1. The educational practice of the reformists-taking society as the position and newspapers as the media, emphasizing western learning to govern the country, propagating the idea of political reform and cracking down on feudal forces; (1) school: ten thousand mu thatched cottage (189 1 year, Kang Youwei, Guangzhou); School of current affairs (1987, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong, Changsha); Yi Tong School (1894, Yanfu, Beijing); Beiyang West School (1895, Tianjin); Nanyang College (1896, Shanghai); Jingzheng Girls' School (1898, Shanghai); (2) Establish an association and publish newspapers and periodicals: World Bulletin (later renamed Chinese and Foreign Journals, 1895, Kang Youwei, Beijing); Strong memory (1895, Kang Youwei, Shanghai, Beijing and Shanghai established strong societies in the same year) and current affairs (1896, Liang Qichao, Shanghai); National News (1897, Tianjin Yanfu)

2. Educational reform in the Reform Movement of 1898-(1) Establishment of Shi Jing University Hall: it was founded in 1898, merged with Shi Jing Wentong Museum in 1902, and Shi Jing University Hall was changed to Peking University in19/0/2. (2) Reform the imperial examination system:1On June 23rd, 898, Emperor Guangxu wrote a letter to abolish stereotyped writing; After Emperor Guangxu, he issued another imperial edict urging the establishment of a special economic department and selecting talents for reform.

3. Kang Youwei's educational thought-(1) Educational reform advocated in the Reform Movement:1Abolish stereotyped writing, reform the imperial examination to promote learning, educate talents to study abroad, translate western books to advocate equality and emphasize women's education; (2) The educational ideal of Datong Book: advocating the abolition of private ownership and hierarchical system, designing a complete education system that is connected with each other, which is free for all members of society, attaching importance to pre-school education, advocating equality between men and women in education, and pointing out that children should be educated in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic aspects, including ① Renmin University, ② nursery schools, ③ small colleges, secondary colleges and universities. Middle schools (1 1- 15) focus on moral education, with morality, intelligence and physical fitness as the main factors; College (16-20) "cultivate self-cultivation, after strengthening the body, focus on enlightenment";

4. Liang Qichao's educational thought-(1) "Enlightening people's wisdom", "Extending people's rights" and the role of education; (2) Educational purpose of cultivating "Xinmin": Xinmin has the qualities of public morality, national ideology, freedom, autonomy, self-esteem, martial arts, sociability, benefiting people, popular spirit and perseverance. (3) Academic system: Educated people are divided into 5 years old (early childhood-family education and kindergarten), 6- 13 years old (childhood-primary school), 14-2 1 year old (adolescence-middle school) and 22-25 years old (adult) (4). (5) About women's education: I think that women's not studying is one of the reasons why China is weak, so I advocate attaching importance to women's learning; After learning, women can protect their country and species in the sense of prenatal education; It is believed that women can learn what men learn; (6) About children's education: ① Criticized the physical and mental damage of feudal education to children, and advocated the establishment of new schools for children, with rich and colorful teaching contents; ② The curriculum should conform to the characteristics of children's physical and mental development with moderate difficulty; ③ Reform teaching methods step by step to stimulate children's learning consciousness and initiative; ④ Oppose corporal punishment, emphasize reducing class hours, and fully carry out activities beneficial to children's body and mind;

5. Yan Fu's educational thought ——( 1) The "three religions theory" of "invigorating people's strength", "enlightening people's wisdom" and "promoting people's morality": China was the first person in modern times to construct an educational goal model from three elements: morality, intelligence and physique. He first expounded his "theory of three educations" in Yuan Qiang, and advocated using bourgeois morality, intelligence and physique. (2) the concept of "integration of body and function" in culture and education: vigorously advocate the study of bourgeois natural science and social science, ignoring the role of China's traditional theory;

6. Educational reform during the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty ——( 1) Renyin Academic System (imperial academy Constitution, 1902): the first legal academic system promulgated in the modern history of China, but it was not implemented, which was the embryonic form of Guimao academic system; (2) Guimao school system ("Playing School Charter", 1904): the first legal school system promulgated and implemented in China's modern history, and its guiding ideology is still "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the application". The whole educational system is vertically divided into three sections and seven grades, with a cycle of 26 years: primary education includes ① nursing homes (4 years), ② primary schools (4 years) and ③ higher primary schools. Secondary education is secondary school (5 years); Higher education includes 1 institutions of higher learning (3 years), 2 branch schools (3 or 4 years) and 3 Confucian schools (5 years); Horizontal can be divided into ordinary schools, normal schools and industrial schools; (3) Abolishing the imperial examination to promote learning: 1905, the imperial examination which lasted for 1300 years was abolished; (3) Establishment of the educational administrative system: 1905, the Ministry of Education was established and became the central educational administrative institution to manage the national education; 1906, each province set up a department to promote learning, which is in charge of education affairs in the whole province; There are persuasion offices in prefectures and counties, which are divided into several school districts. Each school district has persuasion students and specific management services. (4) Formulation of educational purpose: ① The earliest educational purpose stipulated by China in modern times began with the school charter of 1904, which reflected the educational thought of "taking middle school as the body and western learning as the application" at that time; ② The purpose of education was clearly defined as "loyalty to the monarch, respect for Confucius, martial arts and practicality" in 1906, which was officially announced for the first time in the modern history of China;

7. Education for studying abroad in the late Qing Dynasty-(1) Education for studying in Japan: The bourgeois revolutionary group with students studying in Japan as the backbone spread capitalist ideas and promoted the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911; (2) "G-style Sexology" and American education: the general advocate is the United States. 1908, the U.S. government decided to use half of the compensation to send overseas students to the United States, and established Tsinghua School (19 1 1), which is a preparatory school for studying abroad, reflecting that the great powers paid more attention to the spiritual and cultural influence and infiltration of the China people against the wave of aggression.

For more details, please click: 20 15 PubMed: Summary of Educational History of Pedagogy Knowledge Points.

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