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Wen he yun Chao
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the war in Sichuan was filled with smoke. The Qing army repeatedly entered Sichuan for twenty or thirty years, and the population of Bashu was lost or extinct. Most Sichuan talents left their hometown in the early and late Ming Dynasty. For example, in the early Ming Dynasty, Yizhi came from Ba County and was an important minister from Hongwu to Yongle. In the middle period, Yu Zijun, Yang Tinghe, Xi Shu, Zhao Zhenji and Yang Shen were all famous gifted scholars. In the late period of Mu Zong and Zongshen, Chen Yiqin and Chen Yubi created the story that father and son were Zaifu, and Xiong Wencan and Lu Daqi were saved in the late Ming Dynasty.
At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Suining Lv Qian, Xindu Fermi and Daxian Tangzhen were called "three outstanding figures in Shu" by later generations. They are at the turn of the Ming and Qing dynasties, and they are even more helpless. In addition to the poetic talents of ordinary literati, they all have other characteristics. Tang Zhen is unique in thought and philosophy. Lu Qian is a master of calligraphy and painting, and Fermi is profound in history, medicine, education and other fields. Just because his reputation was not widely spread at that time, people don't know much today.
1. Rebel: Tang Zhen of Daxian County?
Tang Zhen was originally named Da Tao, later renamed Zhen, from Sichuan (now Pujia Town, Tongchuan District, Dazhou City). He is the 11th grandson of Tang Yu, the master of Prince Zhu Biao and Prince Judy in the early Ming Dynasty.
Tang Yuzu was born in Pingyang, Shanxi, and his grandfather, Tang Shengzong, was a hero who followed Zhu Yuanzhang and was named Hou of Yan 'an. Tang Yu was a scholar in the 12th year of Hongwu (1379) and entered imperial academy. Two years later, he got instructions from the East Palace to teach Prince Zhu Biao, and his fourth son, Prince Judy, was also taught together. After Judy set out to defeat her nephew Wen Jian, in the third year of Yongle (1405), Tang Yu was appointed as a founding Confucian minister and was ordered to select his descendants to become officials. In the 12th year of Yongle (14 14), Tang Yu went to Shu and found a suitable place to live in Lanmugou (now Guanchiba, Kunchi, Xuanhan County). Since then, he has been the ancestor of the Tang family in Shu County (Tang Yuben was the eldest son of Tang Shengzong and his younger brothers Tang Zan, Tang and Tang). Tang Yu's wife, Xiong Shi, is a imperial concubine, and she gave birth to two sons, Tang Kun and Tang Li.
Tang Zhen was born in the third year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1630) and died in the forty-third year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1704). Many stories in his life are so obscure that "Sku Mu Zong" mistook "Tang Datao" and Tang Zhencuo for two people.
When Tang Zhen was eight years old, his father, Tang Jietai, passed the exam and became the magistrate of Wujiang County. He followed his father to Jiangnan. I have been to Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Beijing, Nanjing and other places. Tang Zhen showed his poetic talent at the age of 14 or 15. The poems in the collection of poems "Three Soldiers", "Drinking Alone" and "Spring outing" are all works of his youth.
In the second year of Shunzhi, Nanjing was broken, and father and son took refuge in Shaoxing, Zhejiang. In the 14th year of Shunzhi (1657), 28-year-old Tang Zhen returned to Langzhong, Sichuan Province to take the entrance examination. In the second year, I went to Beijing to take the Jinshi exam, but I failed, and then I took the official department. Until the tenth year of Kangxi (167 1), Tang Zhen, who was in his early forties, became the magistrate of Zhangzi County, Lu 'an Prefecture, Shanxi Province.
At that time, Tang Zhen also wanted to show his ambition when the sages were in power. Seeing that the local people were living in poverty, he mobilized the masses to plant mulberry and raise silkworms. "Lead by example, save yourself in the countryside every day, and plant 800,000 mulberry trees in 30 years to benefit the people." He saw that the local officials oppressed the people with torture, and the chaos continued, so he rectified the bureaucracy and abolished torture. "Clip stick not punishment, scrap. The people have their virtues and the prison proceedings have failed. " Won the praise of the people.
Just as Tang Zhen vigorously promoted his ideals and talents, he was suddenly dismissed (it is said that local fugitives were implicated) and only served as a county magistrate for ten months. After that, Tang Zhen went around doing business for a living, and finally lost money and lived in Jiangnan, giving lectures and selling articles for more than 20 years.
Tang Zhen became poorer and poorer in his later years. "The walls are bare, and the smoke in the kitchen is absolutely delicious. Lycium barbarum leaves in the waste nursery are collected every day to make rice. Classic clothes, exhausted blue thread. Extremely down and out, Tang Zhen insisted that "Tao Tao never stopped writing books". Even if he is a poor scholar, "how can you just seek the outside and forget the inside, leaving small and staying big!" "
Gu, Huang Zongxi and Wang Fuzhi were called three avant-garde university experts in the period of unprecedented active thought in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. In fact, Tang Zhen ranks fourth in many places. The works circulated by Tang Zhen are far less than the first three, but their ideological strength is not inferior at all. For example, "since the Qin dynasty, emperors have been thieves ... killing a man, beating Xiaomi with his horse and calling him a thief;" Isn't it a thief to kill everyone in the world and make the best use of everything? " (see "Library Language") also believes that "it is enough for a person to kill for no reason, and it is enough to kill a person with his whole body; There are people in the world who kill for no reason, although it is not enough to kill a person. " He felt that even if the tyrant was sentenced to death, it would be difficult to offset the crime of killing people and endangering the world.
At that time, he dared to call the emperor the biggest thief who plundered the wealth of the world, or the evil murderer who killed all the creatures in the world. The language is so bloody and straightforward that Tang Zhen's reflection is unique.
Tang Zhen has such bold writing style in his works. In the past, many people wondered whether it was because the author's life and career were too frustrated and his family's economy was very poor that he vented his emotions. In fact, Tang Zhen did his best to finish his book under extremely difficult circumstances, and his moral integrity has proved that he is a man. He said many times in his article that he was not afraid of "moving the times" or "contempt" from others. Many scholars in modern times agreed that Hidden Book showed positive and progressive outlook on life and history, which was consistent with the other three thinkers.
In addition, Tang Zhen's reflection on traditional Confucianism had a strong rebellious color in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and he was more inclined to the idea of "integration of knowledge and action" put forward by Wang Shouren. But fundamentally speaking, Tang Zhen most admired Mencius' thought. "Although Zhen is not sensitive, I am willing to learn from Mencius." (See "Hidden Books and Hidden Things") He believes that since Mencius, people who can best understand the knowledge of saints should push Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Shouren.
The collection ticket (1705) handed down from generation to generation today is the only work of Tang Zhen. Originally called a horizontal book, it started with only 13 articles and was signed by Tang Datao. Later, it was gradually increased to 97 articles, renamed "Hidden Book" and signed by Tang Zhen. In the chapter of "latent existence", Tang Zhen summed up the writing of this book "Thirty years later, I am tired, save it, it is divided into two parts." This book was engraved in the forty-fourth year of Kangxi (1705) and published by Wang Wenyuan, son-in-law of Tang Zhen.
Gu Pan Lei, a famous disciple, prefaced, saying, "On learning, Meng Zun values experience, and his mouth is low and his ears are miserable." Governing the road means advocating frugality and simplicity, damaging power and restraining power, saving big officials and eliminating redundant officials. I think you and the people are like a family and can treat each other. "(Qian Shu Xu Pan) Therefore, Qian Shu is actually a political work that expounds all aspects of the author's life, which is very similar to Huang Zongxi's Ming Yi Waiting for an Interview.
For example, when discussing educational thoughts, since both Ming and Qing Dynasties highly praised Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism and popular stereotyped writing, Tang Zhen sharply criticized the disadvantages of Neo-Confucianism education in Song and Ming Dynasties and paid attention to teaching in some practical fields, which played a role in creating a practical education atmosphere. But in other aspects, such as ethics and family education, Tang Zhen hopes to correct it because of the extravagant enjoyment of social atmosphere since the end of Ming Dynasty. There has been a tendency to restore asceticism, and men are superior to women, deliberately belittling the persistence of literati feelings and showing some pessimism and disappointment.
In terms of commercial economy, Tang Zhen has personal experience. He deeply realized that the Qing army entered the Central Plains to show respect for Neo-Confucianism and began to stifle industrial and commercial capital. Tang Zhen believes that the government should be allowed to operate freely, and the "benefits of nature" should not be the emperor's private industry, but should be shared by the whole world. Including currency reform, is also one of Tang Zhen's most distinctive thoughts. Since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, people used silver as currency, which restricted the exchange of property and hindered the development of commerce. "The harm of wealth is gathering. Silver is an easy thing to gather. " In order to save people today, we should use money instead of silver. Tang Zhen hopes to resume the practice of replacing silver with copper coins, so as to exchange goods better, eliminate the disadvantages of easy accumulation of silver and give play to the circulation function of money. Of course, objectively speaking, copper coins of different dynasties are also mixed together because of their output and heavy coins, which often disrupts the market. In the end, the Yuan and Ming Dynasties were used to paying with silver, and the people began to become popular. In fact, the people in Ming and Qing dynasties did not lose the space for the use of copper coins.
In paying attention to the people's livelihood at the grassroots level, due to Tang Zhen's down-and-out experience, he realized the role of ordinary people. "The founding of the country must be rich first, and wealth is in the compilation, not in the library." The policy of enriching the people advocated by him is remarkable. It is believed that only when the people have enough food and clothing can the country prosper; If the people are poor and miserable, it will inevitably lead to disaster. The core view is that the wealth of the country is not the wealth of the state treasury, but the wealth of the people, which can be said to be beyond the understanding of the times. "Ancient sages, juren to rule, merit to juren, support people to merit, eat enough to support people. Officials have a hundred jobs, and jobs have a hundred jobs, which must be attributed to raising the people. " He pointed out that all actions of government officials should be based on safeguarding the material interests of ordinary people, and everything should be centered on enriching the people: "The rich are the treasure of the country, and the lives of the people are also important. Treasure cannot be stolen, and life is urgent." This is indeed a classic argument, and it is never easy.
Tang Zhen is an ordinary literati, but he was in a period of frequent wars in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and he also had a certain understanding of the military field. For the victory or defeat of war, we advocate giving full play to people's strength and avoiding talking about ghosts and gods without talking about personnel and soldiers. Success or failure depends on the correctness of subjective command, and subjective initiative is based on objective laws. The Collection of Books focuses on the representative stories of Li Zicheng, Zhang and Wu Sangui in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. For example, the analysis of Wu Sangui's "for the monarch, his army died fighting for decades, his wealth is rich, his armor is much, and his capital is much". Why did you fall once? "It is not good to plan, not to be a counselor, and to rely on its powerful encirclement is suitable for its demise." In other words, Wu Sangui ignored the offensive and defensive tactics.
Generally speaking, compared with Wang Fuzhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu and others of his contemporaries, Tang Zhen's works cover a wide range, and everyone has a common intention to learn from experience and reflect on history. However, Tang Zhen also has many unique features, which, like the other three, deserve to be cherished by future generations.
Second, the three wonders of poetry, painting and calligraphy: Suining Lv Qian
Lv Qian was a famous painter and calligrapher in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Like Tang Zhen, he was born after a celebrity. Lv Qian's father is Li Yong, a minister of the Ministry of War and Lu Daqi, who is studying in Wuyingdian University. They come from Beiba, Suining County, Tongchuan District, Sichuan Province (now Gubei Township, chuanshan district, Suining City).
As mentioned earlier, Lu Daqi was the most outstanding Sichuanese in the late Ming Dynasty, and he was able to write and fight. In the tenth year of Chongzhen (1637), he donated his possessions and recruited in Zhang to resist the Western Expedition. Praised by Emperor Chongzhen, he was promoted to the right assistant minister of the Ministry of War. In the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (1642), he was promoted to military affairs in Baoding, Shandong and Hebei.
Originally, Lu Daqi didn't want to specialize in military affairs. At that time, the army had begun to sweep the Central Plains. He was forced to leave. Although he is mainly defensive, fortunately he didn't lose, which is very rare. In the year when Lu Daqi went to Hebei, his son Lu Qian was admitted to Chongzhen in 16 years and was awarded Dr. Taichang. This is the last imperial examination in the Ming Dynasty, and the top scholar in the same list is Yang Tingjian from Wujin, Changzhou, Jiangsu. When the Qing army entered Beijing, Yang Tingjian fled back to his hometown on foot. Because of illness, he repeatedly refused the invitation of Hong Chengchou and Shunzhi, and took pleasure in painting and calligraphy. He died in his early sixties.
In the year of Chongzhen, Jingshan Park was hanged, and Lu Daqi went to Nanjing to urge the continuation of the country. Together with Qian and Lei (Chongzhen), he was in charge of the punishments department and impeached many people. After Wang Axe and Zhu Yousong ascended the throne, they were very scared and made trouble to implicate Lei Yanzhou in prison, forcing him to commit suicide. They all tended to follow Wang Lu Zhu Changfang's throne, but Ma Shiying and Liu Zeqing led the army to Nanjing with Wang Axe and Zhu Yousong, threatening everyone's support and dismissing Lu Daqi in one fell swoop.
? Worried about the current situation, Lu Daqi asked Lu Qian to serve his family and daughter-in-law, lived in Xing Wu County, Huzhou Prefecture, Zhejiang Province, and then moved to Hailing, Taizhou Prefecture, Yangzhou Prefecture. A year later, Zhu Yousong was surrendered by Qian and others. Although Zhu, a pirate supported by Zhu, was in high spirits, his actions were restrained. Zheng Chenggong was dominated by the water army and was not good at attacking the city, which led to the rapid failure of Long Wu.
Lu Daqi went to Duanzhou (now Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province) and Qu Shizhen, and supported Zhu Youlang, King of Gui, to ascend to the throne (1646), thus establishing a permanent calendar. In the first month of the first year, the former inspector Wang (a native of Baxian County, Sichuan Province, now belongs to Chongqing, with a poor family, great talent and strong personality. In order to keep the official position, Chongzhen joined forces with Zhou Yanru and Wenwenren. Hong Guang, then the minister of the Ministry of War and the governor of Sichuan, Guizhou, Huguang and military affairs (mainly dealing with the Western Army), died in Guizhou. Lu Daqi escorted his parents to Shuiyue Temple near Yamen, Wu Luo, Guizhou (Wuluo now belongs to Wuluo Town, Songtao Miao Autonomous County, Tongren City). At that time, Zhang was dead, and the army of the Western Expedition retreated to Zunyi, ready to enter Yunnan.
Lu Daqi learned all kinds of information in Guizhou and wrote to Zhu Youlang, suggesting that the remnants of the Ming army in Sichuan be eliminated and Sichuan and Guizhou be quickly recovered. Lu Daqi succeeded the king as the governor, and got the support of Li Zhanchun and other generals of the Ming army in Sichuan, including the generation of female generals such as Zhongzhou and Shizhu, where Qin Liangyu was located, to expose the false imperial clan captaincy Zhu, recover Yunyang and enter Duyun. At that time, the army of the Western Expedition had entered Yunnan in the name of Gongmu in Qiandongnan Prefecture, and Lu Daqi died in four years (1650) at the age of 65.
? Lv Qian and his father, Lu Daqi, have lived apart for a long time. Later, as Amin Army, Daxi Army fought the Qing army in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces for fifteen or sixteen years, and it was not until Kangxi succeeded to the throne that peace was basically restored. When Lu Daqi died in Guizhou, Lu Qian served his mother in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. He deliberately imitated the temperament of Wang Wei, a landscape poet in Tang Dynasty. He is not only outstanding in poetry and painting, but also a hermit. This is related to his being the son of Lu Daqi. He couldn't accept the fact that the Qing dynasty occupied the country, and he was willing to be dull all his life.
It was not until the winter of the 24th year of Kangxi (1685) that her mother died that Lv Qian helped her return to Sichuan and moved her father back to her hometown of Suining. At this time, it has been more than forty years since he left his hometown. Since then, Lu Qian has lived in his hometown, insisted on his own farming, named his residence "Kegeng Building", sang with a few friends in his spare time, roamed Bashu landscape and lived a poor life.
? In poetry and prose, Lv Qian has a wide range of friends. Gong Xian, Fermi, Tang Zhen and others are his best literary friends. They sang a lot and spread it as a great event. After all, he has been wandering for a long time in his life. Although his poems are full of leisure and seclusion, they are obviously restless, and there is no lack of melancholy and lament about the collapse of the Ming Dynasty.
In calligraphy, Lv Qian studied with Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing, Ou Yangxun and Zhao Mengfu, and kneaded them into a whole, forming a personal style. Professionals generally praised him for his skillful use of pen, his success with Mo Yun, his artistic conception and branch layout, and his unique writing style. What is particularly distinctive is that Lu Qian's brushwork is mostly light ink, which is easy to get smooth, easy to spread and turn, and easy to become elegant, which is also his ingenuity. Lu Shu often writes freely, and the content is often his own poems and the true expression of his thoughts and feelings.
In painting, Lu Qian is famous for a large number of landscape paintings, which had a wide influence at that time and enjoyed the reputation of "two and a half in the world" (half, referring to Lu Qian; The other half refers to Gong Xian, the leader of the "Eight Schools of Jinling".
Gong Xian is also a friend of Lv Qian's calligraphy and painting. His ancestral home was Kunshan, and later he moved to Nanjing. He was born in Wanli, slightly older than Lv Qian. Not only are their fame almost equal, but even their painting and calligraphy styles are very similar. Most of the paintings handed down by the two men have no year numbers. Obviously, this is the psychology of the adherents of the late Ming Dynasty, which leads to the fact that the creation year of many works cannot be verified. Gong Xian's earliest work with a calendar year is the 13th year of Qing Shunzhi (1656), which is more than ten years earlier than Lv Qian's work. Judging from the age and quantity of his works, Lv Qian should learn from Gong Xian. Gong Xian is a proud and talented poet and painter, and only in this way can he be unique in painting and create Jinling School of Painting. When Lu Qian was in the south of the Yangtze River, his friendship with Gong Xian was always very good. They learned from each other in painting and calligraphy, forming a very intimate temperament.
Lv Qian emphasized the lyricism of painting, the combination of scenery description and lyricism, the blending of scenes, and the complementarity of poetry and painting. Although he had the experience of selling calligraphy and painting when his livelihood was difficult, he refused to sell satisfactory works easily for his inner interests. Regarding Lv Qian's paintings, Zhang Geng's Collection of Paintings of Past Dynasties in China in the Qing Dynasty said that Lv Qian "indulged in using a pen without overstepping the bounds, and rewarded it with refreshing breath." Huang, a famous modern painter and painter, also spoke highly of it: "Mr. Wang's articles are truly the glory of the universe, but those who are not only famous for their poems and paintings, but also won prizes are no longer worthy of praise, while Mr. Yi Jue is good at hiding them."
Iii. erudition and erudition: the new capital is Fermi.
Fermi, whose real name is Yan Feng, is from Xinfan County, Sichuan Province (now Xindu District, Chengdu). His father is Fei Jingyu, and he is also a learned Confucian scholar. To a great extent, Fermi's knowledge comes from the solid foundation laid by his father when he was a teenager. Hu Shi took the lead in revealing the great contributions of Fei Jingyu and Fermi in breaking Neo-Confucianism in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. 192 1 year, he wrote two articles, the memorial theory-the suicide note of reading fees and Fei Jingyu and the two pioneers of Qing Dynasty.
Xindu Feijia was originally considered to be a scholarly family in Sichuan. Fei's grandfather's fee was a tribute student during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. It is said that he once taught in Dazhu County (now Dazhou City), and his father Fei Jingyu was a juren in Chongzhen and was a magistrate in Kunming, Yunnan. His uncle is also a celebrity in Shu, a family of six celebrities in four generations. Later, there was a "four-fee temple" in Xindu East Lake (four fees refer to four generations) dedicated to commemorating it.
Fermi has won the admiration of his elders since he was six years old. At the age of twenty, Zhang's army of the Western Expedition entered Chengdu. Fermi went to Kunming to visit his father and took refuge. As a result, he was robbed by bandits on the road. Fortunately, he contacted Amin General Yang Zhan, who was guarding Jiading (now Leshan City), to rescue Fermi for his father. Yang Zhan appreciated Fermi's talent and appointed him. Soon, Yang Zhan was killed by his men who surrendered to the western army, and Fermi was also captured.
After the Western Expedition Army went south to Yunnan, Fermi returned to his hometown, and his ancestral home was in ruins. So he left his hometown and settled in Mianxian County, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province. He declined the employment of the local Qing army company commanders and devoted himself to medical research.
Fermi was living in a temple, and he also began to meditate. Historical materials call it "Changsha Opera", which is a book of Neijing, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Golden Chamber. I heard that two stereotypes sit still, and I thought I was doing well. Bing Shen (1656), talking about Zen with Tongzui (monk's name), entered Jingming Temple (a famous Buddhist temple in the southwest of Ming Dynasty, located in Hanzhong Prefecture), and the miscellaneous monks sat quietly. After sitting for six or seven days, my heart can't be fixed; He said to himself,' I can't decide how to sit for a hundred days. "What's worse?" I vowed not to go out and decided for more than half a month. ..... One night, I heard the ducks in the moat, separated from my body by a layer, such as in a cloth bag; For a long time, suddenly, ducks and water flowed into the body, very quickly. But he sighed,' Sitting still is the purpose of two schools, and I can't learn from Confucianism.' Naturally, I am interested in ancient learning. After a period of practice, he found that meditation is a concept of Buddhism and Taoism, which is not a good way for Confucianism.
A few years later, Fermi came to Yangzhou, Jiangsu with his family, and his vision was greatly broadened. Qian, Qu Dajun, Zhu Yizun, Kong and other domestic celebrities have had close contacts with him. Wang wrote in The Story of History: "In the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, at the age of 33, he left Mianxian for his parents and went south to Yangzhou to go to his mother's uncle Yang Yunhe. The following year, he ended his exile and began to live in Yangzhou. Although he was born in a new home, he has devoted himself to academic studies in Sri Lanka for more than 40 years, and Yangzhou people are also. " Fermi left Shaanxi for Jiangnan. First, he went to his relatives' house and avoided staying in the temple. Second, through meditation, he has a new understanding of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and he wants to return to Confucianism.
From then on, Fermi lived in Jiangnan until he died in Jiangnan and never returned to his hometown of Bashu.
However, Fermi has been to other places to exchange knowledge. For example, in the 12th year of Kangxi (1673), he traveled thousands of miles to Sumen Mountain in Weihui, Henan Province, and asked the famous Confucian scholar Sun Qifeng for advice. Sun Qifeng was 89 years old at that time. Sun Qifeng is a famous scholar of adherents like Huang Zongxi (the famous cases of Zuo Guangdou and Yang Lian in the Apocalypse all implicated Huang Zunsu, and Sun Qifeng, Zheng Lu and Lu Shan's stepson in their early thirties were rescued vigorously, and Huang Zunsu was Huang Zongxi's father). He resolutely refused to accept the invitation to become an official in the Qing Dynasty.
Fermi lived in Sun Qifeng's place for more than a month. Back in Yangzhou, Sun Qifeng wrote him four big characters: "I teach South". There is a record in xinfan county annals: "I served my father (1673). After his death, Sun Zhengjun had a wonderful past. One day, on the similarities and differences between Zhu and Lu, it was said that the scholars of Han and Tang dynasties had made great contributions to future generations and could not be lost. Zheng Jun was impressed. And the changes of etiquette system in past dynasties. After more than a month, he resigned; The title of "I am the South" is a gift. " The following spring, he went to Zhejiang to learn from Lv Liuliang, an important thinker.
Throughout his life, he advocated the truth of Han Confucianism and practical learning, opposed the empty and frivolous habits of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, and severely criticized the "orthodoxy" of Neo-Confucianism. Taoism was initiated by Han Yu in the Tang Dynasty and continued by Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty. For example, Zhu said in the preface to The Doctrine of the Mean: "Tang, Wen and Wu Weiwang, Yi, Fu, Zhou and Zhao Weichen all took this as their careers. If I were a master, I wouldn't take my place, so I will inherit the past and learn from others, and my merits are better than Yao Shun's. But when the time comes, what you see and know is only the descendants of Yan and Zeng, the descendants of Zeng, and the grandchildren of the master. ..... naturally spread to Montessori, in order to explain that it is a book, in order to inherit the system of sages, without it, it would lose its dissemination. ……"
Fermi pointed out that orthodoxy was not established at all: "Confucius didn't say anything about orthodoxy." ..... Confucius said nothing, nor did the seventy disciples, nor did the seventy disciples. After more than a hundred years, Mencius, Xun Qing and Confucianism didn't say anything, and Han Confucianism didn't say anything ... Is there any orthodoxy? After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was clear that the reality was empty ... and spread to Nanning, becoming a folk orthodoxy. Since orthodoxy, since agriculture, Tang has cut the heavens and the earth, and everything in the world helps the world. All of a sudden, Confucian scholars who did not belong to the monarch regarded the later Taoist theorists as more important than the imperial court, and empty words were higher than facts. Those who don't follow the emperor's orthodoxy will be five or six hundred years. "(see Hongdao book)
Fermi further pointed out that the reason why Zhu wanted to carry out the concept of orthodoxy was to argue with Lu Jiuyuan about the portal: "After crossing the south, Zhu and Lu Jiuyuan competed for the portal and advocated the establishment of orthodoxy, thinking that the Zeng family was the only one, while Mencius, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi took over, and Gaiyang made friends with Luo Congyan, Dong Li and Xi. Hu Shi believes that the greatness of Fei lies in finding evidence from history and pointing out the fatal defects of Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. On the other hand, Fei also believes that although Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties is full of creative elements and has something that no one has said before, it is unacceptable for them to describe their understanding of Confucianism as the essence of ancient classics and the true meaning of Confucius and Mencius. On the one hand, Fei advocated practical learning and founded the Li School, on the other hand, he praised Han Confucianism and advocated exegesis and sparse learning, which opened up the sinology atmosphere in the Qing Dynasty for more than 200 years and became the source of prosperity for practical learning to sinology (Gan Jia textual research) in the early Qing Dynasty.
Besides having a deep understanding of Confucianism, Fermi has also made great achievements in poetry and prose. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were many famous poets, and Fermi also enjoyed a place, especially Sichuan poets, who were generally represented by him. People commented: "Take profundity as the foundation, peace as the keynote, and trust kindness as the best policy, and always refrain from carving clever and quick words." Unfortunately, Fermi has only 55 poems. Poems like Chaotian Gorge were deeply appreciated by Wang Shizhen, a famous poet during the Kangxi period. He called the words "the river flows through the Han River, and the boat meets the spring alone" as "the cross can last forever".
In addition to Confucian poetry, Fermi has also made some achievements in historiography. His Scrap Book 1 Volume is one of the representative works of Sichuan documentary historiography in Qing Dynasty. This 20,000-word book describes the period from the third year of Chongzhen (1630) to the third year of Kangxi (1664), especially the activities of Zhang's Great Western Army in Sichuan and Sichuan. Most of the content is the author's personal experience. The narrative is detailed and clear, and the writing is concise and smooth, without losing everyone's demeanor. Many precious raw materials depend on the preservation of this book. ?
In addition, Fermi also has special research on medicine. His works are very numerous, and it is said that there are more than 30 kinds and nearly 400 volumes. Scholars of later generations said: "The richness of writings in Shu has never been so dense since the security of the country. "It's a pity that Fermi was displaced all his life, and most of them died in the migration. So far, only three volumes of Hongdao Shu, Huangshu 1 and Feng Yan Shi Chao 1 have been handed down.
In addition to important scholars and literati in the early Qing Dynasty, his two sons, Fei Xueyuan and Fei, are famous for their poems. There are poems of Baihelou, Caijing Whale Hall and Guandaotang. ? Especially the second child fee, uninhibited and uninhibited. He was naked all his life and hurt his talent. He tasted it, threw it into the sea and came back with tears in his eyes. Shan Changle's poetry, whose ancient style is directly related to the Han and Wei Dynasties, followed closely the prosperous Tang Dynasty and achieved as much as Fermi's.