Academic circles are mainly responsible for proving the correctness of a kind of understanding in theory (usually mathematical deduction), such as building a building, which directions the foundation needs to bear, and deriving approximate formulas for calculating their respective minimum values. And the industrial engineering field calculates according to the theoretical formula, and then builds a building that meets the design requirements.
Specifically, in computer academia, they study theories related to computer software and hardware, computer information processing and artificial intelligence. Industry is to design or realize computer software and hardware systems or various information processing systems according to theory.
Question 2: Who knows what the academic circles in China have learned? In recent years, corruption in academic circles has reached an alarming level. From academic celebrities, academicians and doctoral supervisors to graduate students and college students, they have quietly deteriorated under the erosion of various corrupt ideas in society. Nowadays, in colleges and universities, students write their homework on * * *, which is either copied in large chunks or downloaded directly from the Internet. Few people are honest enough to write for themselves. College life is just fooling around and getting a diploma. Of course, there are no hard-working students, but once you know that what you have learned may not be used after graduation, even teachers make a living. Hope is slim and disappointment is heavy, and few people are willing to work hard. Playing online games, falling in love and singing KTV have become the mainstream trilogy. However, it is no longer news that the former model professors evaluated professional titles, published papers, fixed posts and graded grades, and relied on money to tackle key problems. There are even many "summoning animals" who are low in character and play with female college students by their positions. As for professors earning extra money, romantic scholars keep mistresses, and colleges and universities rely on money to get judges, and there are many more. In such a smoky environment, people are impetuous, so what can they learn calmly? There are many problems in the academic evaluation mechanism. In China academic circles, professor grading and professional title evaluation, because of their irrationality and rigidity, have become the biggest obstacle to academic innovation and the initiator of academic corruption. Professor grading was originally intended to encourage young talents to make positive progress, but in the actual operation process, there are many loopholes, which makes the original pure academic field divided into three or six grades. At the beginning, the number of seniors was naturally divided between institutional leaders and school executives, and the annual selection is related and can seize the opportunity. Those who are not up to standard are keen to treat guests and give gifts, enter through the back door and establish friendship with the judges. Those who are really talented are not sociable. Like Yuan Longping, he made great contributions, but he still didn't get the votes he deserved as an academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences. In the evaluation of professional titles, the degree of confusion is dizzying. The standard of professional title is in name only. How many papers do you want as long as there are connections and connections? It's simple. Just spend money to buy some periodicals and magazines to publish. The name of professional title evaluation is strict and wide, which naturally leads to the emergence of a large number of pseudo-scholars, who will always be seniors, school sisters, directors and attending. As for other phenomena such as treating guests, giving gifts, and forming gangs, it is not uncommon. Now the trend of university official standard is becoming more and more obvious, not to mention the bureaucracy of various evaluation organizing committees. And there is a special case in China, where officials are convenient and autocratic. Nature is to be an official first, and then evaluate the title. What's more, they are obviously not academics. As long as they are in their position, they will be flattered and awarded the title of visiting professor. Under such a mechanism, only officials and scholars who sharpen their heads and are good at making profits are trained. Project application, small evils will eventually breed great greed. Relevant persons pointed out that corruption in project application and fund use is "great corruption". Compared with the corruption in the application of scientific research projects and the use of scientific research funds, several cases of plagiarism and fraud in academic papers are really "dwarfed". The fraud case of Hanxin No.1, a returnee scholar from Shanghai Jiaotong University, is an example. As of the time of disclosure, this scholar has received more than 1 100 million yuan from the state and local governments for a series of achievements of "Hanxin No.1". However, three years later, the fund of 1 100 million yuan has been used up, and the chip recognized as "the first in China" is still stuck in the declaration and appraisal conclusion. Of course, this is only an extreme example. It is common that one of the central tasks of scientific researchers every year is to declare various scientific research projects. In order to get the project, researchers have to show their magical powers. To this end, some large universities and research institutes have also set up military offices in Beijing, which are called "running money into the department". When colleges and universities count scientific research achievements, they always only count how many projects and funds they have obtained, and generally don't ask about the efficiency of the use of funds and whether the achievements can be industrialized. Carry out appraisal, find a few experts familiar in the circle, sit down and listen to the report of the research group, look at the argument, and the appraisal conclusion will come out in two or three hours. Without exception, the appraisal results show that the project achievements have reached the level of "domestic first-class" and "international leading" and "filled the gap in a certain field in China". (This passage is from People's Daily Online) Experts say that the root of academic corruption is Wang Zhizhi: the tendency of administration and the thought of official standard. Wang Zhizhen, Vice Chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of Jiu San Society, has a representative view on the causes of academic science and technology corruption. He pointed out that, like most scholars, the current executive-led > >
Question 3: What is a scholarship? Systematic and specialized knowledge refers to higher education and research. The English academy, which corresponds to this word, refers to a scientific and cultural group that conducts higher education and research. When used in this sense, it corresponds to the academic circles or institutions of higher learning in China. The word "academy" comes from a place name (Akademeia). This place is located on the periphery of ancient Athens. The gymnasium there was once famous for being transformed into a learning center by Plato.
By extension, the word academia can also be used to refer to "accumulation of knowledge". In this sense, it is usually translated into academics. The development and dissemination of academics spanned several eras. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, religious scholars in Britain and France often used colleges (or academies) to represent higher education institutions. English is called academy, and French is called Academy and Academy.
Scholars refer to people who take research as their profession in universities or institutions of higher learning, often teachers. Scholars usually have advanced degrees. In America, scholars and professors are almost synonymous. In Britain, there are academicians, lecturers, senior lecturers or assistant professors and professors according to their academic level. The word scholar can correspond to academic or scholar in English, which have slightly different meanings in English. The latter also refers to people who took research as their profession before a large number of universities appeared. Scholars generally do not include managers.
Some sociologists divide universities into four basic historical categories: ancient universities, early universities, academic societies and modern universities. There are at least two models of universities: the European model developed since ancient times and the model developed by Benjamin? /kloc-Franklin in the mid-0/8th century, Thomas? The American model pioneered by Jefferson in the early19th century.
I. Structure
Academics are often divided into disciplines and fields. This is the three studies and four subjects set by scholars' thinking mode in the first university in medieval Europe.
With the change of time, human beings constantly revise and create disciplines and fields. Since the Enlightenment, the academic field has become more and more specialized and the research scope has become smaller and smaller. Therefore, interdisciplinary research often wins awards in today's academic circles. This has also caused difficulties in actual management and funds. In fact, many interdisciplinary studies in the past later became specialized fields today, such as cognitive science. In short, this is the historical process of academic internal differentiation.
Many academic institutions reflect the division of disciplines in the administrative structure, such as courses in different fields or valve departments or colleges. Although there are some overlapping parts (college members, researchers and administrators), usually each college has its own administrative and financial appropriations. In addition, academic institutions generally have an overall administrative structure that is beyond the control of a single college, discipline or field. Academic autonomy is an important part of academic career and research, which ensures that academic circles are relatively free from political and financial pressures.
1, education and degree
Degrees are awarded to those who have completed major academic courses and obtained qualification certificates. The typical order is that students complete their bachelor's degree, then their master's degree and finally their doctor's degree. This has only recently been regulated in Europe as part of the Bronn process. Although teachers and scholars with master's degrees are very common in some professional and creative fields, researchers and professors with doctoral degrees and other ultimate degrees are more common in many other fields.
2. Academic conference
In academic conferences and lectures closely related to academic publishing, some intellectuals in this field are often invited to explain their ideas to a wider audience in books or papers. The authors of these articles use these opportunities to further explain the ambiguities in their works. At academic conferences, scholars can get faster responses and comments. Since the relevant documents have been distributed in advance, participants can have enough time to read the documents and prepare some sharp questions.
3. Conflict objectives
In academia, different groups have different and even conflicting goals. These conflicts are very common in contemporary universities.
① Practicality and theory.
Academic circles are often vilified by "practice", such as in daily life, employment and business. Critics in academic circles say that academic theory is divorced from the real world, so there is no need to consider the real role, results and risks of actions. This kind of insulation is called "ivory tower". This often leads to the tension between academics and practice in many fields of knowledge, especially when academics have a very important influence on the practice. Sometimes, the criticism of the academic school by the practical school is considered as anti-intellectualism. From a balanced point of view, even if the academic community keeps up with the present >>
Question 4: What is the academic world or the brick world? After successfully passing the college graduation examination, people are basically regarded as academic. Of course, some people enter the officialdom, and that is another matter. People in academic circles do nothing but recite lines in their main business, which reflects the good atmosphere of mutual speculation in this society. In fact, there is no shortage of knowledgeable people in this society, only people who are slaves, because knowledge has long been reserved. As long as you graduate as a slave, you have all the knowledge and tickets. Don't you believe me? But you can't help believing that this society is acting. Since it is acting, there is no lack of knowledge. All that's missing is listening to the director.
Question 5: What does academic mean? Academic, systematic and specialized knowledge generally refers to higher education and research. The English academy, which corresponds to this word, refers to a scientific and cultural group that conducts higher education and research. When used in this sense, it corresponds to the academic circles or institutions of higher learning in China. The word "academy" comes from a place name (Akademeia). This place is located on the periphery of ancient Athens. The gymnasium there was once famous for being transformed into a learning center by Plato.
By extension, the word academia can also be used to refer to "accumulation of knowledge". In this sense, it is usually translated into academics. The development and dissemination of academics spanned several eras. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, religious scholars in Britain and France often used colleges (or academies) to represent higher education institutions. English is called academy, and French is called Academy and Academy.
Scholars refer to people who take research as their profession in universities or institutions of higher learning, often teachers. Scholars usually have advanced degrees. In America, scholars and professors are almost synonymous. In Britain, there are academicians, lecturers, senior lecturers or assistant professors and professors according to their academic level. The word scholar can correspond to academic or scholar in English, which have slightly different meanings in English. The latter also refers to people who took research as their profession before a large number of universities appeared. Scholars generally do not include managers.
Some sociologists divide universities into four basic historical categories: ancient universities, early universities, academic societies and modern universities. There are at least two models of universities: the European model developed since ancient times and the model developed by Benjamin? /kloc-Franklin in the mid-0/8th century, Thomas? The American model pioneered by Jefferson in the early19th century.
I. Structure
Academics are often divided into disciplines and fields. This is the three studies and four subjects set by scholars' thinking mode in the first university in medieval Europe.
With the change of time, human beings constantly revise and create disciplines and fields. Since the Enlightenment, the academic field has become more and more specialized and the research scope has become smaller and smaller. Therefore, interdisciplinary research often wins awards in today's academic circles. This has also caused difficulties in actual management and funds. In fact, many interdisciplinary studies in the past later became specialized fields today, such as cognitive science. In short, this is the historical process of academic internal differentiation.
Many academic institutions reflect the division of disciplines in administrative structure, such as courses in different fields or departments or colleges. Although there are some overlapping parts (college members, researchers and administrators), usually each college has its own administrative and financial appropriations. In addition, academic institutions generally have an overall administrative structure that is beyond the control of a single college, discipline or field. Academic autonomy is an important part of academic career and research, which ensures that academic circles are relatively free from political and financial pressures.
1, education and degree
Degrees are awarded to those who have completed major academic courses and obtained qualification certificates. The typical order is that students complete their bachelor's degree, then their master's degree and finally their doctor's degree. This has only recently been regulated in Europe as part of the Bronn process. Although teachers and scholars with master's degrees are very common in some professional and creative fields, researchers and professors with doctoral degrees and other ultimate degrees are more common in many other fields.
2. Academic conference
In academic conferences and lectures closely related to academic publishing, some intellectuals in this field are often invited to explain their ideas to a wider audience in books or papers. The authors of these articles use these opportunities to further explain the ambiguities in their works. At academic conferences, scholars can get faster responses and comments. Since the relevant documents have been distributed in advance, participants can have enough time to read the documents and prepare some sharp questions.
3. Conflict objectives
In academia, different groups have different and even conflicting goals. These conflicts are very common in contemporary universities.
① Practicality and theory.
Academic circles are often vilified by "practice", such as in daily life, employment and business. Critics in academic circles say that academic theory is divorced from the real world, so there is no need to consider the real role, results and risks of actions. This kind of insulation is called "ivory tower". This often leads to the tension between academics and practice in many fields of knowledge, especially when academics have a very important influence on the practice. Sometimes, the criticism of the academic school by the practical school is considered as anti-intellectualism. From a balanced point of view, even if the academic community keeps up with the present >>
Question 6: What is an academic goal scholarship? It refers to systematic and specialized knowledge, generally refers to higher education and research, and is a discipline of existence and its laws. "Academic" refers to the study of methods. It is not the same as learning knowledge.
Zhang Ronghuan, a contemporary anthropologist, defines the concept of scholarship as a disciplinary demonstration of existence and its laws. The English academy, which corresponds to this word, refers to a scientific and cultural group that conducts higher education and research. When used in this sense, it corresponds to the academic circles or institutions of higher learning in China. The word "academy" comes from a place name (Akademeia). This place is located on the periphery of ancient Athens. The gymnasium there was once famous for being transformed into a learning center by Plato. Academic disciplines and fields. This is the three studies and four subjects set by scholars' thinking mode in the first university in medieval Europe. With the development of society, the academic content is gradually refined, and various specialized academic fields are gradually emerging, and the research content is more and more targeted.
general situation
By extension, the word academia can also be used to refer to "accumulation of knowledge". In this sense, it is usually translated into academics. The development and dissemination of academics spanned several eras. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, religious scholars in Britain and France often used colleges (or academies) to represent higher education institutions. English is called Academy, and French is called Academy and Academy.
scholar
Scholars refer to people who take research as their profession in universities or institutions of higher learning, often teachers. Scholars usually have advanced degrees. In America, scholars and professors are almost synonymous. In Britain, there are academicians, lecturers, senior lecturers or assistant professors and professors according to their academic level. The word Scholar can correspond to Academic or scholar in English, which have slightly different meanings in English. The latter also refers to people who took research as their profession before a large number of universities appeared. Scholars generally do not include managers.
Some sociologists divide universities into four basic historical categories: ancient universities, early universities, academic societies and modern universities. There are at least two models of universities: the European model developed since ancient times and the model developed by Benjamin? /kloc-Franklin in the mid-0/8th century, Thomas? The American model pioneered by Jefferson in the early19th century.
Question 7: * * Ethics, what theories have been formed in academic circles, what are the specific contents of these theories, and what are the theoretical puzzles? 30 hidden rules, power and money transactions, power and color transactions. Not chaotic, haha
Question 8: What is machine learning? Machine learning transforms data into information by extracting rules or patterns from data. The main methods are inductive learning and analytical learning. The data is preprocessed to form features, and then the model is created according to the features. The machine learning algorithm analyzes the collected data and assigns parameters such as weights and thresholds to achieve the purpose of learning. If you just want to divide the data into different classes, then the "clustering" algorithm is enough; If prediction is needed, a "classification" algorithm is needed. The OpenCV library contains machine learning methods based on probability statistics, and newer algorithms such as Bayesian network, Markov random field and graph model are still in the process of growth, so OpenCV is not included. There are many algorithms for machine learning: 1, Mahalanobis2, K-means unsupervised clustering method 3. The feature of naive Bayesian classifier is Gaussian distribution. & Statistically, the conditions for independence are harsh. 4. Decision number discrimination classifier, which classifies data according to threshold, is fast. ID3, C4.55, the combination of Boosting multiple discriminant classifiers 6, the random forest is composed of multiple decision trees 7, the face detection /Haar classifier uses the Boosting algorithm 8, the unsupervised generation algorithm for clustering with the expectation of maximizing EM 9, the K- nearest neighbor classifier 10, and the neural network (multi-layer perceptron) training classifier is slow, but the recognition speed is 65438+. The optimal classification in high-dimensional space is achieved by classifying hyperplanes. Genetic algorithm draws lessons from biological genetic mechanism and randomizes nonlinear computing algorithm. In short, personally, machine learning, data mining, pattern recognition, expert system and other directions and fields are still a relatively chaotic situation. Academic circles and business circles may be different, and the theoretical research of algorithms and the use of these methods to generate goods are paid attention to separately. Many branches can be divided according to different fields and different methods. But one thing is certain. These formulas and proofs put forward in the 1980s are now turning into lines of code. With the support of some servers, such as tomcat and IIS, they climb to the network, look for useful information for their owners everywhere, and then transport it to the network, and finally generate products or semi-finished products. Look at the network cable on your computer. It's so small, but it's hard to imagine what it took from your computer and what it brought you. It's a little far. Let's keep talking about the data. At present, the algorithms I have come into contact with are: (too many, it's hard to say at once) neural network (perceptron, BP, RBF and many other algorithms), genetic algorithm, support vector machine, analytic hierarchy process, various regression, grey system (the method of predicting uncertain knowledge in China), rough set, Bayesian network and time series analysis (there are also many). Learning and studying the algorithm formula of the paper is only the first step, which can not be ignored. How to use these methods to find the data and information you need on the vast internet, meet the needs of customers and make it more convenient for those who need it, is the bright spot in the future. It seems that many enterprises have entered the data warehouse and tasted great benefits. Some enterprises keep a reserve army, focus on research and development, and are ready to go to the front line to occupy the market. The competition in the wireless network market has reached a white-hot situation, and the era of pervasive computing is coming. This depends on the wear resistance of hardware products and the embedded and fast response of software products. In short, it's becoming more and more humanized. Nobody wants to squat in the toilet with a laptop, right?
Question 9: What does academic mean? Academic, systematic and specialized knowledge generally refers to higher education and research. The English academy, which corresponds to this word, refers to a scientific and cultural group that conducts higher education and research. When used in this sense, it corresponds to the academic circles or institutions of higher learning in China. The word "academy" comes from a place name (Akademeia). This place is located on the periphery of ancient Athens. The gymnasium there was once famous for being transformed into a learning center by Plato.
By extension, the word academia can also be used to refer to "accumulation of knowledge". In this sense, it is usually translated into academics. The development and dissemination of academics spanned several eras. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, religious scholars in Britain and France often used colleges (or academies) to represent higher education institutions. English is called academy, and French is called Academy and Academy.
Scholars refer to people who take research as their profession in universities or institutions of higher learning, often teachers. Scholars usually have advanced degrees. In America, scholars and professors are almost synonymous. In Britain, there are academicians, lecturers, senior lecturers or assistant professors and professors according to their academic level. The word scholar can correspond to academic or scholar in English, which have slightly different meanings in English. The latter also refers to people who took research as their profession before a large number of universities appeared. Scholars generally do not include managers.
Some sociologists divide universities into four basic historical categories: ancient universities, early universities, academic societies and modern universities. There are at least two models of universities: the European model developed since ancient times and the model developed by Benjamin? /kloc-Franklin in the mid-0/8th century, Thomas? The American model pioneered by Jefferson in the early19th century.
I. Structure
Academics are often divided into disciplines and fields. This is the three studies and four subjects set by scholars' thinking mode in the first university in medieval Europe.
With the change of time, human beings constantly revise and create disciplines and fields. Since the Enlightenment, the academic field has become more and more specialized and the research scope has become smaller and smaller. Therefore, interdisciplinary research often wins awards in today's academic circles. This has also caused difficulties in actual management and funds. In fact, many interdisciplinary studies in the past later became specialized fields today, such as cognitive science. In short, this is the historical process of academic internal differentiation.
Many academic institutions reflect the division of disciplines in administrative structure, such as courses in different fields or departments or colleges. Although there are some overlapping parts (college members, researchers and administrators), usually each college has its own administrative and financial appropriations. In addition, academic institutions generally have an overall administrative structure that is beyond the control of a single college, discipline or field. Academic autonomy is an important part of academic career and research, which ensures that academic circles are relatively free from political and financial pressures.
1, education and degree
Degrees are awarded to those who have completed major academic courses and obtained qualification certificates. The typical order is that students complete their bachelor's degree, then their master's degree and finally their doctor's degree. This has only recently been regulated in Europe as part of the Bronn process. Although teachers and scholars with master's degrees are very common in some professional and creative fields, researchers and professors with doctoral degrees and other ultimate degrees are more common in many other fields.
2. Academic conference
In academic conferences and lectures closely related to academic publishing, some intellectuals in this field are often invited to explain their ideas to a wider audience in books or papers. The authors of these articles use these opportunities to further explain the ambiguities in their works. At academic conferences, scholars can get faster responses and comments. Since the relevant documents have been distributed in advance, participants can have enough time to read the documents and prepare some sharp questions.
3. Conflict objectives
In academia, different groups have different and even conflicting goals. These conflicts are very common in contemporary universities.
① Practicality and theory.
Academic circles are often vilified by "practice", such as in daily life, employment and business. Critics in academic circles say that academic theory is divorced from the real world, so there is no need to consider the real role, results and risks of actions. This kind of insulation is called "ivory tower". This often leads to the tension between academics and practice in many fields of knowledge, especially when academics have a very important influence on the practice. Sometimes, the criticism of the academic school by the practical school is considered as anti-intellectualism. From a balanced point of view, even if the academic community keeps up with the present >>
Question 10: What does academic mean? Academic, systematic and specialized knowledge generally refers to higher education and research. The English academy, which corresponds to this word, refers to a scientific and cultural group that conducts higher education and research. When used in this sense, it corresponds to the academic circles or institutions of higher learning in China. The word "academy" comes from a place name (Akademeia). This place is located on the periphery of ancient Athens. The gymnasium there was once famous for being transformed into a learning center by Plato.
By extension, the word academia can also be used to refer to "accumulation of knowledge". In this sense, it is usually translated into academics. The development and dissemination of academics spanned several eras. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, religious scholars in Britain and France often used colleges (or academies) to represent higher education institutions. English is called academy, and French is called Academy and Academy.
Scholars refer to people who take research as their profession in universities or institutions of higher learning, often teachers. Scholars usually have advanced degrees. In America, scholars and professors are almost synonymous. In Britain, there are academicians, lecturers, senior lecturers or assistant professors and professors according to their academic level. The word scholar can correspond to academic or scholar in English, which have slightly different meanings in English. The latter also refers to people who took research as their profession before a large number of universities appeared. Scholars generally do not include managers.
Some sociologists divide universities into four basic historical categories: ancient universities, early universities, academic societies and modern universities. There are at least two models of universities: the European model developed since ancient times and the model developed by Benjamin? /kloc-Franklin in the mid-0/8th century, Thomas? The American model pioneered by Jefferson in the early19th century.
I. Structure
Academics are often divided into disciplines and fields. This is the three studies and four subjects set by scholars' thinking mode in the first university in medieval Europe.
With the change of time, human beings constantly revise and create disciplines and fields. Since the Enlightenment, the academic field has become more and more specialized and the research scope has become smaller and smaller. Therefore, interdisciplinary research often wins awards in today's academic circles. This has also caused difficulties in actual management and funds. In fact, many interdisciplinary studies in the past later became specialized fields today, such as cognitive science. In short, this is the historical process of academic internal differentiation.
Many academic institutions reflect the division of disciplines in administrative structure, such as courses in different fields or departments or colleges. Although there are some overlapping parts (college members, researchers and administrators), usually each college has its own administrative and financial appropriations. In addition, academic institutions generally have an overall administrative structure that is beyond the control of a single college, discipline or field. Academic autonomy is an important part of academic career and research, which ensures that academic circles are relatively free from political and financial pressures.
1, education and degree
Degrees are awarded to those who have completed major academic courses and obtained qualification certificates. The typical order is that students complete their bachelor's degree, then their master's degree and finally their doctor's degree. This has only recently been regulated in Europe as part of the Bronn process. Although teachers and scholars with master's degrees are very common in some professional and creative fields, researchers and professors with doctoral degrees and other ultimate degrees are more common in many other fields.
2. Academic conference
In academic conferences and lectures closely related to academic publishing, some intellectuals in this field are often invited to explain their ideas to a wider audience in books or papers. The authors of these articles use these opportunities to further explain the ambiguities in their works. At academic conferences, scholars can get faster responses and comments. Since the relevant documents have been distributed in advance, participants can have enough time to read the documents and prepare some sharp questions.
3. Conflict objectives
In academia, different groups have different and even conflicting goals. These conflicts are very common in contemporary universities.
① Practicality and theory.
Academic circles are often vilified by "practice", such as in daily life, employment and business. Critics in academic circles say that academic theory is divorced from the real world, so there is no need to consider the real role, results and risks of actions. This kind of insulation is called "ivory tower". This often leads to the tension between academics and practice in many fields of knowledge, especially when academics have a very important influence on the practice. Sometimes, the criticism of the academic school by the practical school is considered as anti-intellectualism. From a balanced point of view, even if the academic world is isolated from the real world, it doesn't matter ... >>