Zhu's life resume Zhu (1130.9.15-1200.4.23) is known as Zhu Wengong. Originally from Wuyuan County, Huizhou Prefecture (now Wuyuan, Jiangxi Province), he was born in Youxi, Nanjian Prefecture (now Youxi County, Fujian Province). Famous Neo-Confucianist, thinker, philosopher, educator, poet, representative of Fujian School, master of Confucianism, Buddha named Zhu Xi. Zhu is the only person who is not a disciple handed down by Confucius, but likes to visit the Confucius Temple. He ranks among the twelve philosophers in Dacheng Hall and is worshipped by Confucianism. Zhu is a student, a disciple of Cheng Er (Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi), and he is also called a school with Cheng Er. Zhu's Neo-Confucianism had a great influence on the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties and became the official philosophy of the three generations. He is another person after Confucius in the educational history of China.
/kloc-at the age of 0/9, Zhu took the Jinshi exam. He once served as Governor of Nankang, Jiangxi, Governor of Zhangzhou, Fujian and Governor of East Zhejiang. He is an honest official and promotes the construction of academies. This official worships Huan's attendance system and gives lectures to the emperor.
Zhu Zhu is the author of Notes on Four Books and Sentences, Notes on Taiji, Notes on General Books, Readings of Zhouyi, Notes on Chu Ci, etc. Later generations compiled Zhuzi Daquan and Zhuzi Xiang. Among them, "Notes to Four Books and Chapters" became the standard of textbooks and imperial examinations.
Characters have been learning to be young all their lives.
In the fourth year of Song Jianyan (1 130), Zhu was born in Zhengfu (now Nanxi Academy) in Shuinan, Youxi County. When Zhu was born, there were seven moles in the right corner of his eye, arranged like Beidou.
In the fifth year of Shaoxing in Song Dynasty (1 135), Zhu started primary school at the age of five, and he was already able to read the Book of Filial Piety. He wrote an inscription in the book: "If not, he is not an adult." At the age of six, Zhu played with a group of children and drew gossip on the sandbar in front of the Zheng family. Ask your father about the sun and the sky.
In the seventh year of Shaoxing (1 137), Zhu Song was called to Beijing. Before he went to the capital, he sent his wife and Zhu to live in Pucheng, Jianzhou.
In the 13th year of Shaoxing (1 143), Zhu Song died in Jian 'ou. Before he died, he entrusted Zhu to his fifth husband's friend in Chong 'an (now Wuyishan City) (Zhu's adoptive father) and wrote letters to his fifth husband's (Pingshan), Liu Mianzhi (Baishui) and Hu Xian (Jixi). Zhu was regarded as his own, and the Zhu family was placed in the building next to his home, named Ziyang Building.
In the seventeenth year of Shaoxing (1 147), Zhu 18 years old, was admitted as a graduate student after having obtained the provincial examination in Jianzhou.
In the spring of the eighteenth year of Shaoxing (1 148), Liu Mianzhi betrothed his daughter Liu Qingsi to Zhu. In March of the same year, Zhu entered the imperial examination in the capital, ranking ninetieth in the fifth place in Wang Zuobang, and was awarded the same background as a scholar.
Primary occupation
In the twenty-first year of Shaoxing (1 15 1), Zhu was admitted to the second grade in the secondary school again, and was awarded the master book of Zuo Di Gong Lang and Tongan County in Quanzhou.
In the summer of the 23rd year of Shaoxing (1 153), Zhu studied under Yanping on his way to Tongan. In autumn and July, Zhu went to Tongan. Manage county affairs with the method of "respecting etiquette and justice, being lenient with customs, breaking official traitors and helping the people", resolve the struggle between Tongan and Jinjiang counties, rectify county schools, advocate the construction of "teaching and thinking hall", advocate the construction of "classics and history hall" in Dacheng Hall of Confucian Temple, and advocate reducing the money paid by the general manager.
In the twenty-seventh year of Shaoxing (1 157), Zhu Renman returned to China.
In the 28th year of Shaoxing (1 158), Zhu has realized that "the world trend of jumping from Buddha to immortal will corrupt people's hearts, dissipate national strength and hinder national rejuvenation", and he intends to embark on the road of seeking a teacher again, determined to worship him, and inherited the orthodoxy of "Luo Xue" preached by Cheng Er, which laid the foundation for Zhu's later theory. A four-character plaque inscribed "Flying a kite and jumping fish".
When Zhu returned to Tongan, he did not seek official advancement, but mainly engaged in education and writing activities. In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), Song Xiaozong acceded to the throne to solicit opinions from his subjects. Yin Zhu wrote a letter to protect the throne, advocating against peace and war, against Buddhism and Confucianism, and elaborated Chen's opinions on giving lectures and understanding Taoism in Renxian County. In October of the first year of Longxing (1 163), Zhu Zhaozhi played three essays in front of the public temple: one was Sincere, Learning from Buddhism and Opposing the Heresy of the Old Buddha, the other was Revenge Abroad, Opposing Peace Talks, and the third was How to conduct internal affairs and oppose cherishing faith. At that time, however, Downs retired from the background and advocated peace talks. Zhu's anti-gold proposition was not adopted. In November, the imperial court appointed Zhu as a doctor of imperial academy martial arts. Zhu Xiang resigned and asked the shrine to return Chong 'an.
In August of the third year of Southern Song Dynasty (1 167), accompanied by Lin Zezhi and Fan Niande, Zhu visited Zhang Wei, a representative of Huxiang School in Tanzhou (now Changsha). Dong Guiluan's Draft is finished.
In the fourth year of the Avenue (1 168), a flood occurred in Chong 'an. Zhu Li advised the Hao people to send Tibetan millet to relieve hunger, and borrowed 620 grains from the court to distribute to the people, so that the people would not starve to death.
In Five Years on the Avenue (1 169), Zhu realized the mistake of "neutralizing the old theory", reread the works of Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi with the ideas of "respecting" and "cultivating", and created a new theory of "neutralizing" from a new angle. This is an epoch-making and far-reaching event in academic history, which marks the maturity of Zhu's philosophical thought.
Cold spring works
In September (1 169), Zhu's mother died. Where is Zhu Xijian? The cold spring pavilion guarded the mother's grave and began a six-year cold spring writing period.
In May of the seventh year of the Avenue (1 17 1), in order to fundamentally solve the livelihood problem of the people in the disaster year, a "social warehouse" was established in Five Blessingg. This practice can alleviate the difficulties of the poor, ease social contradictions and reduce the administrative pressure of the court, which has been followed by many places. In November, Zhu returned to Youxi to talk with the magistrate of a county and his friend Shi Zi about studying in the county. Accompanied by Shi Zizhong, he visited the former site of Zhai Wei, where his father Zhu Songren was the residence of Wei Shiyan in Youxi County, and wrote the words "Old Governance of Zhai Wei" on a stone to reveal the list.
In the ninth year of Daodao (1 173), the Record of Rebuilding Youxi Temple was written, and the plaque made by the calligraphy "Mingluntang" was hung in the main hall of Gong Xue, Youxi County. Since then, all the plaques in the world have been hung at this moment.
In the second year of Xichun in Song Dynasty (1 175), in the first month? I visited Zhu from Dongyang, Zhejiang, and lived in the cold spring pavilion for a month and a half, where I compiled a recent ideological record, which was called "the meeting of cold springs". In May, Lv Zuqian was sent to Ehu Temple in Xinzhou (now? Goose Lake Academy), Lu Jiuling, Lu Jiuyuan and Liu Qingzhi all came to the meeting, which was called "the meeting of Goose Lake" in history. The direct motivation of the E-Lake Conference is to take this opportunity to reconcile the contradiction between Zhu and Lu theories. Academically, Zhu believes that mind and reason are two different concepts, reason is noumenon and mind is the subject of cognition. Erlu advocates that mind and reason are the same thing, and insists on the unity of subject and object. Zhu and Lu brothers debated and lectured for ten days. Although the Goose Lake Conference did not achieve the goal of unifying the thoughts of both sides, it made them have a better understanding of each other's thoughts and differences, and also prompted them to reflect on their own thoughts consciously or unconsciously.
Rebuilding college
In the fifth year of Xichun (1 178), Song Xiaozong was appointed as the director of Zhu Xizhi's Nankang Army to persuade farmers. In March of the sixth year, Zhu took office. After Zhu took office, he began to build water conservancy projects to fight disasters and save the famine, and begged for tax exemption in the county to enable the victims to live. /kloc-in October, when Zhu Xihang visited the pond, he found it under the guidance of the woodcutter? Bailudong academy former site. With Zhu's vigorous advocacy, Bailudong Academy was quickly restored in March of seven years. During the period of Nankang Army, Zhu spared no effort to Bailudong Academy. He once served as a cave owner, asked famous teachers to enrich books, and asked the emperor to give imperial books. It also set up a school field to help poor students, and personally formulated the study rules, namely the famous Bailudong Academy Code. The canon of Bailudong Academy is one of the earliest educational rules and regulations in the history of world education. It clearly expounds and stipulates the educational purpose, training outline, learning procedure and the principles of self-cultivation and self-management. It not only became the school-running mode of China feudal society for more than 700 years, but also attracted the attention of the world education circle, and became an important topic for educators at home and abroad to study the education system.
In February of the eighth year of Xichun (1 18 1), Lu Jiuyuan came to Nankang to visit Zhu and give lectures at Bailudong Academy. In August, there was a famine in eastern Zhejiang. Due to Zhu's meritorious service in saving the famine in Nankang, the Prime Minister recommended Zhu for disaster relief and promoted the tea and salt business in Changping, East Zhejiang. In order to rescue the victims, Zhu quickly took several effective measures. Zhu was jealous of Tang in Taizhou because he knew that Tang was illegal before playing in eastern Zhejiang. He left home after only nine months in office. Zhu played the role of Tang illegally six times, pointing to the fact that he colluded with Tang. Under pressure, Tang was relieved of his new post in Jiangxi. In the process of impeaching Tang Dynasty, he showed Zhu's lofty integrity and integrity.
Study hard, study hard
In the ninth year (1 182), when Zhu was 52 years old, four books were published together, and their names appeared for the first time in the history of Confucian classics. After that, Zhu was still trying to revise the notes of four books, and the day before his death, Zhu was still revising the chapters of the university. Zhu regarded "Four Books" as the criterion of feudal scholars' self-cultivation, which constituted a complete system of Zhu Neo-Confucianism. From the Yuan Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the four-book notes were favored by feudal dynasties for a long time. As the foundation of governing the country and the norm of people's thought and behavior, it became the standard textbook of feudal imperial examination. In the tenth year of Xichun (1 183), Zhu founded Wuyi Jingshe at the foot of Jiuqu River in Wuyishan. He devoted himself to writing books, collecting disciples and gathering people to give lectures. In the twelfth year of Xi Chun, Zhu went to Zhejiang to argue with him about righteousness and benefit and oppose Zhejiang learning.
In the 15th year of Xichun (1 188), it was published in Shi Feng, Wu Shen. Advocate "right", "choosing ministers" and "inspirational platform". In the sixteenth year of Xichun (1 189), Zhu was ordered to know the state. Shao Xiyuan (1 190), Zhu, aged 6 1, went to Zhangzhou to take up his post. All Zhu's administrative reforms in Zhangzhou are mainly reflected in officialdom, which is the soul of all his reforms. At that time, the wind of local land annexation prevailed, and bureaucratic landlords annexed farmers' cultivated land by relying on the situation. However, local governments did not distribute tax to landlords, which led to "uneven land tax" and more severe exploitation of landless farmers, which led to intensified class contradictions. To this end, Zhu proposed to "cross the border", that is, to verify land and pay taxes everywhere. This proposal is bound to reduce the burden on farmers, but it harms the interests of big landlords, so it is strongly opposed by the latter, and the "economic boundary" has finally failed to be implemented. In the second year of (1 19 1), Zhu Shu, Zhu's eldest son, died. After hearing the bad news, Zhu had to treat his son's funeral. In May, the capital was moved to Jianyang. The following year, Cheng Fu decided to build the "Bamboo Forest Fine House", which was later renamed as "Cangzhou Fine House", namely "Kaoting Academy" awarded by Chunyou for four years (1244).
In the fifth year of Shao Xi (1 194), the Bolaiya uprising of Yao people in Hunan shook the ruling and opposition parties, and the local situation in Hunan suddenly became tense. Zhu was ordered in a critical situation, except for knowing Tanzhou and Jinghu South Road to appease him, and giving him a purple chapter suit. Zhu has the pride of Taoism and a strong mentality of worrying about the country and the people. He dare not refuse his life and gladly go to his post. In May, I went to Tanzhou. At this time, the Yao people have retreated to the mountains and are trapped in caves. Zhu adopted the policy of appeasement and sent messengers to surrender to Pu Laiyan, the leader of the Yao People's Uprising Army. Because the suppression of Yao Uprising was a joint action of Hubei and Hunan, Zhu's appeal was opposed by Hubei Lin. After Priya was escorted, Wang Lin advocated beheading the police. After Zhu entered Beijing, he had a direct dialogue with Yao people, demanding that they "never lose their great faith". After Zhu was in power, he promoted learning and education, supervised official management and strengthened folk customs. Zhu rebuilt and expanded Yuelu Academy located at the foot of Yuelu Mountain in Changsha, Hunan Province, and personally gave lectures here in his spare time, making Yuelu Academy one of the four major academies in the Southern Song Dynasty.
In five years (1 194), in August, Zhu was appointed as a lecturer except Huan. In September, Zhu played in the palace. The first Zagreb wants Song Ningzong to be sincere, the second Zagreb wants Song Ningzong to study classics and be poor, and the third, fourth and fifth Zagreb talks about Tanzhou's aftermath. 10 14, Zhu taught "University" in a letter, repeatedly emphasizing the eight goals of "respecting things, knowing and doing, being sincere, keeping moral integrity, keeping the family in order, governing the country, and leveling the world", hoping to limit the abuse of monarchical power by rectifying monarchical morality and arouse the dissatisfaction of Han Bozhou, who was in power. Therefore, after only 46 days in North Korea, Zhu was allowed to leave the waiting system and serve as a lecturer.
Back to Jianyang
In November of the fifth year (1 194), Zhu was still living in Kaoting, Jianyang.
In the second year of Song Qingyuan (1 196), the "party ban" officially occurred. Shen Jizu, the suggestion, played Zhu's Ten Deadly Sins by catching the wind and catching shadows, replacing trees with flowers and upside down fabrication. The court dignitaries set off a cruel liquidation of Neo-Confucianism, which was rare in history. They followed the old trick of Yuan You joining the Party in the Northern Song Dynasty and listed 59 forgers. Those listed as party member were punished to varying degrees. Zhu was denounced as a "pseudo-academic leader" and ranked fifth in the blacklist. Some people even suggested that "Zhu should be beheaded and displayed to the public, absolutely pseudo-learning." Zhu was dismissed for the crime of false learning, and Zhu's disciples were exiled and imprisoned, which was a heavy blow.
In the fifth year of the Qing Dynasty (1 199), Zhu was always troubled by various diseases. Zhu, who was banned by the party, finally had a premonition that his death was coming, which made him have an ominous premonition that his time was coming, and he paid more attention to writing.
After the spring of the sixth year of Qingyuan (1200), Zhu suffered from foot disease and his condition deteriorated. Zhu is dying, his left eye is blind, and his right eye is almost completely blind. Zhu, however, stepped up his efforts to sort out the fragments with more vigorous energy. His only wish was to complete all his works in his lifetime so that orthodoxy could succeed him. On the ninth day of March, 7 1 year-old Zhu was in a pool of blood. He died in Qingyuan Party Prohibition Movement. The Taoist believers of Sifang decided to gather in Xinzhou in 1 1 month and hold a large-scale funeral, which frightened the anti-Taoist authorities and bound the ministers. In November, Zhu was buried in Dalin Valley, Huangkeng, Jianyang County, and nearly a thousand people still attended the funeral.
After Zhu's death, posthumous title "Wen Gong" presented Bao Moge with a bachelor's degree and conferred the title of Lord protector.
Allusions are rarely ambitious.
Zhu was born in a Confucian family, and his father Zhu Song attached great importance to Zhu's education. The legend in the History of the Song Dynasty goes like this: "Xi is young and ignorant, but he can speak. His father pointed to heaven and said,' Heaven is also heaven', and Xi said,' What is heaven?' "This legend shows that Zhu was a curious person since he was a child. Because Zhu Song is a Confucian scholar who grew up under the education of Confucianism, his requirements for his son are naturally carried out in accordance with the goal of being a saint in Confucianism. According to the Chronicle of Zhu Zi, at the age of 65,438+00, Zhu began to "learn from sages", and he was obsessed with learning The Great University, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius and Mencius every day. He himself recalled: "When I was ten years old, I read Mencius and liked saints like me." From then on, I decided to be a saint. Later, he taught his students that "mortals should take the responsibility of saints".
Serial clever questions
Zhu was taught by his father since childhood, and he was smart and imaginative. At the age of four, his father Zhu Song pointed to the sun and said, "Today is also." Zhu asked, "what is attached to the sky?" Zhu Song replied: "Connected to the sky?" Zhu asked again, "What is attached to the sky?" Zhu Song, who asked in one sentence, was surprised.
Be honest and observe people's feelings.
11In the autumn of' 67, there was a big flood in Chong 'an, Fujian, and the court sent him to inspect the disaster. He traveled all over the valleys of Chong 'an. During his inspection, Zhu found that "meat eaters are indifferent to the people and it is difficult to make things clear" (Complete Works 10). He said, "If you don't know this, there is absolutely nothing to do in the world" (ibid.). Due to the serious disaster and lack of food, local officials did not seriously provide relief. The following year, there was a riot of hungry people in Chong 'an. At this time, Zhu and Zhuge Tingrui, the magistrate of a county, jointly launched a local tyrant's appeal to save the hungry people with Tibetan millet, and he also asked the court to "welcome 600 yuan for relief", which quelled the riots of the hungry people. Therefore, Zhu came up with a way to establish a "social warehouse" and suggested that it should be widely implemented by the imperial court as a system to solve the problem of farmers' rations when the green and yellow are not connected. He stipulated that the task of "Shecang" was to lend grain to farmers when the crops failed, and the general interest rate was 20%, so as to lend usury from Hao Min. The interest rate can be halved if you are hungry, and interest-free if you are hungry. Of course, the biggest advantage of setting up a social warehouse is that it can prevent farmers from rioting. Therefore, in 1 17 1 year, Zhu launched the "five-husband social warehouse" in his hometown as a pilot, and consulted the court, suggesting that it be implemented nationwide according to its methods. Because this law is unfavorable to bureaucratic landlords and usurers, it has not been widely implemented, and only a few places such as Jianyang in Fujian and Jinhua in Zhejiang have implemented this measure.
On ehu theory
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu Jiuyuan was also a famous figure. Lu Jiuyuan is also 9 years younger than Zhu. Their academic goals are basically the same, but their ways of thinking and understanding are quite different. From the philosophical point of view, Zhu and Lu are two different schools of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty. Because of different views, the two schools have had a long-term debate on academic issues. The debate between Zhu and Lu is mainly through correspondence, and the Goose Lake Conference is an exception.
In the second year (1 175), in order to reconcile the differences between Zhu and Lu, another famous scholar invited four or five brothers, Zhu, Lu Jiuyuan and Lu Jiuling, to get together at the Ehu Temple in Xinzhou (now lead mountain county, Jiangxi province), and the main topic of discussion was "learning from foreigners". This is the famous "Goose Lake Conference" in the academic history of China. Five years later (1 180), Lu Jiuyuan visited Zhu in Bailudong Academy and asked him to write an epitaph for his younger brother Lu Jiuling. They hit it off as soon as they met. They were very friendly and admired each other. Zhu not only accepted Lu's request, but also invited Lu Jiuyuan to the academy to give lectures to teachers and students. Lu also readily agreed that his topic was to explain the chapter of The Analects of Confucius. The audience was deeply moved and left a good impression on teachers and students. This incident shows that although Zhu and Lu have different views, they both have a generous gentleman's demeanor in academic exchanges and attitudes towards people.
Zhang Zhu will speak.
Zhang Wei, the word Jingfu, studied under Hu Hong. He has his own specialty and is called Huxiang School. Zhu has long admired him. Zhu He held the most famous lecture in China's academic and educational history-Zhu Lecture, which was the first such lecture. The discussion between the two men began with the theory of Taiji, and finally tended to be consistent. Zhu and Zhang will give a speech at Yuelu Academy, and thousands of people will come from all over the world to listen. In the lecture hall of Yuelu Academy, Zhu Shoushu was "loyal, filial and frugal" and was later regarded as the school motto by the Academy. Two months after giving lectures in Yuelu, Zhu accompanied Zhang Qian to Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue. During the tour, the endless scenery in front of them affected their poetry from time to time, and they sang while visiting. After a few days, they got a total of 149 poems, which were co-edited as "Nanyue Singing Appreciation Collection". It's 180 miles from Gong Yue to Danzhou. Before leaving, Zhu He discussed controversial issues. They were on the boat day and night, discussing the meaning of the golden mean, and didn't sleep for three days and nights. After Zhu broke up with Zhang Qian, he returned to the East with his disciples Fan Niande and Lin Zezhi, and took turns to change chorus all the way.
According to legend, Zhu Song once asked someone to tell a fortune.
The fortune teller said, "Richness is also expensive. Giving birth to a child is Confucius. " This is a fact, and I am afraid that future generations will attach importance to it. Zhu has become a great scholar. Is there one near Jianyang? Nanjianzhou (today's later Yanping House? Nanping) is the original spreading center of Taoism in the south. Zhu is keen on Taoism and has close contacts with local Taoists. This environment had a profound impact on Zhu's life. Was he studying down there then? The teachings of Dong Li, the "Mr. Nan Jiansan" of Luoxue, initiated Fujian studies and integrated the achievements of Neo-Confucianism, which is called "? Yanping Sixian. " Zhu was taught by his father since childhood and was brilliant. At the age of four, my father pointed to the sky and said, "This is the sky." Zhu asked, "What's in the sky?" His father was frightened. He is diligent in thinking and studying, and he can read "? In the Book of Filial Piety, the inscription says: "If it were not, it would be inhuman. "Zhu's father died when he was ten years old. His father's friends Liu Zi, Liu Mianzi and Hu Xian are all Taoist priests. At that time, some Taoists rejected Buddhism and some were obsessed with learning Buddhism. They all belong to the latter. Therefore, Zhu is not only keen on Taoism, but also interested in Buddhism. In the seventeenth year of Shaoxing (1 147), 18-year-old Zhu took part in rural tribute. It is said that he was admitted with the theory of Buddhism and Zen. Cai Zi, the examiner, also said to people, "In my next life, all three strategies want to handle important matters for the court, and the future will be very special. "
Personal works Zhu Xi has 25 kinds of existing works, more than 600 volumes, and the total number of words is about 20 million words. Mainly "? The original meaning of Zhouyi? Enlightenment, divination mistakes, and? Poetry biography, the doctrine of the mean in college, and? Four books or questions? The Analects of Confucius? Notes on Mencius, Explanations of Taiji Map, Shu Tong, Mingxi, Notes on Chuci, Textual Research on Korean Language, and Textual Research on Different Fingers Contract? Introduction to the golden mean? The publication of "The Book of Filial Piety" is wrong, the primary school books, and? The outline of a mirror? Song Chen Ming's Record of Words and Actions? Family gift ""? "Recent thoughts" and "The suicide note of Henan Cheng"? Lu Yuanyuan office of ILO, etc. 《? One hundred volumes of anthology, eleven volumes of sequels, ten volumes of other episodes, and "? Zhuzi school "one hundred and forty volumes.
Recommended reading: