Question 1: How to prevent and control the credit risk of banks 1. Strengthen the concept of internal control and operational risk management, and establish a good corporate culture atmosphere for risk control. For city commercial banks, it is an urgent task to introduce the advanced operational risk management concept of international banking and form a good corporate culture atmosphere for risk control. To establish a good cultural atmosphere of operational risk control, we must first make clear the scientific meaning of operational risk and the means and methods of risk control. Modern bank risk management theory gives a clear definition of operational risk, that is, operational risk refers to the danger of direct and indirect losses caused by internal processes, personnel behavior and system misconduct or failure, as well as external events. Operational risk mainly comes from internal control and external events, including personnel risk, system and process risk, technology risk and operational strategy risk. The prevention of bank operational risk mainly depends on perfect internal control, which is the main means to effectively implement bank operational risk management. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision 1997 put forward in the Core Principles of Effective Banking Supervision: "The most important operational risk lies in the failure of internal control and corporate governance mechanism". According to the Definition of Internal Control of Commercial Banks issued by the People's Bank of China in September 2002, internal control of commercial banks is a dynamic process and mechanism for commercial banks to prevent, control, post supervision and correct risks in advance by formulating and implementing a series of systems, procedures and methods. Similar to other domestic commercial banks, Jinzhou Commercial Bank paid attention to the expansion of assets and the improvement of market share in the early days of its establishment, in order to gain a place in the regional banking market and complete its initial survival and development needs. At this stage of development, banks' risk awareness is still in its infancy. Although all managers and employees can realize the importance of risk, there is a lack of effective means and scientific methods to control risk in the system. With the increasingly fierce competition and the deepening of bank risk supervision requirements, the management deeply recognizes the need to form a corporate culture of risk control, establish a scientific risk management and internal control system, and combine advanced risk control means and methods with the bank's own operating characteristics to achieve "practicality, effectiveness and practicality", thus comprehensively improving the bank's risk management level. Jinzhou Commercial Bank introduced scientific bank operational risk management concepts by implementing risk management and internal control projects, and strengthened the training of internal control and operational risk management concepts and methods for management and employees. Within the bank, risk management should be changed from profound theory to the conscious awareness and behavior of all bank employees, so that all bank employees from top managers to grass-roots employees can accurately understand the content and meaning of internal control and operational risks, and clearly understand the relevance of internal control and operational risks to each employee. Through training, employees have further clarified the control methods and means of different post risks, so as to control risks reasonably and effectively. While strengthening the publicity and training of the concept of internal control and operational risk, the project team redesigned the original performance appraisal and salary system, and integrated comprehensive risk management including operational risk management into it, making internal control and risk management not only the requirements of employees' daily work, but also the cost factors to measure the performance of the department, which directly affected the results of departmental operational efficiency assessment, and then formed an incentive mechanism for managers and employees' risk management. Through pre-training, in-process supervision and post-evaluation, the concept of bank internal control risk management has been deeply implemented in every employee. I believe that through a period of implementation, a good corporate culture atmosphere of internal control risk management will be formed. The second is to further improve the organizational structure and post responsibility system of risk control. Perfect organizational structure is the organizational guarantee to ensure internal control and risk management. Scientific post responsibility design can ensure that each employee has a clear division of responsibilities and interests in internal control and risk management, and then ensure the effective implementation of the division of labor through reasonable performance appraisal and incentive mechanism design. Combining the scientific ideas and best practices of internal control and risk management, the project team reformed the organizational structure and redesigned the post responsibilities. A good corporate governance structure is the basis and premise for commercial banks to establish an effective risk management system. Jinzhou Commercial Bank pays attention to strengthening bank governance, strengthening the functions of shareholders' meeting and board of directors, and improving the awareness of internal control and risk management from the source. In this project, the functions of the board of directors and committees have been further strengthened to ensure that the board of directors ..... >; & gt

Question 2: How to prevent bank credit risks Generally speaking, there will be risks in loan business, which means that risks are always everywhere. Credit risk mainly includes operational risk and market risk. At present, the main risks of small postal savings loans should be moral hazard and operational risk.

Specific preventive measures can't be finished in one or two sentences. There are many internal documents and regulations in this regard. You can consult the credit department.

Question 3: Measures to prevent bank credit risks In order to prevent bank credit risks, the following countermeasures are suggested: 1. Strengthen credit education and advocate the supremacy of credit. Cultivate citizens' credit awareness and strengthen the moral education of honesty and trustworthiness in the whole society. Cultivate enterprises' credit awareness and make them realize that good credit is the most important intangible asset. Cultivate the credit consciousness of * * * and its economic management and judicial departments, and make them realize that social credit is the guarantee for establishing a standardized economic order. 2. Strengthen policy guidance and purify the credit environment. Carry out the credit publicity system and comprehensively control the behavior of destroying bank credit. Often organize the publication of a number of enterprise credit ratings in the news media, so that honest and trustworthy enterprises can get more and better financial services and support; Expose untrustworthy enterprises and be subject to joint sanctions. 3. Establish a credit record system to prevent banks from straying into the "credit trap". Commercial banks should learn from the experience of western developed countries in building credit record system, operate in a market-oriented way, set up specialized companies to handle bank credit information, carry out joint credit investigation business, obtain comprehensive information on enterprise production and operation, honesty and trustworthiness from enterprises, banks, taxation and other departments in an all-round way, form customer credit investigation reports, and establish a public information platform for enterprise credit. 4. Straighten out the property right relationship and define the subject of bank credit relationship. So that state-owned enterprises and state-owned banks can truly become the main bodies of market economy with perfect governance structure, sound operation mechanism, clear business objectives and clear property rights relations, thus truly laying the foundation for bank credit transactions and enabling the transferee of credit transactions to have clear property rights boundaries and independently assume corresponding responsibilities.

Question 4: How do banks guard against loan risks? The measures taken by banks to guard against the credit crisis mainly include: strengthening the internal management of commercial banks, adhering to the established business direction and improving the management ability. Details are as follows:

1, and further improve the separation system of loan and trial. To improve the separation system of loan and audit, we should mainly start from the following two aspects: first, formulate the principles and standards of examination and approval to improve the efficiency of credit examination and approval; The second is to establish a good examination and approval organization model and determine suitable candidates. Therefore, it is necessary to separate and cooperate with the examination and loan, and improve the scientific and standardized examination and approval system as soon as possible.

2. Establish a credit risk early warning mechanism. The establishment of credit risk early warning system should mainly consider the following aspects:

① Establish the organization and management system of credit risk early warning.

② Establish a complete and continuous risk early warning database.

③ Improve the methods and measurement models of risk early warning, and pay attention to cultivating high-quality talents engaged in risk early warning.

3. Establish a credit withdrawal mechanism. For some sunset industries, commercial banks must strictly control the increment of loans, timely compress loans, and gradually withdraw loans from these enterprises. However, due to the influence of external environment, there will be some difficulties in loan withdrawal, which requires commercial banks to accurately grasp economic information and finally establish an effective credit withdrawal mechanism.

4. Strengthen post-loan management and whole process control. As far as a specific loan project is concerned, the time from the construction and operation of the project after the loan to the completion of the loan repayment is much longer than the time for the loan decision. Post-lending management is very important to protect the interests of banks and achieve management objectives.

Question 5: How to guard against the significance of bank credit risk? With the gradual improvement of market economy and the deepening of financial system reform, the pace of transition from state-owned specialized banks to state-owned commercial banks is getting faster and faster, thus exposing the financial problems accumulated over the years and making the potential financial risks increasingly superficial. Therefore, preventing and resolving financial risks is an urgent problem faced by state-owned commercial banks, which must be paid enough attention and effective measures should be taken as soon as possible. I. Causes of Credit Risk 1. Centralized reflection of historical problems accumulated for a long time. In the past, under the planned economy system, banks operated and managed at different levels. As a state-owned commercial bank, administrative decision-making under the planned economy system has been transformed into scientific decision-making under the market economy conditions. In this process, the latent credit problems under the old system gradually emerged in two aspects: first, the enterprise risks were hidden for a long time, exposed after accumulation, and non-performing loans were concentrated. Due to historical reasons, banks have established close relations with state-owned enterprises. Most of the funds of enterprises come from banks, and most of the assets of banks are also loans to enterprises. The two are as close as lips and teeth, and have a life-and-death relationship. Under the planned economy system, enterprises carry out production and business activities according to the national plan, with the main purpose of completing the planned tasks. The products produced are uniformly allocated by the state and are not sold to the outside world. Operating losses are made up by the state, and enterprises do not need to bear them themselves. At this point, the business risk of the enterprise has not yet been formed or exposed. The corresponding bank loan has no risk or less risk. However, with the deepening of reform, market regulation has replaced planned management, and enterprises have the right to operate independently and bear the responsibility of self-financing. As a result, the problem of long-term accumulation of enterprises began to be exposed. As a result, non-performing loans began to appear, and the business risk of enterprises shifted to the credit risk of banks. Especially in the process of changing the operating mechanism of state-owned enterprises, a large number of personnel burdens, debt burdens and social burdens left over from history are left behind in the old enterprises, so that a large number of bank loans were suspended before the original restructuring. Therefore, the current problem of bank loan quality is largely the result of long-term hidden and accumulated business risks. Second, banks used to issue a lot of policy loans, but now they have basically become non-performing loans. Before the promulgation of the Law on Commercial Banks, the status of state-owned commercial banks as enterprise legal persons had not been established, and the right of independent management had not been implemented. Many policy loans are issued under the intervention of local administration. Especially before the establishment of national policy banks, commercial banks have undertaken a considerable number of policy loans, which are distributed to single-family enterprises and single projects after coordination by banks. Most of these loans are risky. At present, a considerable number of loan quality problems are caused by policy factors. Second, it is closely related to the excessive debt and poor efficiency of state-owned enterprises. Under the planned economy system, the fixed assets investment and a considerable part of working capital of state-owned enterprises depend on the state financial allocation. By the mid-1980s, after the implementation of the "change from appropriation to loan", the capital of enterprises was basically not increased, and the sources of funds for reproduction of enterprises were expanded, from financial allocation to bank loans. With the continuous expansion of production scale, the capital occupation is gradually increasing. However, the depreciation rate of state-owned enterprises is generally low, the self-accumulation is insufficient, the asset-liability ratio is getting higher and higher, and the dependence on bank loans is getting stronger and stronger. They rely on a lot of bank loans to maintain their production and operation. Especially in recent years, China's economic development is difficult, and the reform of state-owned enterprises is difficult. Most state-owned enterprises are losing money and their operating conditions are not good. The main part of the liabilities of these enterprises is bank loans, which have been occupied by short-term loans for a long time. The financial strength is seriously insufficient, the capital turnover is ineffective, and the ability to resist risks is very low. When the market changes slightly and marketing is difficult, the capital flow is immediately blocked, and the solvency is greatly reduced, which directly affects the security of bank loan funds. In this case, corporate risks will inevitably be passed on to banks to a considerable extent. Even for a few enterprises with good benefits, due to the high asset-liability ratio and heavy interest burden, it is difficult to recover the loan when it expires. Enterprises can pay the loan interest on time, but banks keep granting extensions, and the problem of loan quality has not been exposed. Once the bank stops renewing loans, non-performing loans are immediately exposed. This is an important factor affecting the quality of loans. Third, it has something to do with the way banks operate and manage. Mainly manifested in: First, put efficiency first in operation, while ignoring safety. The Law on Commercial Banks stipulates that "commercial banks should take efficiency, safety and liquidity as their operating principles". Putting efficiency in the first place and safety in the second place will have a certain impact on the operation of banks. & gt

Question 6: How to prevent and control the credit risk of banks? This problem can be written directly in a paper.

Go straight to the library search.

Question 7: How do banks deal with risks? Commercial banks are high-debt and high-risk industries based on credit and mainly engaged in currency lending and settlement business. The operating characteristics of commercial banks and their key position and role in a country's national economy lead to the characteristics of concealment and diffusion of bank operating risks. Once the operational risk of a bank is converted into actual loss, it may not only lead to the bankruptcy of the bank, but also have a domino effect on the whole national economy. Therefore, it is more important for commercial banks to establish an effective risk prevention and control mechanism.

China's state-owned specialized banks have completed the transition process to state-owned commercial banks, and the market-oriented components of their operations have increased, while the administrative color has faded. Especially in the current global economic integration, the frequent occurrence of international financial crisis and the impact of international banking after China's entry into WTO require state-owned commercial banks to face up to operational risks and improve their risk identification and control capabilities as soon as possible. At present, China lacks a perfect social credit system, the property right system of commercial banks is unclear, the advanced scientific management mechanism has not yet been formed, and the cost of economic system transition has been passed on, which leads to a big gap between the risk management level of state-owned commercial banks in China and the international advanced risk management level, and there is also a big deviation in understanding.

In order to establish an effective risk prevention and management mechanism, we must first establish an advanced concept of bank risk management. The task of risk management is to find the risk points of business process, measure the risk degree of business, and create benefits from risk management while overcoming risks. Secondly, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive risk management method, and bring credit risk, market risk and various other risks, as well as various financial assets and other asset combinations including these risks, as well as various business units undertaking these risks into a unified system, measure and sum all kinds of risks according to unified standards, and control and manage risks according to the relevance of various businesses. Third, improve the risk management system. It should be adjusted from three levels: (1) It should adapt to the changes in the ownership structure of commercial banks and gradually establish the risk management organizational structure under the management of the board of directors. (2) At the implementation level of risk management, we should change the administrative management mode, gradually realize the horizontal extension and vertical management of risk management, and realize the flattening of management process on the basis of matrix management. (3) Change the traditional internal management mode of commercial banks, realize a management system centered on business processes, and constantly explore a risk management system centered on strategic business entities. It is necessary to gradually establish a separate risk management department in the business department, and transfer and implement risk management policies among departments through the risk management department to effectively control the source of business risks. Finally, we should improve the risk management technology. Use advanced risk measurement and management techniques, such as internal rating method and portfolio management.

The management of specific risks should start from the following aspects:

First, the prevention of credit risk.

Credit assets account for a large proportion in the whole asset structure. With the acceleration of interest rate marketization, the spread may become smaller, but it is still the project with the highest income and the main channel for banks to use funds. On the basis of strengthening pre-lending investigation and pre-lending review, the focus of credit risk prevention should be: (1) Using international advanced technology and experience, the internal rating system and risk model of bank credit that meet international standards should be established as soon as possible. Using quantitative methods to accurately price risks can not only improve the efficiency of asset business, but also set different asset prices according to different risk categories of assets, which can not only reduce credit risk, but also improve bank profits and expand market share through product differentiation. (2) Establish a sound internal control mechanism and incentive mechanism, strictly control the process of asset business such as loans, and clarify the relationship between responsibility and income, such as implementing post-loan accountability system and separating loans from audits. (3) Make full use of scientific and technological information means, establish and improve the credit risk monitoring information system as soon as possible, establish the basic customer database and develop the customer tracking system to realize the dynamic management of credit risk. (4) By comparing the opportunity cost of asset investment schemes, we choose the timely exit strategy to achieve the best asset allocation effect. (5) Reduce and control credit risk by using emerging tools and technologies, and establish a scientific performance evaluation system. Loan securitization and credit derivatives are mainly used to recover bonds in advance, transfer credit risks, and establish a performance appraisal system to realize risk portfolio management.

Second, guard against interest rate risk and liquidity risk.

1. Establish a sound internal risk management mechanism. The perfection of risk management mechanism is mainly to innovate the fund management system and change the long-standing ...

Question 8: What are the credit risk prevention measures of China's commercial banks? The first point for commercial banks to guard against credit risk is to minimize the relevant situation. This is a related treatment that should be done well in advance, which is very important and cannot be ignored. Doing it well in advance can reduce many credit risks.

In advance, it is very important for commercial banks to make relevant investigations and investigate the credit situation of lenders. Try not to lend money to creditors with poor credit, otherwise it will increase the credit risk of banks. This must be clear.

Secondly, commercial banks should strengthen the supervision of property to prevent credit risks. It is impossible to sit back and relax after the loan is completed. We must strengthen supervision over creditors. This is necessary.

Supervision is to prevent the occurrence of moral hazard, and it does have a certain effect. This will reduce the credit risk of banks. There are many ways of supervision, and it is necessary to keep abreast of the dynamics of lenders.

It must be clear that some credit risks will occur, so we should make relevant preparations in advance, and certain preparations can reduce the damage of credit risks to our banks. It is necessary to establish a good risk prevention system.

How to guard against the credit risk of China's commercial banks is an eternal topic that cannot be ignored. Strengthening self-supervision is the key.

Question 9: The importance of bank risk management is well known. At present, the credit risk of commercial banks mainly comes from three aspects: first, credit risk. That is, the possibility of losses caused by the debtor's failure to repay on time for various reasons. The second is market risk. That is, the position suffers losses due to market price changes, including interest rate risk, exchange rate risk and price risk. The third is operational risk. That is, the risks brought by imperfect internal management procedures and irregular internal operating procedures. Credit risk is the most common and brings the biggest loss to commercial banks. Operational risk is mainly caused by the wide range of banks, different management levels and strictness, and it is also a relatively easy risk. The market risk is mainly due to the fact that China's exchange rate and interest rate management have not been fully liberalized, and the losses caused in this respect are relatively small.

From the process and practice of joint-stock reform of commercial banks, under the fierce competitive environment and ever-changing market conditions, if the credit risk management system is not perfect, the implementation is not in place and the work is not strong enough, these three risks will cause huge economic losses to commercial banks, and even lead to the closure and bankruptcy of commercial banks. Due to historical background and objective reasons, the credit risk management of commercial banks in China has always been a weak link, which is manifested in the mismatch between scale expansion and asset strength, the mismatch between business development and risk management quality, and the imperfect incentive and restraint mechanism. Therefore, commercial banks must start from the following five aspects in order to carry out effective risk early warning, monitoring, management, control, prevention and resolution.

First, build three lines of defense for risk management and form the whole process of credit risk management.

According to the principle of separation of internal setting and loan examination of commercial banks, there are three lines of defense: account manager, risk manager and internal control audit. The account manager is responsible for the management and maintenance of marketing and customer relations, sorting out and analyzing marketing projects and customer background information, and putting forward preliminary opinions; Without contacting the customer, the risk manager independently reviews the customer's subject qualification, financing background, project feasibility, legal compliance, contract integrity, collateral property value and other aspects according to the written materials provided by the customer manager, forms an objective and independent written opinion, reveals and predicts the risk degree, and puts forward measures and countermeasures to reduce credit risk; Internal control audit is mainly responsible for checking and supervising whether the work of account managers and risk managers in a certain period conforms to laws and regulations, and whether the whole operation and management process has achieved the expected goals without being affected by policy factors. If risks are found or major mistakes and losses occur, relevant departments or responsible persons will be punished accordingly in accordance with relevant regulations. The above three lines of defense clearly divide the responsibilities between the three departments, posts and foundations, forming a situation of separation of responsibilities, relative independence and mutual restraint. [ 1]

Second, lay the three foundations of risk management and form a credit risk management culture for all employees.

First, make certain investments, improve the scientific and technological content and technical level, form a database of a certain scale, constantly improve the econometric analysis model of credit risk, market risk and operational risk, establish and improve the risk indicator identification system, early warning system and monitoring system, and improve the processing capacity of all kinds of information. The second is to build a high-quality professional team of risk management. Credit risk management is a professional job, and the system, measures, strength and the whole operation mechanism of risk management must be implemented by people. Therefore, training and bringing up a large number of risk management professionals is the basic requirement of risk management. The third is to establish an effective restraint and incentive system. Make all business departments, down to all account managers, understand the cost of capital, expense and risk, so that when dealing with various businesses, they can consciously handle the relationship between income and cost, the relationship between market and risk, and ensure the healthy and orderly development of various businesses.

Third, build three-level risk management and form a brand-new vertical management method of credit risk.

In order to realize the long-term mechanism of credit risk management, it is necessary to change the existing fragmented management mode of commercial banks, establish a professional vertical management level of head office risk management department, branch risk management department and branch risk management department, and improve and strengthen the implementation of risk policies. The Risk Management Department of the Head Office is mainly responsible for strategic decision-making of risk management, formulating and modifying risk management rules and regulations and business processes, establishing effective risk identification, early warning, measurement, monitoring and control systems, determining the risk level that banks can bear, and conducting performance appraisal on the heads of branches and risk management institutions. & gt

Question 10: How do banks guard against the risk of credit card cases? In recent years, with the perfection and maturity of the modern payment system, the credit card business of banking financial institutions has been developing continuously, and the credit card issuance and consumption of card issuers have increased substantially. While facilitating the daily non-cash settlement of Chinese people, all kinds of cases of illegal cash withdrawal by credit cards are also on the rise. At present, due to the simple application procedures and low threshold of credit card, especially the large credit line of credit card, there is a minimum interest-free period of 25 days and a maximum interest-bearing period of 56 days. Compared with the current micro-credit loan, it is difficult to apply, the interest is high, and the cost of credit card cashing is very low, which provides favorable conditions for the breeding and spread of illegal credit card cashing.

Therefore, the prevention and control of credit card cashing behavior should start from many aspects and take effective measures to prevent it.

Strengthen the supervision of issuing banks. Strengthen credit card issuance, review and post-maintenance management. All card issuers should, in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory authorities, cancel the practice of simply taking the amount of cards issued as the assessment index, strictly manage and constrain the marketing activities of the credit card direct sales teams of banks, strictly implement relevant regulations, and strengthen the management of credit card issuance, review and post-maintenance.

Strengthen the supervision and management of credit card marketers. Standardize the credit card marketing assessment mechanism and correct unfair competition. Strictly supervise credit card marketers to prevent marketers from relaxing the verification of cardholders and even assisting in fraud in pursuit of business volume.

Strengthen customer information management. The issuing bank shall track the changes of the cardholder's important information, comprehensively monitor the cardholder's use of the card, timely check the suspicious transactions, and take necessary measures for the confirmed withdrawal, such as stopping payment and reducing the credit limit. , control risks, and promptly notify relevant departments for joint treatment.

Strengthen the supervision of special merchants and third-party payment service providers. Standardize the management of special merchants. China UnionPay and acquiring banks should strengthen the management of various special merchants, continuously monitor and regularly check, and prevent and control cases such as large cash withdrawals and credit card fraud. At the same time, the agreement should make it clear that the special merchant shall not assist the cardholder to cash out and the relevant liability for breach of contract. According to the scale and business type of special merchants, the warning line is set for the amount of single credit card and the total amount of POS transactions of special merchants. Once the warning line is triggered, it is necessary to focus on real-time monitoring. If problems are found, corresponding control measures should be taken immediately, and the special merchants who have been confirmed to cash out should be included in the "blacklist" in time.

Strengthen cooperation with tax authorities. Conduct matching analysis between POS transaction and tax payment of special merchants. If the total transaction amount of POS machine is seriously inconsistent with the tax payment amount, it needs to be monitored and verified. At the same time, strengthen the management of refund behavior of special merchants. The acquirer and the special merchant should make it clear in the cooperation agreement that the refund should be returned to the credit card account for the consumer return paid by the credit card.

Increase the joint crackdown on credit card cashing. Carry out special rectification activities in due course. It is a systematic project to rectify the problem of credit card cashing, which should be managed internally by banking financial institutions and industry organizations with the support of the People's Bank of China, the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the public security organs to form a cooperative mechanism. Financial supervision departments should regularly carry out special rectification actions in the credit card market.

Strengthen media supervision. The People's Bank of China and relevant departments should cooperate with each other to clean up and investigate the advertising information on print media and online media. In recent years, there have been some advertisements in some areas of our country, such as "cash service for credit cards", "cash service for financial companies", "double cash withdrawal for credit cards" and "no worries about credit card repayment". In fact, enterprises or individuals help cardholders to convert the overdraft limit of credit cards into cash.

Vigorously carry out missionary activities Financial institutions should carry out extensive publicity and education activities to let all sectors of society know about credit cards and use them correctly to avoid losses caused by improper use. At the same time, we can also establish a reward mechanism for reporting cash-out cases, that is, announce the cash-out report telephone number and e-mail address to the public through news media and enterprise websites, guide the masses to report actively, and reward those who report meritorious deeds, so as to improve the efficiency of investigating cash-out cases.

Accelerate the improvement of the personal credit information system. At present, China still lacks a complete personal credit information system, and the issuing banks are scattered. The same applicant can apply for a credit card in multiple banks, and the credit limit enjoyed by the cardholder may greatly exceed his repayment ability, which is prone to credit card cashing cases. Therefore, we should establish and improve the credit card information sharing mechanism with personal credit information system as the main body, and set the total personal credit limit, so as to facilitate the inquiry and verification of the issuing bank and prevent the same customer from handling the card repeatedly.

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