Problem description:
What is China's plan to land on the moon?
What are the plans of the United States and Russia to land on the moon?
Analysis:
According to Xin 'an Evening News, Hefei Intelligent of Chinese Academy of Sciences on Hefei "Science Island" will undertake to develop the positioning and navigation system of China's lunar exploration project.
According to Mei Tao, director of Hefei Intelligent Research Institute, the first step in China's upcoming "Chang 'e" lunar exploration project is to fly around the moon, and the second step will involve launching a lunar probe to land on the surface of the moon, which will naturally involve the soft landing, sensing, navigation and control of this "lunar probe".
The latest scientific research project undertaken by Hefei Institute of Intelligence, Chinese Academy of Sciences, aimed at the positioning and navigation system of the lunar probe, determined an effective way to set up a sensor network on the lunar surface through basic research, "so that the ground can effectively control the whereabouts of the lunar robot". In the process of scientific research, the digital model, multimedia simulation, lunar surface simulation experimental field and ground lunar surface simulation experimental base of lunar exploration system composed of lunar rover will be established to provide necessary scientific preparation and technical support for Chinese people to visit Chang 'e.
Director Mei Tao said that this project is a key project of the National Natural Science Foundation, and it is the basic theory and key technology research of China's lunar exploration project. The whole project is mainly undertaken by Hefei Institute of Intelligence of China Academy of Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology and Shenyang Institute of Automation of China Academy of Sciences. It is planned to be completed in four years.
20 18 Reveals US Re-moon Landing Plan
In recent days, major international media have reported that the United States plans to land on the moon again in 20 18, but most of them are guesses and inferences. On September 19 (September 20th, Beijing time), a new round of US moon landing program that attracted worldwide attention was officially unveiled, and the legendary R&D budget of hundreds of billions of dollars was also confirmed for the first time. At the press conference held at NASA headquarters in Washington, DC, Michael Griffin, the director of space flight, personally went into battle and deciphered NASA's plan of landing on the moon for $20 104 billion again.
Apollo, the manned vehicle for landing on the moon, is getting taller and stronger.
20 18 what is the American plan to land on the moon again? Space director Griffin made an image analogy: "Apollo" grew tall and strong (note: the US moon landing plan in the 1960s)!
Indeed, this plan is "Apollo" that is "greater than one" in terms of the project itself and the manned spacecraft to the moon.
Take the manned spacecraft landing on the moon as an example. The shape of the "astronaut flight module" to be developed and put into use is just like that of the Apollo spacecraft, but it is one size larger-not only half a circle larger than the Apollo spacecraft, but also more than half the weight from the bottom diameter of the Apollo spacecraft to 5.5 meters, reaching 25 tons. Director Griffin said with a smile that the new manned lunar rover looks like a Popeye who ate spinach, and has grown from an "ordinary little brother" to an "extraordinarily strong super soldier".
In addition to its huge size, the actual manned number of the "astronaut flight cabin" has doubled, and it can take up to six astronauts on the moon, while the Apollo spacecraft can only take up to three people at that time.
However, during the first moon landing on 20 18, the "astronaut flight module" will only carry four astronauts to the moon, mainly engaged in the preliminary investigation work, and does not need to be full.
Lunar rocket: 35-story building with high energy load 125 tons.
Of course, the manned spacecraft landing on the moon will be launched and propelled by the Chang 'e-1 launch vehicle. So, how big will the new rocket be? Griffin revealed that the height of the new rocket will be 35 stories high!
According to Agence France-Presse and New Scientist, NASA is currently designing this brand-new rocket with super carrying capacity. Its planned carrying capacity will be as high as 1.25 tons, in which the "astronaut flight cabin" will be placed on the top of the rocket and equipped with an escape system, so that astronauts can stay away from the fire-breathing rocket engine as much as possible and avoid the risk of the fuel tank insulation falling off.
According to NASA's plan, all American space shuttles and rockets will be launched in 20 10. Therefore, NASA hopes that a new generation of rockets will be developed and matured 201year ago, and will make its first flight in 20 12 and start training for landing on the moon.
Revealing the Secret of Landing on the Moon: Five Steps to Landing on the Moon
According to the conception of NASA, the moon landing in 20 18 will be divided into five steps:
According to the Associated Press and New Scientist, the entire lunar landing flight system consists of several aircrafts with different functions, which were launched into space several times.
In the first step, a new astronaut's flight cabin was launched by a multi-stage high-thrust launch vehicle, and then docked with two flight systems, the Earth departure station and the lunar module, which were launched in advance and entered the orbit around the earth, to form a stable aircraft complex system.
In the second step, the rocket pushes the consortium system to fly to the lunar orbit.
In the third step, the lunar module is separated from the "astronaut flight module", and the astronauts land on the surface of the moon in the lunar module, leaving the automatically controlled "astronaut flight module" to fly in the lunar orbit.
The fourth step is the core step. Three astronauts visited the moon and 1 sat in the lunar module.
Step 5, the rocket ignites and pushes the lunar module back to the lunar orbit, docking with the "astronaut flight module" on the orbit, then passing through the earth's atmosphere under the protection of the thermal insulation device, and finally landing on the earth's land instead of the ocean through a parachute.
Moon landing site: anywhere.
Different from Apollo landing on the moon, the re-landing site in 20 18 will no longer be confined to the equatorial region of the moon, but anywhere on the surface of the moon.
According to New Scientist, NASA hasn't chosen the exact landing address yet, but the new spacecraft has the ability to land anywhere on the moon. To this end, NASA has made some improvements to the design concept of lunar lander used in Apollo program. The new lunar module still consists of two parts. The lower part is the landing device, which has four legs and realizes a "soft landing" through the rocket engine. The upper part is the flight module for astronauts to return to the lunar orbit after completing the mission to the moon.
The prospect of landing on the moon: establishing a permanent base for astronauts
According to the plan, NASA will open its doors again in 20 18 and continue to land on the moon at least twice a year.
In this regard, NASA said that in the initial stage, their astronauts can gradually extend their stay on the moon by landing on the moon again and again, and finally each group of astronauts can stay on it for half a year, just like the operation mode of the International Space Station. Each group of "residents" lives for half a year and is responsible for the daily operation and related tasks there. NASA hopes to build a permanent astronaut base on the moon, which consists of living facilities, power stations and communication stations.
In addition, NASA's landing on the moon is also to formulate and implement the future Mars landing plan. It is reported that NASA estimates that it will begin to improve the Mars landing plan around 2020. At present, the preliminary idea is to use four or five large launch vehicles to put the hardware equipment such as Mars spacecraft into orbit, then send it to the surface of Mars, where an astronaut base will be established, and then send six astronauts to Mars for a 500-day scientific investigation and research.
However, if NASA wants to complete such a huge space number, it will face a big problem, that is, funding. The re-moon landing plan is estimated to cost $654.38+004 billion, which is undoubtedly difficult for the United States, which has invested a lot of money in the Iraq war and the reconstruction of New Orleans. Although Griffin said that the re-moon landing plan does not require the United States to increase funds, there has been a lot of criticism in the US Congress. Therefore, it is still unknown whether this plan can finally be passed by Congress.
Caption: 1 The manned cabin or cargo hold of the new spacecraft will be placed on the top of the rocket.
2. The crew exploration vehicle will dock with the lunar module in low Earth orbit.
The first astronauts will stay on the moon for a week.
When returning to Earth, the space capsule will land with the help of a new airbag.
█ news comparison 1: "astronaut capsule" VS space shuttle
"astronaut flight module"
Shape: conical like Apollo spacecraft.
Size: the base is 5.5m in diameter.
Weight: about 25 tons
Manned number: 6 people
Attachment location: rocket top
Loading situation: people and goods are loaded separately.
Safety factor: high, which is 10 times that of the space shuttle.
space plane
Shape: similar to a large jet plane.
Size: about 17m in height and 23m in wingspan.
Weight: about 68 tons
Manned number: 3 to 7 people
Attachment position: next to the rocket
Loading situation: mixed loading of people and goods
Safety factor: general
█ News Contrast 2: "Apollo" Moon Landing Plan VS 2065438+2008 Moon Landing Plan
project apollo
Project time: 1969 to the end of 1972.
Project preparation time: 8 years.
Project funds: 25 billion US dollars.
Manned spaceship: Apollo command module
Launch vehicle: Apollo 17 rocket.
Number of astronauts on the moon: 3
Lunar landing site: lunar equator
Lunar residence time: 3 days
The main task of landing on the moon: to retrieve ilmenite samples from the surface of the moon.
20 18 return to the moon
Project time: from 20 18 to 2020 at the earliest.
Project preparation time: 13.
Project funds: US$ 654.38+004 billion (if inflation is taken into account, this investment is only 55% of Apollo's moon landing plan).
Manned Spacecraft: "Astronaut Landing Module"
Launch vehicle: a new super rocket with a height of 35 stories.
Number of astronauts on the moon: 4.
Lunar landing point: anywhere on the surface of the moon.
Lunar residence time: 7 days
The main task of landing on the moon: to prepare for the establishment of a permanent base on the moon.
█ News analysis: Why is the United States eager to land on the moon again?
On September 19, NASA once again revealed the inside story of the plan to land on the moon again, as if to tell the world that we will land on the moon again soon. It is true that with the progress of science and technology and the advancement of space exploration, landing on the moon is not out of reach, not to mention the United States, which has had experience in landing on the moon. But why does the United States seem to be more anxious than any other country, all of which are moon landing projects or plans? What's the mystery?
Want to be the first in the space race?
With the rapid change and progress of science and technology, human beings on the earth began to consider extending their tentacles into space beyond the earth. The United States is actively developing various spacecraft and related accessories to land on the moon and Mars; Russia does not show weakness, and the advanced spacecraft series has undertaken the main task of the construction of the International Space Station; Not to be outdone, the European Space Agency actively participated in space exploration and construction projects in Russia and the United States, trying to share a piece of this unprecedented space race. The participation of some Asian countries has made this space race more intense than before: Japan is building a space laboratory, preparing to take the American space shuttle to the International Space Station, and has repeatedly announced plans for the top gun moon base; India's moon-orbiting satellite has been orbiting the moon, and it is planned to launch an unmanned spacecraft to the moon in 2008. As the third country in the world to send astronauts into space, China has also launched a moon landing plan, determined the route of the moon, and prepared to launch a lunar exploration satellite within three years. Coupled with the imminent launch of China Shenzhou VI manned spacecraft, the United States was in a hurry. After a break, it began to announce its plan to land on the moon, which seemed to have a sound.
As a superpower in the world, the United States does have a very strong economic and military advantage. Accustomed to being the first, the United States certainly does not want to see other countries catch up, especially in the field of space, which shows its national strength. In order to win the first place in the space race, the United States has taken a series of space actions beyond other countries, including sending probes to Mars, Titan, Temple-1 comet, and landing on the moon again-a big moon landing plan.
Although the United States landed on the moon in the 1960s and 1970s, it has been more than 30 years now. The world seems to have forgotten the glorious history of American landing on the moon and only focused on today's achievements, so it needs the United States to land on the moon again to prove its strength as a space power. Therefore, it is imperative for the United States to land on the moon again, and the sooner the better.
Want to win the first place in space colonization
In addition to landing on the moon, the United States also wants to establish a permanent astronaut base on the moon. This goal has surpassed the significance of leading in the space race, and has risen to the ambition of being the boss in space colonization.
In fact, in the second half of the last century, after nearly a thousand years of slow progress and almost stagnation, many technologies and disciplines suddenly advanced by leaps and bounds, including technologies closely related to space exploration, such as robots, spacesuits equipped with artificial muscles and polymer electronic products, and artificial organs made to support life and chemotherapy. These high-tech products provide the necessary basic components for space colonization, so that large manned spacecraft can be built directly and automatically in space and get enough water during the long journey.
Technological progress makes it possible to establish a base in outer space; Rich extraterrestrial resources have become the driving force for countries to compete for space exploration. Today, when the earth's energy is exhausted, the rich extraterrestrial resources have become the targets of the great powers, especially the moon, which is close to the earth and rich in energy, and is most suitable for the countries on the earth to build bases. Naturally, the United States can't give up this great opportunity, and it can use the base to become a lunar colonist. After all, there are a lot of ilmenite on the moon, which can not only be used as the main source of energy such as titanium, iron and rocket fuel in the future moon base, but also be used to produce oxygen and water necessary for life on earth, from which a lot of liquid oxygen can be obtained.
When the weather is harmonious, geography is lacking. At the beginning of April, American astronomers discovered an area on the moon that is always under sunlight. Not only is the climate relatively stable, but it is also close to the frozen water source, which is called the best place for human colonization by scientists! This is to make up for the shortcomings of geographical location. These three have been completed. Can the United States still guard the hunting ground and not hunt? So the United States launched the fastest action, straight to the moon!
It seems that the Soviet Union did not take any action in the moon landing plan, and there have been various speculations in the West. In fact, the Soviet Union made a plan to land on the moon, but due to technical reasons and political considerations, the plan was abandoned halfway.
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The Soviet manned moon landing plan was not confirmed until more than 20 years later. 1At the end of 989, several professors from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and California Institute of Technology visited the Soviet Union and saw some facilities of the moon landing program at Moscow Aviation Institute. 1990
In May, Mishin, the chief architect of the moon landing program, was invited to China, which also confirmed the existence of the moon landing program in 1960s and 1970s.
1960, korolev Design Bureau began to develop the super launch vehicle H- 1, which was called N- 1 in the west. The original intention of this rocket is to launch unmanned heavy detectors to Mars. Influenced by the Apollo program formulated by the United States, the Soviet Union decided to send astronauts to the moon before the United States. Therefore, from 1962 to 1964, the korolev Design Bureau modified the H- 1 rocket several times according to the moon landing plan.
1on August 3, 964, the Soviet union adopted the "decision on exploring the moon and space", which stipulated the specific tasks and deadlines of the moon landing program. The full name of the plan is "H 1-л 3", and manned landing on the moon will be realized before 1968. "л" in the plan is the first letter of the Russian word "Moon", and the plan is also called N 1-L3 in the west.
The H- 1 launch vehicle planned for H 1-л 3 adopts a multi-stage parallel scheme, because the Soviet Union has not solved the problem of developing a single combustion chamber high thrust engine. The main body of the rocket is a three-stage rocket, using conventional propellants-liquid oxygen and kerosene, with a total length of about 100 meter. The longest cone at the bottom is the first stage of the rocket, and the maximum diameter at the bottom is 16.875 meters, which is composed of 24 to 36 rocket engines connected in parallel. The engines are arranged in the inner and outer rings, and four traveling engines control the attitude change of the rocket. The maximum thrust of the first stage can reach 4500 ~ 6350 tons, which is much larger than the thrust of Saturn V's 3450 tons. The second stage is equipped with 8 engines with a total thrust of about 1432 tons, and the third stage is equipped with 4 engines with a total thrust of about 320 tons.
Above the third stage are booster rockets and booster braking rockets to ensure that the spacecraft flies to the moon and sends it into the lunar orbit. The spacecraft is located in the upper part of the rocket and consists of a lunar module and a lunar orbital module. The lunar orbital module was converted from Soyuz spacecraft with a powerful engine, which can carry two astronauts. The four parts above the booster rocket constitute the л 3 system.
A few hours before the launch, two astronauts entered the lunar orbital module, and after the final test, the rocket ignited. The first three stages of the rocket send the upper л 3 system into the earth's near-earth orbit. Then the booster rocket of the л 3 system is started, and the earth orbit is transferred to the moon orbit. When approaching the moon, the booster rocket starts to work, slowing down the spacecraft and entering the lunar orbit. Soon, an astronaut moved from the lunar orbital module to the lunar module, which separated from the lunar orbital module and landed on the moon. Like Apollo, the lunar module of the л 3 system was supported by a four-legged buffer bracket to achieve a smooth landing. After the mission on the surface of the moon was completed, the lunar module left the moon by its own engine, leaving a four-legged supporting structure on the moon. After landing on the moon and entering orbit, it rendezvous and docked with the lunar orbital module, and the astronauts returned to the orbital module. Then the two cabins are separated. Two astronauts returned to earth together.
H- 1 rocket test record
Test time result
1969 February 2 1 exploded two minutes after the flight.
1969 July 3 1 exploded on the launch pad after ignition.
1971June 2 1 exploded on the launch pad after ignition.
1972165438+1exploded less than 2 minutes after taking off on October 23rd.
Note: The faults of the four explosions investigated later may all come from the first stage, which proves that the technology of multi-stage parallel connection is very unreliable in practical application.
Due to political needs, the whole development process of H- 1 rocket was completed in a short time, and the parallel connection of multiple engines reduced the reliability of the system, so the launch test of H- 1 rocket was a complete failure. Four test rockets exploded from the beginning of 1969 to the end of 1972. By this time, Americans had landed on the moon, which put the Soviet Union's moon landing plan under political pressure. 1972, the Soviet union * * * requested to suspend the moon landing program, but some of the moon landing programs continued to be implemented. After the announcement of the Apollo program, the Soviet Union completely lost interest in the moon landing program, and the moon landing program did not receive any funding. Moreover, the Soviet Union began to focus on the development of manned space stations, so the moon landing plan was not realized in the Soviet Union.