Early history
Around 10000 BC, people began to live in jutland, and they hunted for a living. From 4200 BC to around 3400 BC, people who settled in this area entered the Neolithic Age, reclaiming land and cultivating agriculture. It entered the bronze age around 400 BC.
Piracy period
Danes are good at sailing and often go south to the Roman Empire to exchange amber and flint for grain and other utensils. They are often businessmen and thieves, who rob at sea in summer. In 793 AD, Danish pirates attacked the British island of Lindisfarne. Since then, Danish pirates have invaded England more and more. Danish pirates occupied London in 87 1 year. In 878, King Alfred the Great of England made peace with Danish pirates, and England was divided equally between the two sides. Danish immigrants established the "Danish area" in the northeast of England. 10 16, King Knut the Great of Denmark captured the whole of England and established the "North Sea Empire" covering most of Norway, England, Scotland and southern Sweden. The empire collapsed on 1042.
Kalmar Union and Foreign War
16th century kalma union
1After the middle of the 2nd century, Valdemar I (reigning1157 ~1182) established a powerful feudal dynasty with absolute monarchy, and occupied Estonia, the area north of the Elbe River and Gotland Island through wars of aggression. 1397, the Kalma Conference was held under the auspices of Queen Margaret I of Denmark (1353 ~ 14 12). Denmark, Sweden and Norway have formed an alliance, and Denmark is in the dominant position. The Kalmar Union lasted 126 years. The former Norwegian territories Greenland and Faroe Islands were handed over to Denmark. During this period, Denmark continued to expand overseas to break the economic rule of Hanseatic League on the Baltic Sea. After a long war, Denmark annexed Schleswig and Holstein. The long war cost Denmark a lot of money, which led to an increase in tax revenue. The annexation of land by wealthy nobles caused peasant riots. /kloc-In the middle of 0/4th century, the Black Death claimed nearly half of the population. In order to quell discontent and unrest, King Christian 1 (reigned from 1448 to1year) convened a four-level meeting in 1468 to seek support. But riots continue, especially in Sweden. Christian II (15 13 to 1523) personally conquered Stockholm, the capital of Sweden, which was occupied by Swedish separatists in 1520, and slaughtered a large number of Swedish nobles who participated in the rebellion, which triggered the Darana uprising. 1523, the Danish army was defeated and Sweden declared its independence. Since then, Denmark has competed with Sweden for control of the Baltic Sea and its surrounding areas for many times, such as 1563 ~ 1570' s Northern Seven-Year War and1~13' s Kalmar War, but all previous wars ended in failure. During the Thirty Years' War, the situation in Denmark was even worse, and all the territory of 1657 was occupied by Sweden. Later, it was defeated by Sweden in the Scania War of 1675 ~ 1679 and the Northern War of 1709 ~ 1720. Due to the weakening of national strength, Denmark avoided being involved in the chaotic disputes on the European continent at that time. Denmark remained neutral or avoided interference in the Seven Years' War, the Anglo-French War (1766 ~ 1783) and the early days of the French Revolution.
Denmark's shipping industry and overseas trade are very developed, and its merchant fleet ranks second in Europe after Britain, with a considerable fleet. /kloc-At the end of 0/6, Denmark established the East India Company, with colonies in the West Indies and Guinea. 1767, Denmark announced that it had formed an "armed neutral alliance" with Russia and Sweden, and was granted immunity during the American War of Independence. During the French Revolution, Denmark was once again neutral, and Britain declared war and launched the Copenhagen War 180 1 (see color map). 1807, the fleet led by horatio nelson was sent to Shell Copenhagen, and the Danish navy was completely annihilated. Denmark turned to support Napoleon I and formed an alliance with France against Britain during the period of 1807 ~ 18 14. After Napoleon's defeat, King Bernardote of Sweden took Norway from Denmark.
The development of capitalism
Years of war have greatly damaged Denmark's economy, especially agriculture. The government had to reform to limit the privileges of landlords and nobles. Denmark changed farmers' compulsory labor system into tenancy system in 1799 and Schleswig and Holstein in 1804, thus ending farmers' personal dependence on landlords since the Middle Ages. In order to alleviate financial difficulties, Denmark sold its colonies in West India and Guinea. It was not until the middle of19th century that the financial situation improved.
Due to the influence of German nationalism and Prussia's direct intervention, Schleswig and Holstein
Danish war
Because of the turbulent situation, an uprising broke out in 1848, demanding to leave Denmark and merge into the German Federation. Denmark fought with these two principalities for nearly three years, and finally won when Prussia stopped marching into Schleswig, and saved these two principalities. 1864, Denmark announced that Schleswig was merged into Denmark and separated from Holstein, so Prussia joined Austria to intervene. After Denmark failed, it signed the Vienna Peace Treaty and ceded Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia and Austria.
Under the influence of the democratic movement in France, Germany and other European countries in 1848, the Danish Constituent Assembly promulgated the constitution, abolished the absolute monarchy, changed it to a constitutional monarchy, and implemented universal suffrage with property restrictions. 1870 the left-wing party representing the interests of the rich peasants was established. 187 1 year, the Danish Social Democratic Party was established, with trade unions all over the country. At the end of 19, Danish industrialization developed rapidly, and shipbuilding, telecommunications and manufacturing industries began to take shape. The village cooperative system in rural areas has been replaced by cooperative system, and agriculture has developed in the direction of specialization and become one of the world's agricultural powers.
During the world war
During the First World War, Denmark carried out the policy of neutrality, and later, at the request of Germany, mined and blocked the waters of the Songde and Bert Strait. After Germany surrendered, Denmark demanded a referendum in Schleswig to solve the ownership problem. 1920, the northern part of Schleswig returned to Denmark by referendum.
1924 Danish social democratic party formed the government for the first time. Faced with the thorny unemployment problem and economic depression, the Social Democratic Party government was forced to resign after two years in power. 1929 during the great recession, the social democratic party won the general election and formed a cabinet with the radical left party. Since then, except for a few short-term failures, the Social Democratic Party has been forming a cabinet alone or jointly until the 1970s. Economically, the Great Depression of 1930s also spread to Denmark, and the unemployment rate reached 40% at 1933. The government devalued the currency to stimulate exports. 1933 and 1934 successively signed agricultural products agreements with Britain and Germany, and agricultural production was adjusted accordingly, alleviating the impact of economic depression.
Before the outbreak of World War II, Denmark did not get involved in disputes on the European continent and accepted the non-aggression treaty proposed by Germany in 1939. However, fascist Germany was treacherous and launched a large-scale attack on April 9 1940, and the Danish government announced its surrender on the same day. 194 1 year, Greenland, Iceland and Faroe Islands were occupied by the US military and lost contact with Denmark. 1944 Iceland became independent and Greenland and Faroe Islands returned to Denmark.
During the Second World War, the Danish people, under the leadership of the Freedom Committee, Land and People, launched a struggle against fascist Germany and their own Nazis in various ways. With the intensification of German rule and search, the scale of struggle is getting bigger and bigger, from small-scale sabotage to large-scale sabotage and general strike. Underground resistance organizations not only operate in Denmark, but also set up an armed force "Danish battalion" consisting of 5,000 people in Sweden. 1On May 4th, 945, the German occupation forces surrendered.
Post-war period
1947 Denmark accepts Marshall plan. Denmark joined the European Economic Cooperation Organization in April 1948, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in April 1949 and Council of Europe in May. 1950 May 1 1 Denmark established diplomatic relations with China. 1953, Denmark revised its constitution again, stipulating that Denmark has a constitutional monarchy and a unicameral parliament. Actively develop Nordic foreign cooperation. 1973 Joining the European Community. The Queen of Denmark is Margrethe II (1972). 1982, P.H. Schroeder was appointed Prime Minister.
Finland
As a country with a long history, Finland has had its own country since 1 1 century. From the founding of Finland to the present, it has gone through nine dynasties until the founding of the Republic of Finland.
Sallvik and Eric Dynasty (1 130- 1250)
Fulkun Dynasty (1250 ——1363)
Mecklenburg dynasty (1363- 1389)
Karma Alliance (1389— 152 1)
Vassar Dynasty (1523- 1654)
Baladin Nat Dynasty (1654- 1720)
Hessian dynasty (1720- 175 1)
Holstein-Gotopp Dynasty (1751-1818)
Romanov-Holstein-Gotopp Dynasty (1809- 19 17)
Republic of Finland (19 19 to present)
Finland is also known as the "country of thousands of lakes". Since Sweden's King Eric IX brought Christianity to Finland in 1 154, the two countries have maintained a very close relationship for 700 years. Swedish has always been the first language of administrative and educational institutions, while Finnish was not valued until the upsurge of Finnish nationalism in the19th century and the publication of the first Finnish national epic Ka Laivaara. 1808, Finland was occupied by the army of Russian czar Alexander I, and Sweden lost the war with Russia. Since then, Finland has been an autonomous principality in the Russian Empire until 19 17. 19 17 12.6 Soon after the Russian Bolshevik Revolution (October Revolution), Finland declared its independence. 19 18 This country experienced a short but unforgettable civil war. During World War II, Finland fought two wars with the Soviet Union: the winter war of 1939 ~ 1940 (in which Sweden provided some assistance to Finland) and the continuous war of 194 1 ~ 1944 (Nazi Germany provided important help to Finland). In the battle of Lapland from 1944 to 1945, Finland drove the Germans out of northern Finland.
1947 and 1948 signed many treaties with the Soviet union, which stipulated Finland's obligations and restrictions on the Soviet union, and Finland also made more territorial concessions on the basis of the 1940 peace treaty. 199 1 After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Finland finally decided its own destiny and joined the European Union in 1995.
On March 8, 2007, 18, the parliamentary election, the Central Party won 5 1 of the 200 seats, the United Party won 50 seats, the Social Democratic Party won 45 seats, the Left Alliance won 17 seats, the Green Alliance won 15 seats, and the Swedish People's Party and the Christian Union won 9 seats respectively. /kloc-in April, 2009, the government with matti vanhanen as Prime Minister was sworn in, which was composed of centrist political parties, the United Party, the Green Alliance and the Swedish People's Party.
Sweden
According to the research of archaeologists, with the gradual melting of inland snow during the ice age, the surrounding areas of Sweden have been inhabited since the Stone Age. They live near the Baltic Sea and mainly make a living by hunting, gathering and fishing.
Traces of trade activities show that in the Bronze Age, the population of southern Sweden was quite dense.
In the 9th century and10th century, Viking culture developed in Sweden, and developed eastward through trade, aggression and colonization, affecting the Baltic Sea, Russia and the Black Sea.
This country began to take shape around 1 100. 1 157 annexed Finland. 1397 formed the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Norway, ruled by Denmark. 1523 independence from the alliance. In the same year, Gustav Vasa was elected king. The period from 1654 to 17 19 was a prosperous period in Sweden, and its territory included Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the Baltic coastal areas of Russia, Poland and Germany.
/kloc-in the 7th century, Sweden became a European power in the Thirty Years' War (16 18~ 1648). 18th century (1700~ 172 1 year) After the Great Northern War, czarist Russia replaced Sweden's position in Europe. 17 18 gradually declined after losing the wars against Russia, Denmark and Poland. 1805 Participated in the Napoleonic Wars. /kloc-After losing to Russia in 0/809, it was forced to cede Finland. 18 14 obtained Norway from Denmark and made an alliance with Norway. Norway became independent from the Federation. Sweden remained neutral in both world wars.
Sweden's modern history is relatively calm. The most recent war was 18 14 with Norway. After the war, the two countries formed an alliance led by Sweden and dissolved in 1905. Sweden remained neutral in both world wars. During the cold war, we did not move closer to the two camps. Sweden is not a member of a military organization, but will participate in NATO military training.
190 1 year, the first nobel prize awarding ceremony was held in Stockholm, Sweden. From 65438 to 0902, the Nobel Prize was awarded by the King of Sweden.
Sweden remained neutral in World War II. However, 1995 renounced neutrality and joined the European Union.
In the 20th century, Sweden remained neutral in the international arena, and its mainland was relatively peaceful and stable. Unlike the United States, Sweden has a capitalist system and a perfect welfare security system, which is characterized by "high wages, high taxes and high welfare". In the 1960s and 1990s, Sweden's economy developed rapidly and people's living standards improved greatly.
Norway
Since the 9th century, Norway has been ruled by many small kingdoms and invasion groups to the islands outside Normandy, Iceland, Greenland, Scotland and Ireland, and the coast of the New World. Norway was finally unified in 12 century, and reached the height of medieval prosperity in 13 century.
Norway
A unified kingdom was formed in the 9th century. In 900, King Holfag unified Norway. During the Viking period of 9- 1 1 century, it expanded outward and reached its peak. 14th century, began to decline. 1397 formed the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden, ruled by Denmark. 18 14, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden in exchange for Western Pomerania. 18 14 may 17 adopted the constitution, stipulating that Norway is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, and designated this day as the national day. 1905 The monarchy was established independently, and Danish Prince Carl was elected king, known as haakon vii. Remain neutral in the first world war. Occupied by fascist Germany in World War II, King Haakon and his government went into exile in Britain. 1945 liberated. Haken VII died in 1957, and his son acceded to the throne, called Olav V.
About 872: According to its national legend, the first unification of its country was the beginning of Norway's semi-trusteeship history.
About 950: Wang Guoli, Norway (Enlightenment), which is the beginning of Norwegian history.
About 970: Norway overlooks Denmark.
995: Norway no longer respects Denmark from afar.
1000: Norway keeps Denmark at a respectful distance.
10 14: Norway ends its long-distance respect for Denmark.
1028: Norway overlooks England-Denmark.
1035: Norway no longer respects distant England-Denmark. Norway opens Xinjiang to Erne Island.
1042: Denmark keeps Norway at a respectful distance.
1047: Denmark no longer respects Norway from a distance.
1 130: The civil war began in 1988.
12 17: The civil war ended in 1988.
126 1 year: Norway opens Xinjiang to Yee Island.
1262: Norway opens Xinjiang to Alan Island.
13 19: Norway keeps Sweden at a respectful distance.
1343: Norway no longer respects Sweden from a distance.
1380: Norway overlooks Denmark.
1397: The kingdom of Norway died first, and the Wang Guoli of Norway and the kingdom of Denmark were respected from afar according to the Kalmar Treaty. Dutch (Danish) became the official language.
1536: With the religious reform in Denmark, it became a Protestant society.
1645: The Kingdom of Denmark ceded its Norwegian state J &；; aumlMtland local，H & amp； AumlRjedalen Square and & aumlRNA place, according to the law "br&; Peace in ouml Msebro. 1658: The Kingdom of Denmark ceded its Norwegian country B&; Aring Hu local, TR &；; Oslash according to the Treaty of Roskilde, Lager place.
1660: The Kingdom of Sweden ceded Tr to the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Norway. Ndelag place, according to the law "k? Treaty of Ben Hafen.
18 14: The Kingdom of Denmark ceded its Norwegian country to the Kingdom of Sweden (F? r？ Erne Island, Gr? Except Holland and Iceland), according to the Kiel Treaty. Watching the death of Denmark, Norway, Wang Guoli and Sweden from a distance.
Norway
1899: Norwegian, which is based on Norwegian town dialect (the local variant of Danish), has replaced Danish as the official language. This is the beginning of Norwegian Today.
1905: Norway no longer respects Sweden from a distance. The kingdom of Norway that respects Sweden from a distance has perished, and now it is Wang Guoli of Norway. The Kingdom of Sweden recognizes the independence of the Kingdom of Norway.
1920, Norway opened its border with Svalbard in accordance with the Svalbard Treaty.
1922, Norway opened Xinjiang to jan mayen.
1927, Norway opens Xinjiang to Bouvet? Yadao.
1929 Norway to Peter 1. s？ Y island
1938, Norway opened Xinjiang to Dronning Maud.
1949: Norway was founded and joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
1958: Norway was founded and merged into the Nordic common border area (including the five Nordic countries).
1960: Norway was established to join the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
196 1 year: According to the Antarctic Treaty, Norway lost the (frozen) Dronning Maud Land.
1980: "New Norwegian", based on the Norwegian rural dialect (that is, the frontier remains of the original Norwegian), has become the standard for the juxtaposition of official languages.
200 1: Norway is incorporated into the European Common Border Area (Schengen District).
Note: Norway is not a member of the European Union (EU). Norway does not use the euro.