have more confidence and courage to achieve self-improvement.

4. Good academic planning is helpful for self-orientation.

Students should constantly understand themselves, explore their own characteristics, and then constantly adjust and revise, find out their areas of interest, determine what they can do, that is, their own strengths, and clearly cut into the starting point of society. The most important thing is to be clear about your life goals, that is, self-orientation. The process of establishing academic planning is a flexible and dynamic planning process, a process of recognizing one's own strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and challenges, a process of self-positioning and planning one's life, a process of defining what one can do, what opportunities the society can provide me and what I choose to do, so as to make the ideal operable and provide a clear direction for entering the society.

Five steps of academic planning in universities

1, academic planning choice

First, analyze your hobbies and decide what you want to do. Interest is the basis of ideal generation, and there is an obvious positive correlation between interest and success probability. Choose what you love, choose your favorite professional direction and research field to study and study. Secondly, analyze your own abilities and specialties and determine what you can do. Ability is the expression of people's comprehensive quality in practical action, and it is the practical skill, energy and proficiency to correctly control certain activities. Ability is an effective way to realize people's value, and it is also a positive force that dominates the fate of life. Because any occupation requires practitioners to master certain skills and have certain conditions, they should combine their hobbies and determine their own abilities and abilities that should be cultivated on the basis of what they want to do. Third, analyze the future and determine what society needs. Focus on the future, predict the trend, and base on the ever-changing needs of society. Never blindly follow the trend, because the hottest is not the best. It is best to choose the professional direction and research field that is most suitable for the needs of society and the best for giving play to its own advantages. We should combine our hobbies, abilities, specialties with the needs of society, and organically combine what we want to do, what we can do with the requirements of society. The combination and connection of several aspects is the key to our academic planning.

2. Strengthen academic planning.

After the academic plan is selected, many college students are either shelved or anticlimactic. As a result, they can't implement their academic plans or can't last long after implementation, and finally they can't achieve their established studies. These phenomena appear because college students lack an important link in making their academic plans, that is, strengthening their academic plans. Strengthening academic planning means that planners give full play to their imagination and list the benefits of achieving academic planning in detail before implementation, so as to cultivate a positive attitude, thus enhancing motivation, generating greater execution and ensuring the smooth completion of academic planning.

3. Decomposition of academic planning

After the overall academic goal is set, it should be decomposed from top to bottom, that is, the study plan should be made. Take the four-year undergraduate course as an example, it can be carried out according to the following ideas: the total learning goal of four years-the learning goal of one year-the learning goal of one semester-the learning goal of January-the learning goal of one week-the learning goal of one day. Make the academic planning be implemented in every day of study and life, and ensure the strict implementation of studies.

4. Evaluation and feedback of academic planning

In the process of implementation, we should evaluate and estimate the environment and conditions in time and evaluate our own implementation. Due to the existence of various uncertain factors in real life, the design of academic planning must be flexible, so feedback should be given after the evaluation results come out, so that you can reflect and correct your academic goals in time and change the implementation measures and plans. At the same time, regular evaluation and feedback should be conducted: annual, semester, monthly and daily inspection, evaluation and feedback should be conducted, and then the reasons and obstacles should be analyzed to find out improvement methods and measures.

5. Reward and punishment

Incentive measures can stimulate people's potential and enthusiasm, and punishment can prevent inertia. Be sure to work out the reward and punishment measures for yourself after completing the stage goal: how to reward yourself after completion and how to punish yourself if it is not completed.

A solid academic career has opened the way for employment.

Opportunities always favor those who are prepared.

A person's cultural knowledge quality will determine his freedom of job hunting and career selection and the level of obtaining professional posts. University is a kind of employment preparation education, and most students will go to work as soon as they graduate. It is necessary to make all-round preparations for employment in a few years, such as knowledge, ability and quality, cherish college time, do a good job in studies, and pave the way for future employment, entrepreneurship and career success. Therefore, according to the needs of social development and employers, students should focus on the following three aspects to prepare for their studies and employment.

1, building a reasonable knowledge structure

Adhere to the principle of unity of extensiveness and profundity, theory and practice, accumulation and adjustment, cultivate extensive and solid basic knowledge, extensive and profound professional knowledge, and build a reasonable knowledge structure. There is no shortcut to this process, and its basic way can only be learning and accumulation. It is by no means once and for all, but we must continue to work hard. As long as we adopt scientific methods that suit us, make continuous efforts and study hard, we will certainly be able to establish and improve our knowledge structure and lay a good foundation for successful employment.

2, exercise strong hands-on ability

Knowledge cannot be simply equated with ability, and knowledge and ability are dialectical relations. In a sense, ability is more important than knowledge. Therefore, an excellent college graduate should unify the construction of a reasonable knowledge structure, the cultivation of a scientific way of thinking and the exercise of strong practical ability, so as to be in an invincible position in the process of job selection and employment. The basic abilities that college students should possess include expressive ability, practical ability, adaptability, communication ability, management ability, creativity and decision-making ability. The ways and methods to cultivate practical ability mainly include diligent study, accumulation of knowledge, active participation, courage to practice, inspiring thinking and developing interest.

3. Improve the overall quality.

Knowledge, ability and quality are the three elements of college students' socialization. Knowledge is the basis for the formation and improvement of quality, and ability is the external expression of quality. Without corresponding knowledge and ability display, it is impossible to internalize and sublimate into a higher psychological character. But knowledge and ability often only solve how to do things, and improving quality can solve how to be a man. High-quality talents should organically combine doing things with being a man, not only put the cultivation of sound personality in the first place, but also pay attention to the cultivation of professional knowledge, skills and abilities to make them develop in an all-round and harmonious way. Therefore, an excellent college graduate should unify the construction of a reasonable knowledge structure, the cultivation of a scientific way of thinking, the exercise of strong practical ability and the improvement of comprehensive quality, so as to be in an invincible position in the process of job selection and employment. Comprehensive quality mainly includes ideological and moral quality, professional quality, cultural quality and physical and mental quality. The four complement each other and are inseparable, among which ideological and moral quality is the soul and foundation of comprehensive quality, while cultural quality, professional quality and physical and mental quality are the foundation.

Supplement in the middle! You study finance! For example, 4 years, first study in school for 2 years ~ then do part-time research in the third year! Don't just learn what the teacher gave you in the first two years. It will be useful for you to visit the library more and learn some advanced financial accounting. In the last year, do you want to continue your exams or work! Think about what you want to do in the future!